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Australian Geomechanics Society

Australasian Tunnelling Society
Diaphragm Walls - Design and Construction
10th August 2010

Diaphragm Wall
- Principles and Applications
- Le Havre Port 2000
- The Sail

D-Wall : retaining, cut off, foundation

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Diaphragm Wall construction principles

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Diaphragm Wall construction principles

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Diaphragm Wall construction principles

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Diaphragm Wall construction principles

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Diaphragm Wall Equipment

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Diaphragm Wall Equipment

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Diaphragm Wall Equipment

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Diaphragm Wall Equipment

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Application: retaining structure

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Application : TBM shaft, metro station,..

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Application : cut & cover tunnel, ramp,..

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Application : cut off

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Application : UG tanks, water station,..

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Application : car park, basement,..

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Diaphragm wall indicative figures

Geometry
Widths : 0.5 to 1.5m
Depths : 25 to 45 m are common (max 150 m)
Verticality: 1% is common
Material
Tremie mix concrete, 20 mm slump
Steel: 70 to 200 kg/m3
Properties
Moments: 1200 kN/m for 0,8 m wall; 4 000 kN.m for 1,5
m wall
Permeability: 10 E-7 m/s to 10 E-9 m/s
AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre : Design
The site on
10/09/2001

PORT AUTONOME DU HAVRE

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre : Design

Plan View
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Le Havre : Design

Capping beam
with bollards and
fenders

A reinforced
concrete
front wall.

Tie rods
between the
walls.

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Sheet piled as
rear wall

Le Havre : Design
Quay : 1600 lm Diaphragm Wall
42 m deep, 1,2 m wide, 150 kg/m3
67 000 m2, 80 000 m3 concrete, 12 000 t steel
Dewatering
Anchors
Sheet Piles
Dredging
Earthworks
Civil Works
Bored piles

180 wells, 1900 m3/dy

5,600T
1,000T
11,000,000 m3
3,000,000 m3
30,000 m3
500 nr, 17ml, 520 mm

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 1

PHASE 1
Preparation of working platform
Construction of Guide Walls
Installation of Well Points

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 1

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 2

PHASE 2
Construction of Diaphragm Walls

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 1

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre:

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 3

PHASE 3

Removal of the guide walls

Excavation in front of the wall during dewatering

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 3

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 4

PHASE 4
Cast capping beam and dock buffers

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 4

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 5

PHASE 5
Earthwork excavation behind wall during
dewatering

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 5

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 6

PHASE 6
Installation of sheet pile curtain
Lay lower layer of anchors

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 6

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 6

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 6

PHASE 6
Backfill to level upper anchor layer and
lay upper layer of anchors

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 6

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 6

Sea side
DWall 1,20 m

FF -7.50

Sheet piles

Land side

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Tie backs

Le Havre: phase 6

PHASE 6
Backfill to formation level, construct all civil
works, install bumpers, stop dewatering,
dredging, crane rail foundations and rails.

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 6

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 6

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: phase 6

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Le Havre: Now

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Now in Cotonou

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Now in Cotonou

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

The Sail @ Marina bay

Owner:
City Dvpt /American
International
Engineer:
Meinhardt
Main Contractor:
Dragages

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

The Sail@ Marina Bay

Site Area

9,090.9 sqm

Permissible GFA

118,182 sqm

Tower 1

No of floors: 70
Typical Floor GFA: 1,026 sqm
Height: 242m

Tower 2

No of floors: 63
Typical Floor GFA: 746 sqm
Height: 202m

Podium

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

No of floors: 7
Typical Floor Plate: 3,726 sqm

The Sail@ Marina Bay

Site Condition (1995)

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

The Sail: Issues

BH-5

Existing
Buried Pier

Expected Fort
Canning
Boulder Bed

Tower 1

Tower 2

CST
8m Canal

Site specificities
Thick marine clay (up to 35m
of Kallang formation = very
soft to soft)
Fort Canning Boulder Bed
UG obstacle = old pier below
the tower
MTR running tunnel & CS
excavation along the site
Project issues
To control movement of
MRT tunnels & CS Tunnel is
a REAL must
Very tight program = 6
months for foundations +
excavation

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

The Sail : Design Philosophy

Alternative solution by SB : Circular structure design

naturally self stabilising and VERY rigid
excavation possible with no jet grouting and no struting
+ staggered equipments working units
safe solution in term of deflection/displacement as well as program
AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

The Sail: Design

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

The Sail : Design

3D Finite Elements Design
Predicted wall deflection is about 15mm
Basal heave FoS ~2.21
Movement of barrettes due to basal heave
~ 7mm
Distribution of forces in the Y panel
considered
Dissymmetrical loading due to soil variation
considered
Dissymmetrical loading due GWT variation
considered
Maximum differential excavation of about
0.5m allowed

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

The Sail : Foundation Plan

Temporar y
Retention
System

3 rd

MR
T

Re

ser
ved

Lin
e

T1

Temporary
D-W all

Perimeter
3 symmetrical 32.2m diam
circular Dwalls,
29 m deep, 220 ml long
800 mm thick
with cross walls.
Barettes
79 Nos. of 1,2 x 2,8
up to 67 m deep, incl 20 m in
SPT>100
all toes grouted ;
AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

The Sail: Works

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

The Sail: Works

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Ultimate Load test

1 ultimate load test with smaller

barrette 600 x 2400 @ 2.5 WL
carried out 2700 TONS

2 working barrette tests on 1000 x

2800 barrette carried out with
settlement <15mm @ 1.5 WL
max 3660 TONS

All the tests were done using

kentledge method

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

The Sail: Today

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Isle of Grain

AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010

Conclusion
Le Havre Port 2000
Site opportunity : shallow water
Issue : optimisation (phasage/dewatering/quantities/..)
The Sail
Project constraint: tight program, neighb. structures
Issue : design, execution
Ronan Le Roy
rleroy@menardbachy.com.au
AGS-ATS Perth Aug 2010