- I

-
1. I I .
- I- :
 00
X (x) + X(x) = 0,
X(0) = X(l) = 0.
X00 (x) + X(x) = 0

X(x) = c1 sin( x) + c2 cos( x)

(1.1)

> 0;

X(x) = c1 e x + c2 e
X(x) = c1 x + c2

< 0;
= 0;

> 0 X(0) = 0, c2 = 0,
X(x)
=
c
sin(
x).
1

X(l) = 0 , l = n
:
2 n2
,
n N.
l2
:
 nx 
Xn (x) = sin
,
n N.
l
n =

< 0 X(0) = 0, c2 = c1 , X(x) = 2c1 sh x.

X(l) = 0 , c1 = 0, ..
.
= 0 X(0) = 0, c2 = 0, X(x) = c1 x.
X(l) = 0 , c1 = 0, ..
, .
,
 nx 
2 n2
, nN
n = 2 , Xn (x) = sin
l
l
(1.1).

(1.2)

2. II II .
- II- :
 00
X (x) + X(x) = 0,
X0 (0) = X0 (l) = 0.
X00 (x) + X(x) = 0

X(x) = c1 sin( x) + c2 cos( x)

X(x) = c1 e x + c2 e
X(x) = c1 x + c2

-1-

> 0;

< 0;
= 0;

(2.1)

 - I

0
> 0

X
(0)
=
0,

c
=
0,

X(x)
=
c
cos(
x)
1
2

0
0
X
(x)
=
c

sin(

x).

X
(l)
=
0
,

l = k
:
 n 2
n =
,
n N.
l
:
 nx 
2
,
n N.
Xn (x) = cos
l
l
( 2l ,
)

0
< 0

X
(0)
=
0,

c
=
c
,

X(x)
=
2c
ch
x
1
2
1

X 0 (x) = 2c1 sh( x). X 0 (l) = 0 ,

c1 = 0, .. .
= 0 X 0 (0) = 0, c1 = 0, X(x) = c2 . X 0 (l) = 0 , (??)(??)
, : 0 = 0.
X0 (x) 1l .
,
 nx 
 n 2
, Xn (x) = cos
,
0 = 0, X0 (x) 1; n =
l
l

nN

(2.2)

(2.1).

3. I II .
- I- [0, l]
II- :
 00
X (x) + X(x) = 0,
(3.1)
X(0) = X0 (l) = 0.
X00 (x) + X(x) = 0

X(x) = c1 sin( x) + c2 cos( x)

> 0;

X(x) = c1 e x + c2 e
X(x) = c1 x + c2

< 0;
= 0;

> 0

X(0) = 0, c2 = 0, X(x) = c1 sin( x)

0
0
X
(x) = c1 cos( x). X (l) = 0 ,
l = k 2
:

2
(2n 1)
n =
,
n N.
2l
:


(2n 1)x
Xn (x) = sin
,
n N.
2l
-2-

 - I

< 0

X(0)
=
0,

c
=
c
,

X(x)
=
2c
sh
x
1
2
1

X 0 (x) = 2c1 ch( x). X 0 (l) = 0 ,

c1 = 0, .. .
= 0 X(0) = 0, c2 = 0, X(x) = c1 x.
X 0 (l) = 0 , c1 = 0,
(3.1) , .
,
2



(2n 1)x
(2n 1)
, Xn (x) = sin
, nN
n =
2l
2l

(3.2)

(3.1).

4. II I .
- II- [0, l]
I- :
 00
X (x) + X(x) = 0,
(4.1)
X0(0) = X(l) = 0.
X00 (x) + X(x) = 0

X(x) = c1 sin( x) + c2 cos( x)

> 0;

X(x) = c1 e x + c2 e
X(x) = c1 x + c2

< 0;
= 0;

> 0 X0 (0) = 0, c1 = 0, X(x) = c2 cos(

x).
X(p) = 0 , p = 12 + k
:

2
(2k 1)
k =
,
k N.
(4.2)
2l
:


(2k 1)
x ,
k N.
Xk (x) = cos
2l

(4.3)

< 0 X0 (0) = 0, c1 = c2 , X(x) = 2c1 ch x.

X(p) = 0 , c1 = 0, ..
< 0.
= 0 X0 (0) = 0, c1 = 0, X(x) = c2 .
X(p) = 0 , c2 = 0, ..
= 0.
,

2


(2k 1)
(2k 1)
k =
, Xk (x) = cos
x , kN
2l
2l
(4.1).
-3-

(4.4)

 - I

5. I III .
- I- [0, l]
III- :
 00
X (x) + X(x) = 0,
(5.1)
X(0) = X0 (l) + hX(l) = 0,
h > 0.
X00 (x) + X(x) = 0

X(x) = c1 sin( x) + c2 cos( x)

> 0;

X(x) = c1 e x + c2 e
X(x) = c1 x + c2

< 0;
= 0;

> 0 X(0) = 0 ,

c2 = 0, X(x) = c1 sin( x) X 0 (x) = c1 cos( x).

X (l) + hX(l) = 0 , cos( l) +

h sin( l) = 0, (, , ..
(1), )

= h tg( l)
, , n ,
n N. ,
. ,
, , .
,
:

n > 0
= h tg( l),
n N.
:
p

Xn (x) = sin
n x ,
n N.
< 0 .
= 0 X(0) = 0, c2 = 0, X(x) = c1 x
X 0 (x) = c1 ), X 0 (l) + hX(l) = 0 c1 + c1 hl = 0,
c1 = 0, = 0.
,
n > 0

= h tg( l),

(5.1).

-4-

p

Xn (x) = sin
n x ,

n N (5.2)

 - I

6. II III .
- II- [0, l]
III- :
 00
X (x) + X(x) = 0,
(6.1)
X0 (0) = X0 (l) + hX(l) = 0,
h > 0.
X00 (x) + X(x) = 0

X(x) = c1 sin( x) + c2 cos( x)

X(x) = c1 e x + c2 e
X(x) = c1 x + c2

> 0

> 0;

< 0;
= 0;

X 0 (x) = c1 cos( x) c2 sin( x)

X 0 (0) = 0 , c1 = 0, X(x) = c2 cos( x)

0
X 0 (x) = c2
sin( x). X (l) + hX(l) = 0 , sin( l) + h cos( l) = 0, (,
, .. (1), )

tg( l) = h
, , n ,
n N. ,
. ,
, , .
,
:
p
p
n tg( n l) = h,
n N.
n > 0
:
p

Xn (x) = cos
n x ,
n N.
< 0 .
= 0 X 0 (0) = 0, c1 = 0, X(x) = c2 X 0 (x) =
0), X 0 (l) + hX(l) = 0 c2 = 0, ..
= 0 .
,
n > 0

p
p
n tg( n l) = h,

(6.1).

-5-

Xn (x) = cos

p

n x ,

n N (6.2)

 - I

7. III I .
- III-
[0, l] I- :
 00
X (x) + X(x) = 0,
(7.1)
X0 (0) hX(0) = X(l) = 0,
h > 0.
X00 (x) + X(x) = 0

X(x) = c1 sin( x) + c2 cos( x)

X(x) = c1 e x + c2 e
X(x) = c1 x + c2
> 0

> 0;

< 0;
= 0;

X 0 (x) = c1 cos( x) c2 sin( x)

X0 (0) + hX(0) = 0 ,

c2
c1 h c2 = 0
=h .
c1
, X(l) = 0 ,

c2
c1 sin( l) + c2 cos( l) = 0
= tg( l).
c1
, , :

= h tg( l),
c1 hc2 = 0.

= h tg( l), ,
n , n N. ,
. ,
, , .
,
:

= h tg( l),
n N.
n > 0
:
 p
p

p
n x + n cos
n x ,
n N.
Xn (x) = h sin
< 0 .
= 0 X0 (0) hX(0) = 0, c1 hc2 = 0,
X(x) = c2 (hx + 1), X(l) = 0 c2 (hl + 1) = 0.
c2 = c1 = 0 ( hl > 0 ), , = 0 .
,


n > 0

=
h
tg(
l),

Xn (x) = h sin n x + n cos n x , n N

(7.1).
-6-

(7.2)

 - I

8. III II .
- III-
[0, l] II- :
 00
X (x) + X(x) = 0,
(8.1)
X0 (0) hX(0) = X0 (l) = 0,
h > 0.
X00 (x) + X(x) = 0

X(x) = c1 sin( x) + c2 cos( x)

X(x) = c1 e x + c2 e
X(x) = c1 x + c2
> 0

> 0;

< 0;
= 0;

X 0 (x) = c1 cos( x) c2 sin( x)

X0 (0) hX(0) = 0 ,

c2
c1 h c2 = 0
=h .
c1
, X 0 (l) = 0 ,

c2
c1 cos( l) c2 sin( l) = 0
= ctg( l).
c1
, , :

= h ctg( l),
c1 = hc2 .

= h ctg( l), ,
n , n N. ,
. ,
, , .
,
:

= h ctg( l),
n N.
n > 0
:
 p
p

p
n x + n cos
n x ,
n N.
Xn (x) = h sin
< 0 .
= 0 X0 (0) hX(0) = 0, c1 hc2 = 0,
X(x) = c2 (hx + 1), X(l) = 0 c2 (hl + 1) = 0.
c2 = c1 = 0 ( hl > 0 ), , = 0 .
,


n > 0

=
h
ctg(
l),

Xn (x) = h sin n x + n cos n x , n N

(9.1).
-7-

(8.2)

 - I

9. III III .
- III- :
 00
X (x) + X(x) = 0,
X0 (0) HX(0) = X0 (l) + hX(l) = 0,
H, h > 0.
X00 (x) + X(x) = 0

X(x) = c1 sin( x) + c2 cos( x)

> 0;

X(x) = c1 e x + c2 e
X(x) = c1 x + c2

> 0

(9.1)

< 0;
= 0;

X 0 (x) = c1 cos( x) c2 sin( x)

X0 (0) HX(0) = 0 ,

c2
c1 H c2 = 0
=H .
c1
, X0 (l) + hX(l) = 0 ,




c1 cos( l) c2 sin( l) + h c1 sin( l) + c2 cos( l) = 0
c1





cos( l) + h sin( l) + c2 sin( l) + h cos( l) = 0

c2
cos( l) + h sin( l)

=
c1
sin( l) h cos( l)

ctg(
l) + 1

= h
,

H
ctg( l)
h

ctg( l)

+
=
1=
H
h
Hh
h

ctg( l) =

, ,

ctg( l) =

H
H +h

.
H

Hh
(H + h)

.
H



c2
cos( l) + h sin( l)

=
= tg + l ,
c1
sin( l) h cos( l)

= arcsin
-8-

.
+ h2

(9.2)

 - I
, ,

= H cc21 , :

= arcsin
.
+ h2


= H tg + l ,

(9.3)

(9.2) (9.3), ,
n , n N.
,
:
!

h
,
n N.

n > 0
ctg( l) =
H +h H

:
p
 p
p

Xn (x) = H sin
n x + n cos
n x ,
n N.
< 0 .
= 0 X0 (0) HX(0) = 0, c1 Hc2 = 0,
X(x) = c2 (Hx + 1), X0 (l) + hX(l) = 0
c2 (H + hHl + h) = 0. c2 = c1 = 0 ( H, h, l > 0 ),
, = 0 .
,

(

n > 0 ctg( l) = H+h

H

Xn (x) = H sin n x + n cos n x , n N


(9.4)

(9.1).

10.
10.1 (.. ).
.

{Xk }
k=1
.

f (x) C 2 [a, b], ,

f=

{ck }
k=1 :

ck Xk (x),

k=1

f (x) [a, b], ck

Rb
f (x)Xk (x)dx
(f, Xk )
a
ck =
=
Rb 2
kXk k2
Xk (x)dx
a

-9-

 - I
. ck .
, ( ,
f (x)) . ,
{Xk } L2 [0, l]:
Zl
(Xk , Xn )L2 [0, l]

0,
kXn k2 ,

Xk (x)Xn (x)dx =

k 6= n;
k = n.

(10.1)

,
:

ck Xk (x) [0, l] f (x),

k=1

f=

ck Xk (x),

x [0, l].

k=1

Xn L2 [0, l],
Xn
[0, l].
(10.1),
(f, Xn ) =

ck (Xk , Xn ) = cn (Xn , Xn ) = cn kXn k2 .

k=1

ck =

(f, Xk )
.
kXk k2

, kXk k2
-, ck .

11.

11.1. II
2

Zl

kXk k =
0

sin2

kx
l

1
dx =
2



Zl 
2kx
1 cos
dx =
l
0


x=l
1 l
l
2kx 
= l.
=
x

sin

 2
2 0 2k
l
x=0
|
{z
}


=0

-10-

 - I

11.2. III
2

Zl

kXk k =

sin2

(2k 1)x
2l

1
dx =
2



Zl 
(2k 1)x
1 cos
dx =
l
0



x=l
l
(2k 1)x 
1 l
= l.
x

sin
=


2
2 0 (2k 1)
l
x=0
|
{z
}
=0

11.3. IIII
2

Zl

kXk k =

Zl
p
 p


1 
sin
1 cos 2 k x dx =
k x dx =
2
2

!
l
 p
x=l
1
1

sin 2 k x 
= x
=
2
0
2 k
x=0




hp
i 1 
p
2 sin( k l) cos( k l)
1
cos2 ( k l)

= l+
=
k = h tg( k l) = l +
=
2
2
h
2h tg( k l)
!


p

1
1
1
k

=
, tg( k l) =
= cos2 =
= l+
1 + tg2
h
2
h 1 + hk2


l (h2 + k ) + h
h
1
.
= l+ 2
=
2
h + k
2 (h2 + k )

11.4. III
2

Zl

kXk k =

cos

(2k 1)x
2l

1
dx =
2

Zl 


1 + cos

(2k 1)x
l


dx =


x=l
l
1
l
(2k 1)x 


= l.
= x +
sin

2
2
(2k 1)
l
0
x=0
|
{z
}


=0

11.5. IIII
2

Zl

kXk k =

cos
0

kx
l

1
dx =
2



Zl 
2kx
1 + cos
dx =
l
0


x=l
l

1
l
2kx

 = l.
=
x +
sin
 2

2
2k
l
0
x=0
|
{z
}
=0

-11-

 - I

11.6. IIIII
Zl

kXk k =

Zl 
p


 p
1
2
cos
k x dx =
1 + cos 2 k x dx =
2

!
 p
x=l
1
1
l + sin 2 k x 
=
2
2 k
x=0

1
=
2

, cos2 =

1
,
1+tg2

!
sin 2 k l

.
l+
2 k

sin 2 = 2 sin cos , :

h




i
p
p
sin 2 k l
sin k l cos k l
h

l+
=
k =
=l+
tg( k l) =
h
2 k
tg( k l)

h
i
sin2 k l
1 cos2 k l
1
=l+
=l+
= cos2 =
=
h
h
1 + tg2
1 1+tg2 1 l
k
h
p  h2 i
1 k+h
2
( k)
2
= tg
=l+
=
=l+
k l =
h
k
h
h2
l (k + h2 ) + h
=l+
=
.
h (k + h2 )
k + h2
:
kXk k2 =

1 l (k + h2 ) + h

.
2
k + h2

11.7. IIII
2

kXk k =

Zl 
0
2



p
 p
p
2
h
h sin
k x + k cos
k x
dx = = arccos 2
=
h + k

= h + k

Zl
sin

p

h2 + k
k x + dx =
2


Zl 

 p

1 cos 2 k x + 2 dx =

!
l
 p
x=l
h + k
1

=
sin 2 k x + 2 
=
x
2
0
2 k
x=0



h2 + k
sin(2 k l) cos 2 + cos(2 k l) sin 2 sin 2

=
l
.
2
2 k
2

sin(2 k l) cos 2

2 k

cos(2 k l) sin 2

:
2 k

i 2 sin( l) cos( l)
p
sin(2 k l) cos 2 hp
k

k cos(2) =

k = h tg( k l) =
=
2 k
2h tg k l


p
1
1
1
1
2
2
=
cos(2) =
= cos ( k l) cos(2) = cos =
2
h
1 + tg
h 1 + hk2


h2 k
h
h2 k
2
2
= cos 2 = cos sin = 2
= 2
2
.
h + k
h + k h + k

-12-

 - I



cos(2 k l) sin 2
1 tg2
2
2

1=
=
= cos 2 = 2 cos 1 =
1 + tg2
1 + tg2
2 k


 p
1 tg2 k l sin 2
k
h2 k sin 2

=
tg(
=
=

l)
=

k
h
h2 + k 2 k
1 + tg2 k l 2 k


sin 2
h
h2 k
2 sin cos
h

= =
= 2
2
.
= 2
h + k
h + k h + k
2 k
2 k
,




h2 + k
sin 2
h
l (h2 + k ) + h
h2 + k

kXk k =
l
l + 2
=
.
=
2
2
h + k
2
2 k
2

11.8. IIIII
2

kXk k =

Zl 
0



p
 p
p
2
h
h sin
k x + k cos
k x
dx = = arccos 2
=
h + k

= h + k

Zl
sin

p

h2 + k
k x + dx =
2


Zl 


 p
1 cos 2 k x + 2 dx =

!
l
 p
x=l
h2 + k
1

=
x
sin 2 k x + 2 
=
2
0
2 k
x=0



h2 + k
sin(2 k l) cos 2 + cos(2 k l) sin 2 sin 2

=
l
.
2
2 k

sin(2 k l) cos 2

2 k

cos(2 k l) sin 2

:
2 k

i 2 sin( l) cos( l)
p
sin(2 k l) cos 2 hp
k

k cos(2) =

k = h ctg( k l) =
=
2 k
2h ctg k l


p
1
1
1
1
2
2
cos(2) =
= sin ( k l) cos(2) = sin =
=
2
h
1 + ctg
h 1 + hk2


h2 k
h2 k
h
2
2
2
.
= cos 2 = cos sin = 2
= 2
h + k
h + k h + k



cos(2 k l) sin 2
2
1 ctg2
2

= cos 2 = 1 2 sin = 1
=
=
1 + ctg2
1 + ctg2
2 k



p
1 ctg2 k l sin 2
h2 k sin 2
k

=
ctg(

l)
=
=

k
h
h2 + k 2 k
1 + ctg2 k l 2 k


sin 2
2 sin cos
h
h

= 2
= 2
= =
h + k
h + k
2 k
2 k

h2 k
.
h2 + k

,




h2 + k
sin 2
h2 + k
h
l (h2 + k ) + h

kXk k =
=
l
l + 2
=
.
2
2
h + k
2
2 k
2

-13-

 - I

11.9. IIIIII
2

kXk k =

Zl 

H sin

p

0
2

= H + k



p
2
p
H
k x + k cos
k x
dx = = arccos 2
=
H + k

Zl
sin

p

H 2 + k
k x + dx =
2


Zl 

 p

1 cos 2 k x + 2 dx =

0
!

x=l

p
1
H 2 + k
l
=
=
x
sin 2 k x + 2 
2
0
2 k
x=0



H 2 + k
sin(2 k l) cos 2 + cos(2 k l) sin 2 sin 2

=
l
.
2
2 k

sin(2 k l) cos 2

2 k

cos(2 k l) sin 2

:
2 k



p
sin(2 k l) cos 2
1
k Hh

= ctg( k l) =

=
H +h
2 k
k

p
H + h 2 sin( k l) cos( k l)
H +h

cos2 ( k l) cos(2) =
cos(2) =
k Hh
k Hh
2 tg k l


1
ctg2
2
= cos =
=
=
1 + tg2
1 + ctg2
(k Hh)2
1
H +h
cos(2) =

2
(
k Hh k (H + h) 1 + k Hh)22
(H+h)

k
2
H k
H 2 k
(H + h) (k Hh)
= cos 2 = cos2 sin2 = 2

.
=
H + k
k (H + h)2 + (k Hh)2 H 2 + k
=



cos(2 k l) sin 2
2
1 ctg2
2

= cos 2 = 1 2 sin = 1
=
=
1 + ctg2
1 + ctg2
2 k



p
1 ctg2 k l sin 2
k Hh

= ctg( k l) =

=
=
1 + ctg2 k l 2 k
k (H + h)
k (H + h)2 (k Hh)2 sin 2
=
k (H + h)2 + (k Hh)2 2 k


sin 2
2 sin cos
H
k (H + h)2 (k Hh)2
H

= =
= 2
=
.
2
2
H + k
2 k
2 k
k (H + h) + (k Hh) H 2 + k
=

-14-

 - I

sin(2 k l) cos 2 + cos(2 k l) sin 2 sin 2

=
2 k
H 2 k
H
(H + h) (k Hh)
k (H + h)2 (k Hh)2
H

2
=
2
2
2
2
2
2
H + k
k (H + h) + (k Hh) H + k
k (H + h) + (k Hh) H + k




(H + h) (k Hh) (H 2 k ) H k (H + h)2 (k Hh)2 H k (H + h)2 + (k Hh)2


=
=
k (H + h)2 + (k Hh)2 (H 2 + k )
(H + h) (k Hh) (H 2 k ) 2Hk (H + h)2


=
=
k (H + h)2 + (k Hh)2 (H 2 + k )
|
{z
}
=(H 2 +k )(h2 +k )



2
3
(H + h) k + k H(H + h) H h 2Hk (H + h)
=

(H 2 + k )2 (h2 + k )


2
3
(H + h) k + k H(H + h) + H h

(H 2 + k )2 (h2 + k )

(H + h) (k + Hh) (k + H 2 )
.
(H 2 + k )2 (h2 + k )

H = h. (
653, 658, 693)

sin(2 k l) cos 2 + cos(2 k l) sin 2 sin 2

2h

.
= 2
h + k
2 k
, ( H 6= h)
2

kXk k2 =

l (H 2 + k ) (h2 + k ) + (H + h) (k + Hh) (k + H 2 )
.
2 (H 2 + k ) (h2 + k )

H = h
l (h2 + k ) + 2h
kXk k =
.
2
2

-15-

 - I

12.

. .

II

n =

I II

n =

2 n2
,
l2

(2n1)
2l

2

nx
l

Xn (x) = sin

Xn (x) = sin

I III

n > 0

Xn (x) = sin n x , n N

II I

k =

II II

0 = 0,


II III


III I


III II

III III

(2k1)
2p

2

, Xk (x) = cos

X0 (x) 1; n =

n 2
l

nN

(2n1)x
2l

nN

= h tg( l),

(2k1)
x
2p

Xn (x) = cos

n > 0

Xn (x) = cos n x , n N

kN

nx
l

nN

n tg( n l) = h,

n > 0

=
h
tg(
l),

Xn (x) = h sin n x + cos n x , n N

n > 0

=
h
ctg(
l),

Xn (x) = h sin n x + cos n x , n N

n > 0

ctg( l) =

Xn (x) = H sin

n x + cos n x ,

-16-

H
H+h

nN

 - I

13.

kXk k2

. .
II

kXk k2 =

l
2

I II

kXk k2 =

l
2

l(h2 +k )+h
2(h2 +k )

kXk k2 =

I III

II I

kXk k2 =

l
2

II II

kXk k2 =

l
2

kXk k2 =

II III

1
2

l(k +h2 )+h

k +h2

III I

kXk k2 =

l(h2 +k )+h
2

III II

kXk k2 =

l(h2 +k )+h
2

III III

2
l(H 2 +k ) (h2 +k )+(H+h)(k +Hh)(k +H 2 )

kXk k =
2(H 2 +k )(h2 +k )

H = h

-17-

kXk k2 =

l(h2 +k )+2h
2