Chapter 12: Patterning and Equations

Chapter 12 Get Ready

Get Ready

Page 384

Question 1

a) 5 2 +3 = 10 + 3
= 13
b) 3 12 5 = 36 5
= 31
c)

2 6 + 2 7 = 12 + 14
= 26

d) 9 12 4 = 108 4
= 27
Get Ready

Page 384

Question 2

a) 3 (5 + 2) = 3 7
= 21
b) (15 7) 4 = 8 4
=2
c)

(3 1.5 + 0.5) 13 = (4.5 + 0.5) 13

= 5 13
= 65

Get Ready

Page 384

Question 3

a) sum, (+)
3 + 13 = 16
b) less than, ()
74=3
c)

double, (2)
6 2 = 12

d) difference, ()
13 8 = 5
e)

product, ()
8 9 = 72

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Get Ready

Page 384

Question 4

a) Sharing equally means dividing. There are 4 people and $20, so 20 4 = 5. Each person gets $5.
b) grows, (+)
77 + 13 = 90
c)

double, (2); less, ()

2 17 6
= 34 6
= 28

d) more, (+); product, ()

86+5
= 48 + 5
= 53
Get Ready

Page 385

Question 5

P = 2(l + w)
P = 2(15 + 8)
P = 2(23)
P = 46
A=lw
A = 15 8
A = 120
The perimeter of this rectangle is 46 cm and the area is 120 cm2.
Get Ready

Page 385

Question 6

A = (a + b) h 2
A = (6 + 12) 4 2
A = 18 4 2
A = 72 2
A = 36
The area of this trapezoid is 36 units2.

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MHR Chapter 12

Get Ready

Page 385

Question 7

a) The pattern is that each term is 4 times the sequence of natural numbers: 1, 2, 3, ...
41=4
42=8
4 3 = 12
4 4 = 16
4 5 = 20
b) The pattern is 2 times the next odd natural number: 3, 5, 7, ...
23=6
2 5 = 10
2 7 = 14
2 9 = 18
2 11 = 22
c)

The pattern is 1 more than 4 times the next natural number: 1, 2, 3, ...
41+1=5
42+1=9
4 3 + 1 = 13
4 4 + 1 = 17
4 5 + 1 = 21

Get Ready

Page 385

Question 8

a) With each stage of the pattern, the diagonal lines are extended out to
the next dot in each direction. The next diagram is an "X" with
diagonals of length 7 dots. The diagram after that is the same but with
diagonals of length 9 dots.

b) There is 1 dot in the first diagram. There are 1 + 4 1 = 5 dots in the second diagram. The first 1 is
the centre dot, the second 1 is the length of the diagonal, and the 4 is the number of dots added each
time the diagonal is extended.
In the third diagram, there are 1 + 4 2 = 9 dots.
Notice that the length of the diagonal is always 1 less than the diagram number.
So, in the sixth diagram there will be 1 + 4 5 = 21 dots.
c)

In the 15th diagram, you can again use the same pattern as in part b).
Number of dots = 1 + 4 14
= 57

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12.1 Variables and Expressions

Section 12.1

Page 389

Question 1

a) The number is 6 and the variable is C. This is because the value of 6 is known
and the value of C is not.
b) Answers may vary. One advantage of using letters instead of cups is that they are easier to record in a
notebook. Another advantage is that if an expression requires 7 or 8 cups, it can be written more
compactly using letters as 7C or 8C.
Section 12.1

Page 389

Question 2

Replace the cups in the diagram with the letter C and the 3 counters with the
number 3. After doing this, the picture is transformed into the expression
C + C + 3.
Notice that there are 2 Cs. You could rewrite the expression as 2C + 3.
Section 12.1

Page 389

Question 3

"2 more than 3 times a number." 2 more means add 2 to an unknown number. 3 times means multiply an
unknown number by 3. You can put these together in the expression 3x + 2. The correct cup model for this
would have 3 cups representing the 3 unknown numbers and 2 counters representing the known 2.
a) Mark's model is wrong because he has only two unknown numbers and he
has drawn the known number as 3. Mark switched the known number and
the number of unknown numbers in his model.
b) Rhiann's model is correct. She has 3 cups and 2 additional counters.
The order in which the cups and the counters are drawn does not
matter.

c)

Kayla's model is correct. She has 3 cups and 2 additional counters.

The order in which the cups and the counters are drawn does not
matter.

Section 12.1

Page 389

Question 4

a) Since there are 5 of the unknown quantity a, you will

need 5 cups. The known number is 2, so 2 additional
counters are needed.
b) If you replace each cup in our diagram in part a) with the letter a, you obtain an alternate expression,
a+a+a+a+a+2
There are 5 as in this expression, the same as the original expression.

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MHR Chapter 12

Section 12.1

Page 390

Question 5

a) Replace the cup in the diagram with the letter C and then replace the 6 counters,
with the number 6.
This gives the expression: C + 6.
b) Replace the cups in the diagram with the letter C and then replace the 2
counters, with the number 2.
This gives the expression: C + C + 2, which can be written as 2C + 2.
c)

Replace the cups in the diagram with the letter C and then replace the
counter, with the number 1.
This gives the expression: C + C + C + 1, which can be written as
3C + 1.

d) Replace the cups in the diagram with the letter C and then replace the 4
counters, with the number 4.
This gives the expression: C + C + 4, which can be written as 2C + 4.
Section 12.1

Page 390

Question 6

a) Replace the square in the diagram with the letter S and then replace the 2
buttons, with the number 2.
This gives the expression: S + 2.
b) Replace the squares in the diagram with the letter S
and then replace the 5 buttons, with the number 5.
This gives the expression: S + S + S + 5, which can
be written as 3S + 5.
c)

Replace the squares in the diagram with the letter S and then
replace the 3 buttons, with the number 3.
This gives the expression: S + S + 3, which can be written as
2S + 3

Section 12.1

Page 390

Question 7

a) There is 1 unknown number, so 1 cup is needed and the known number is 5, so 5

counters are needed.
b) Double an unknown number means 2 times an unknown number. This means in the
model two cups will be needed.

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Section 12.1

Page 390

Question 8

a) 3 times an unknown number, so 3 cups are needed.

2 more than means 2 counters are to be added as the
known number.
b) 5 times an unknown number, so 5 cups are needed.
4 less than means 4 counters are to be subtracted from
the amount in the cups.

Section 12.1

Page 390

Question 9

Page 390

Question 10

a) 2a + 3

b) 4n + 5

c)

2 + 5x

d) 3w + 10

Section 12.1

a) To evaluate replace the variable in the expression with the number 2, or use your model and place 2
counters in each cup, and then count up all the counters.
a) 2a + 3 = 2 2 + 3
=4+3
=7
b) 4n + 5 = 4 2 + 5
=8+5
= 13
c) 2 + 5x = 2 + 5 2
= 2 + 10
= 12
d) 3w + 10 = 3 2 + 10
= 6 + 10
= 16

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MHR Chapter 12

b) To evaluate replace the variable in the expression with the number 3 and then 4, or use your model and
place 3 counters in each cup, and then count up all the counters. Repeat with 4 counters.
a) 2a + 3 = 2 3 + 3
=6+3
=9
2a + 3 = 2 4 + 3
=8+3
= 11
b)4n + 5 = 4 3 + 5
= 12 + 5
= 17
4n + 5 = 4 4 + 5
= 16 + 5
= 21
c) 2 + 5x = 2 + 5 3
= 2 + 15
= 17
2 + 5x = 2 + 5 4
= 2 + 20
= 22
d)3w + 10 = 3 3 + 10
= 9 + 10
= 19
3w + 10 = 3 4 + 10
= 12 + 10
= 22
Section 12.1

Page 390

Question 11

For each part, replace the k in the equation with the number 5 to evaluate for k = 5.
a) k + 6 = 5 + 6
= 11
b) k 3 = 5 3
=2
c)

3k = 3 5
= 15

d) 2k + 3 = 2 5 + 3
= 10 + 3
= 13

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e)

12 k = 12 5
=7

f)

4 + 3k = 4 + 3 5
= 4 + 15
= 19

Section 12.1

Page 390

Question 12

For each part, replace the k in the equation with the number 8 to evaluate for k = 8.
a) k + 6 = 8 + 6
= 14
b) k 3 = 8 3
=5
c)

3k = 3 8
= 24

d) 2k + 3 = 2 8 + 3
= 16 + 3
= 19
e)

12 k = 12 8
=4

f)

4 + 3k = 4 + 3 8
= 4 + 24
= 28

Section 12.1

Page 390

a) 4 + 3t

b) 7t 4

c)

5 + 6t

d) 10t + 3

628

MHR Chapter 12

Question 13

Section 12.1

Page 390

Question 14

For each part, replace the t in the equation with the number 3 to evaluate for t = 3.
a) 4 + 3t = 4 + 3 3
=4+9
= 13
b) 7t 4 = 7 3 4
= 21 4
= 17
c)

5 + 6t = 5 + 6 3
= 5 + 18
= 23

d) 10t + 3 = 10 3 + 3
= 30 + 3
= 33
Section 12.1

Page 390

Question 15

a) Use p to represent the unknown price. The new price is $10 more than p. You can write this in an
expression as p + 10.
b) Use j to represent Jessica's age. The product of 8 and j means that you must multiply 8 and j.
8j represents this in an expression.
c)

Use A to represent the area. It is increased by 10 cm2. This means you add 10 cm2 to A.
The expression is A + 10 cm2.

d) Use l to represent length. Double the length means 2 times l.

The expression is 2l.
Section 12.1

Page 391

Question 16

a) Use the letter h to represent your height. Someone who is 10 cm shorter than you can be represented
using the expression h 10 cm.
b) Use the letter S to represent your opponent's score. 15 less than your opponent's score means subtract
15 from your opponent's score. The expression is S 15.
c)

Use m to represent the elephant's mass. Triple the elephant's mass means 3 times m or 3m.

d) Use k to represent Kenneth's points. The sum of 12 and Kenneth's points, means add 12 and k together.
12 + k is the expression.

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Section 12.1

Page 391

Question 17

a)

b) Baby-sitters are usually paid for the amount of time they baby-sit. The h in the expression stands for
the number of hours Sonja baby-sits, but since it's 5h, it means she gets $5 for every hour in addition to
the $3 she gets for coming.
c)

6:30 p.m. until 11:30 p.m. is a period of 11.5 6.5 = 5 h.

Sonja baby-sits for 5 hours, so substitute h = 5 into Sonja's pay expression.
5h + 3 = 5 5 + 3
= 25 + 3
= 28
Sonja receives $28 for her 5 h of baby-sitting.

Section 12.1

Page 391

Question 18

If you take 80 steps in one minute, then n = 80.

Substitute n = 80 into the expression

n
.
20

n
80
=
20 20
=4

If you take 80 steps a minute, your estimated walking speed is 4 km/h.

Section 12.1

Page 391

Question 19

a) x = 1; 3x + 4 = 3 1 + 4
=7
x = 2; 3x + 4 = 3 2 + 4 = 6 + 4
= 10
x = 3; 3x + 4 = 3 3 + 4
=9+4
= 13
x = 4; 3x + 4 = 3 4 + 4
= 12 + 4
= 16
x = 5; 3x + 4 = 3 5 + 4
= 15 + 4
= 19

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MHR Chapter 12

b) The result of this expression increases by 3 every time x increases by 1. This occurs because, in the
expression, x is multiplied by 3, so any change in x causes a change 3 times as big in the result.
Answers may vary.
Section 12.1

Page 391

Question 20

a) To estimate how much blood a 39-kg teenager has, substitute m = 39 into the expression

m
.
13

m 39
=
13 13
=3

A 39-kg teenager has 3 L of blood.

b) To estimate how much blood a 70-kg adult has, substitute m = 70 into the expression

m
.
13

m 70
=
13 13
= 5.38

A 70-kg adult has 5.38 L of blood.

c)

Answers will vary. The method is the same as in parts a) and b).

Section 12.1

Page 391

Question 21

a) Use A to represent the area. Multiply the area by 2 to double it, and then increase the area by 5 cm2.
This can be represented by the expression: 2A + 5
b) 2A + 5 = 2 5 + 5
= 10 + 5
= 15 cm2
2A + 5 = 2 10 + 5
= 20 +5
= 25 cm2
2A + 5 = 2 15 + 5
= 30 + 5
= 35 cm2
2A + 5 = 2 20 + 5
= 40 + 5
= 45 cm2
c)

As the area increases by 5 cm2, the value of the expression increases by 10 cm2.

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d) To find the 10th value, you have to first find out what is the 10th value to substitute for A. By looking
at the pattern of what you substituted for A, you see:
5, 10, 15, 20, ...
5 1, 5 2, 5 3, 5 4, ...
So, the pattern is 5 times the natural numbers. This means that the 10th value will be 5 10 = 50 cm2.
Now, substitute A = 50.
2A + 5 = 2 50 + 5
= 100 + 5
= 105 cm2
The 10th value is 105 cm2.
Section 12.1

Page 391

Question 22

a) To find the estimated mean January temperature in Kingston, Jamaica substitute L = 17 into the
expression 33 0.75L.
33 0.75L = 33 0.75(17)
= 33 12.75
= 20.25
The estimated mean January temperature is 20.25C.
b) To find the estimated mean January temperature in Yellowknife, Yukon substitute L = 62 into the
expression 33 0.75L.
33 0.75L = 33 0.75(62)
= 33 46.5
= 13.5
The estimated mean January temperature is 13.5C.
c)

To find the estimated mean January temperature in London, England substitute L = 52 into the
expression 33 0.75L.
33 0.75L = 33 0.75(52)
= 33 39
= 6
The estimated mean January temperature is 6C.

d) No, the mean January temperature for London, England is about 4C. England enjoys a more moderate
climate than expected due to the effects of the warm ocean current known as the Gulf Stream.

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MHR Chapter 12

Section 12.1

Page 391

Question 23

a) Substitute x = 5 into the two equations.

x+4=5+4
=9
2x = 2(5)
= 10
b) When x = 5; 2x is greater than x + 4. This is not true for all values of x. In fact for any integer value
below 4 x + 4 is greater than 2x. For any integer value greater than or equal to 5 2x is greater than
x + 4. This can be easily seen by graphing several points of each expression.

Each of these expressions corresponds to a straight line graph, they cross at x = 4 and for any x greater
than this, 2x is greater, and for any x less than this x + 4 is greater.

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12.2 Solve Equations by Inspection

Section 12.2

Page 395

Question 1

a) Tom has two counters in each cup, so he is testing to see if 2 is a

solution to the equation.
b) Count the number of counters on the left side:
L.S.

=2+2+2+1
=7

R.S. = 7
Since the right side of the equation equals the left side of the equation, 2 is a solution.
Section 12.2

Page 395

Question 2

To solve 9k = 72, start by trying values of k that you think are close to a solution.
Try k = 6.
9(6) = 54 too low
Try a higher value of k, k = 7.
9(7) = 63 too low, but closer
Try the next higher value, k = 8.
9(8) = 72 correct
k = 8 is a solution to the equation.
Section 12.2

Page 395

Question 3

You do not have to test all of the given values to find a solution to the equation 7 + 6y = 31. You only need
to test values until you find the solution. Once the solution is found there is no need to test any other values.
Try y = 3.
7 + 6(3) = 7 + 18 = 25

Too low.

Now, try y = 4.
7 + 6(4) = 7 + 24 = 31

Correct!

After trying only two values, the solution has been found. There is no need to test y = 5 or y = 6 because
you know they will be larger than when y = 4.
The solution is y = 4.

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MHR Chapter 12

Section 12.2

Page 395

Question 4

a) If you write down the numbers and letters that are on the masses and then put the masses on opposite
sides of the scaleon opposite sides of the "=" signyou can write out the equation.
4 + m = 13
Now, try values of m to find the solution.
Try m = 4.
4+4=8

Too low.

Try a larger value m = 8.

4 + 8 = 12

Still too low, but very close.

Try m = 9.
4 + 9 = 13

Correct!

The solution is m = 9. A mass of 9 will keep the balance.

b) If you write down the numbers and letters that are on the
masses and then put the masses on opposite sides of the
scaleon opposite sides of the "=" signyou can write
out the equation.
5 + u = 12
Now, try values of u to find that u = 7 is a solution.
A mass of 7 will keep the balance.
c)

If you write down the numbers and letters that are on

the masses and then put the masses on opposite sides of
the scaleon opposite sides of the "=" signyou can
write out the equation.
h+5=8
Now, try values of h to find that h = 3 is a solution.
A mass of 3 will keep the balance.

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Section 12.2

Page 395

Question 5

a) If you write down the numbers and letters that are on

the masses and then put the masses on opposite sides of
the scaleon opposite sides of the "=" signyou can
write out the equation.
2d = 18
Now, try values of d to find the solution.
Try d = 4.
24=8

Too low.

Try a larger value d = 10.

2 10 = 20

Too high, but very close.

Try d = 9.
2 9 = 18

Correct!

Therefore, the solution is d = 9. Two masses of 9 will keep the balance.

b) If you write down the numbers and letters that are on
the masses and then put the masses on opposite sides of
the scaleon opposite sides of the "=" signyou can
write out the equation.
3k = 18
Now, try values of k to find that k = 6 is a solution.
Three masses of 6 will keep the balance.
c)

If you write down the numbers and letters that are on

the masses and then put the masses on opposite sides of
the scaleon opposite sides of the "=" signyou can
write out the equation.
16 = 2y
Now, try values of y to find that y = 8 is a solution.
Two masses of 8 will keep the balance.

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MHR Chapter 12

Section 12.2

Page 396

Question 6

a) To solve this, try dropping different numbers of counters into the cup
until you find the right amount.
Write an equation, using the letter C to represent the cup.
C+5=9
Since 4 + 5 = 9, you know that C = 4 is a solution.
Taking the value of the cup as 4 makes the sentence true.
b) Write an equation, using C to represent the cup.
C6=1
This is the same as asking what number minus 6 is equal to 1.
Since 7 6 = 1, C = 7 is a solution.
Taking the value of the cup as 7 makes this a true statement.
c)

Write an equation, using C to represent the cup.

C+C+3=7
Combining the Cs you get the equation:
2C + 3 = 7
You know that 4 + 3 = 7.
This means that 2C must equal 4.
Since 2 2 = 4, then C = 2 must be a solution.
Try C = 2.
2(2) + 3 = 4 + 3
=7
Taking the value of the cup as 2 makes this a true sentence.

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Section 12.2

Page 396

Question 7

a) Write an equation, using C to represent the cup.

9C=2
You need a number that is 2 less than 9.
97=2
The value of the cup that makes this sentence true is 7.
b) Write an equation, using C to represent the cup.
C+C+C+C=8
You can write this more compactly as
4C = 8
Now, you are being asked what number times 4 equals 8.
Since 4 2 = 8, you find that C = 2 is a solution.
The value of the cup that makes this sentence true is 2.
c)

Write an equation, using C to represent the cup.

C + C + C + C + C = 15
You can write this more compactly as
5C = 15
Find a number that when multiplied by 5 equals 15.
The multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, ...
So, 5 3 = 15, and so C = 3.
The value of the cup that makes this sentence true is 3.

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MHR Chapter 12

Section 12.2

Page 396

Question 8

a) 7b = 21
The multiples of 7 are: 7, 14, 21, ...
So, 7 3 = 21
Therefore, b = 3 is the solution.
b) x + 15 = 25
Notice that 15 is exactly 10 less than 25, so 15 + 10 = 25.
Therefore, x = 10 is the solution.
c)

8v = 56
The multiples of 8 are: 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, ...
8 7 = 56
Therefore, v = 7 is the solution.

d) 13 = 3 + n
Notice that 3 is exactly 10 less than 13, so 3 + 10 = 13.
Therefore, n = 10 is the solution.
e)

r 10 = 0
Notice that since there is zero remaining, r must be equal to 10.
Therefore, r = 10 is a solution.

f)

19 g = 13
Here you can try a few numbers for g.
Try g = 5.
19 5 = 14

Too high.

Try a larger number, g = 6.

19 6 = 13

Correct!

Therefore, g = 6 is the solution.

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Section 12.2

Page 396

Question 9

a) n + 7 = 26
Notice that 19 + 7 = 26.
Therefore, n = 19.
b) 35 = y 15
Notice that 35 = 50 15.
Therefore, y = 50.
c)

63 = 7t
Notice that 63 = 7 9.
Therefore, t = 9.

d) 2a + 2 = 10
2a will be a multiple of 2, so try multiples of 2 and see which one added to 2 gives 10.
Multiples of 2 are: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 ...
2 is too small, 2 + 2 = 4
10 is too big, 10 + 2 = 12
8 works, 8 + 2 = 10
Since 8 = 4 2, you know a = 4 is the solution.
e)

25 x = 16
Notice that 25 is roughly 10 greater than 16, so start your guesses near there.
Then, find that 25 9 = 16.
Therefore, x = 9.

f)

30 = 5q + 5
30 is a multiple of 5: 30 = 6 5
You are already adding a 5 to the 5q so q must be one less than 6, or 5.
5 5 + 5 = 25 + 5
= 30
Therefore, q = 5.

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MHR Chapter 12

Section 12.2

Page 396

Question 10

Before trying any numbers in the cup, count the total number of
counters and write an equation.
b + 5 = 18
Now, try the values b = 11, 12, and 13.
11 + 5 = 16

Too low.

12 + 5 = 17

Too low, but closer.

13 + 5 = 18

Correct!

The number that balances the equation is b = 13.

Section 12.2

Page 396

Question 11

Before trying any numbers in the cup, count the total number of
counters and write an equation.
y + 6 = 27
Now, try the values y = 21, 22, and 23.
21 + 6 = 27

Correct!

22 + 6 = 28

Too high.

23 + 6 = 29

Too high.

The number that balances the equation is y = 21.

Section 12.2

Page 396

Question 12

a) Before trying any numbers in the cup, count the total number of
counters and write an equation.
c + c + 1 = 11
2c + 1 = 11
Now, try the values c = 3, 4, and 5.
23+1=6+1=7

Too low.

24+1=8+1=9

Too low, but closer.

2 5 + 1 = 10 + 1 = 11

Correct!

The number that balances the equation is c = 5.

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b) Before trying any numbers in the cup, count the total

number of counters and write an equation.
k + k + k + k + k + k + k + 3 = 24
7k + 3 = 24
Now, try the values k = 2, 3, and 4.
7 2 + 3 = 14 + 3 = 17

Too low.

7 3 + 3 = 21 + 3 = 24

Correct!

7 4 + 3 = 28 + 3 = 31

Too high.

The number that balances the equation is k = 3.

c)

Before trying any numbers in the cup, count the total number
of counters and write an equation.
t + t + t + t 8 = 20
4t 8 = 20
Now, try the values t = 5, 6, and 7.
4 5 8 = 20 8 = 12

Too low.

4 6 8 = 20 8 = 16

Too low, but closer.

4 7 8 = 20 8 = 20

Correct!

The number that balances the equation is t = 7.

Section 12.2

Page 396

Question 13

a) 6x = 24
Substitute x = 4.
6(4) = 24
Since 24 = 24, therefore x = 4 is the solution.
b) 17 x = 10
Substitute x = 4.
17 4 = 13
Since 13 10, therefore x = 4 is not the solution.

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MHR Chapter 12

c)

36 + x = 8
Substitute x = 4.
36 + 4 = 40
Since 40 8, therefore x = 4 is not the solution.

d) x + 27 = 33
Substitute x = 4.
4 + 27 = 31
Since 31 33, therefore x = 4 is not the solution.
e)

3x + 1 = 15
Substitute x = 4.
3(4) + 1 = 13
Since 13 15, therefore x = 4 is not the solution.

f)

20 = x + 10
Substitute x = 4.
14 = 4 + 10
Since 14 20, therefore x = 4 is not the solution.

Section 12.2

Page 396

Question 14

a) k + 5 = 14
Substitute k = 9.
9 + 5 = 14
k = 9 is the solution.
b) k 8 = 1
Substitute k = 9.
98=1
k = 9 is the solution.

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643

c)

k + 6 = 16
Substitute k = 9.
9 + 6 = 15
k = 9 is not the solution.
Now, try substituting k = 10.
10 + 6 = 16
k = 10 is the solution.

d) 2k = 18
Substitute k = 9.
2(9) = 18
k = 9 is the solution.
e)

k2=5
Substitute k = 9.
9 2 = 4.5
k = 9 is not the solution.
Now, try substituting k = 10.
10 2 = 5
k = 10 is the solution.

f)

16 = 2k 4
Substitute k = 9.
2(9) 4 = 18 4 = 14
k = 9 is not the solution.
Now, try substituting k = 10.
2(10) 4 = 20 4 = 16
k = 10 is the solution.

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MHR Chapter 12

Section 12.2

Page 396

Question 15

a) h + 7 = 10
Notice that 3 + 7 = 10.
Therefore, h = 3.
b) 6m = 36
Write out the multiples of 6: 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, ...
6 6 = 36
Therefore, m = 6.
c)

y 17 = 21
Notice that 38 17 = 21.
Therefore, y = 38.

d) f 7 = 11
Notice that 77 7 = 11.
Therefore, f = 77.
e)

50c = 250
Write out the multiples of 50: 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, ...
So, 50 5 = 250
Therefore, c = 5.

f)

3 + 20x = 83
Write out multiples of 20: 20, 40, 60, 80, ...
Then, notice that 3 + 80 = 83.
80 = 20 4
Therefore, x = 4.

MHR Chapter 12

645

Section 12.2

Page 397

Question 16

a) The balance shows a total mass of 230.

b) The equation tells you that the smaller mass
weighs 30 and that the two larger masses weigh
the same amount.
c)

230 = 30 + 2m
First, notice that 200 + 30 = 230.
So, 2m = 200.
Then, notice that 2 100 = 200.
Therefore, m = 100.
Test it out.
30 + 2(100) = 30 + 200
= 230
m = 100 is the solution.

Section 12.2

Page 397

Question 17

Answers will vary.

To build an equation that does not have 3 as a solution, start with a number that is not 3, and then perform
an operation on it.
Example:
Start with 17.
Multiply by 3, 17(3) = 51.
Now, write the equation 3n = 51.
or
Start with 7.
Add 19, 7 + 19 = 26.
Now, write the equation x + 19 = 26.

646

MHR Chapter 12

Section 12.2

Page 397

Question 18

a) x + 5 = 14
If Annie had $5 in her pocket, she could afford a $14 CD.
The 5 in the equation represents the $5 more Annie needs.
The 14 in the equation represents the $14 cost of the CD.
So, the variable x represents how much money Annie currently has in her pocket.
b) x + 5 = 14
Notice that 9 + 5 = 14.
Therefore x = 9, and Annie has $9.
Section 12.2

Page 397

Question 19

100t = 1500
Since 1 15 = 15, it would be reasonable to guess t = 15 as a first guess.
Substitute t = 15.
100(15) = 1500
Therefore, t = 15 is the solution.
It takes Kathy 15 min to walk to school.
Section 12.2

Page 397

Question 20

x + 20 + 16 = 70
x + 36 = 70
Since 35 + 35 = 70, try x = 34.
34 + 36 = 70
Therefore, side x is of length 34 cm.

MHR Chapter 12

647

Section 12.2

Page 397

Question 21

Answers will vary.

To build an equation that has 5 as a solution, start with 5 and then perform operations on it.
Then, replace the 5 in your equation with a variable.
Example:
Start with 5.
Multiply by 5, 5(5) = 25.
Now, write the equation 5x = 25.
or
Start with 5.
Add 16, 5 + 16 = 21.
Now, write the equation x + 16 = 21.
Section 12.2

Page 397

Question 22

You must solve the equation T = Mn when M = 8 and T = 48.

So, you must find n, the number of judges.
When you substitute M = 8 and T = 48 into the equation, you get
48 = 8n
Now, write out the multiples of 8: 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48.
So, 8 6 = 48.
Therefore, n = 6.
There were 6 judges.
Section 12.2

Page 397

Question 23

a) The sum of 3 and a number is 10.

Since the word sum is used, you know that 3 is being added to a number: 3 + x
You also know that the result of 3 being added to this number is 10.
Therefore, you can write the equation: 3 + x = 10
b) 3 + x = 10
Since 10 is less than 0, you know x must be negative.
Try x = 13.
3 + (13) = 10
Therefore, x = 13 is the solution.

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MHR Chapter 12

Section 12.2

Page 397

Question 24

a) Use the formula d = s t with d = 350 km and t = 5 h.

First, substitute these values into the equation to get 350 = 5s.
Now, since 5 7 = 35, it would seem reasonable to guess s = 70.
Substituting s = 70:
5 70 = 350
Therefore, since s = 70, you are driving at a speed of 70 km/h.
b) Use the formula d = s t with d = 2400 km and t = 5 h.
First, substitute these values into the equation to get 2400 = 5s.
Now, since 5 2 = 10 and 10 24 = 240, it would seem reasonable to guess s = 480.
Substituting s = 480:
5 480 = 2400
Therefore, s = 480. The Cassini space probe travelled at a speed of 480 km/h.

MHR Chapter 12

649

12.3 Model Patterns With Equations

Section 12.3

Page 401

Question 1

2x + 3 = 7, 7 = 2a + 3, and 7 = 3 + 2m are all the same equation.

It makes no difference to the solution if different letters are used for the variable.
The order of numbers on the same side of the equal sign does not matter.
The only requirement for two equations to be equal is that when all of the solutions to the two equations are
listed, and each and every solution is the same.
Section 12.3 Page 401
a)
Sameh's method:

Question 2

2+1+2=5
2+2+2=6
2+3+2=7
...
2 + 15 + 2 = 19
Therefore, the 15th stage in the pattern contains 19 dots.
Rosie's method:
4+n
To find the stage with 19 dots, set this expression equal to 19.
4 + n = 19
By trying some values for n, you find 4 + 15 = 19.
Therefore, the 15th stage in the pattern contains 19 dots.
Both patterns are effective ways of solving the problem. Sameh's method is very easy to understand,
but requires much more space to do and can become very difficult for large values. Rosie's method is
much quicker and more efficient.
b) Answers may vary. You could use the perimeter of an isosceles triangle that has 2 sides of length 2 and
a base that increases in length to model this dot pattern.

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MHR Chapter 12

Section 12.3

Page 401

Question 3

Answers will vary.

a) You may use any dot pattern that increases by 1 dot with each term. n must begin from a value of 4,
and then increase. n < 4, the expression n 3 will be zero or negative.
b) Your equation should still include the 3 and just adjust the n value.
c)

No, students can have different dot patterns because it depends at what stage each student starts. One
student can start from stage 3 with 0 dots, but another could start from stage 10 with 7 dots, so their
equations will have different values.

Section 12.3

Page 402

Question 4

a)
Number of Cubes
1
2
3

Number of Smiley Faces

1+1+1+1=4
2+2+2+2=8
3 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 12

Number Equation
41=4
42=8
4 3 = 12

b) To find the equation to solve, take the number equations you had in part a), replace the number of
cubes with the variable c, and then set the expression equal to 28.
4c = 28
Multiples of 4: 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, ...
4 7 = 28
So, c = 7 is the solution.
A rod with 28 Smiley faces is 7 cubes long.
Section 12.3
a)

Page 402

Question 5

Number of Rows
1
2
3

Perimeter
1+1+1
2+2+2
3+3+3

Number Equation
31=3
32=6
33=9

b) To find the equation to solve, take the number equations you had in part a), replace the number of rows
with the variable r, and then set the expression equal to 27.
3r = 27
Multiples of 3: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, ...
3 9 = 27, so r = 9 is the solution.
A triangle with a perimeter of 27 toothpicks has 9 rows of triangles.

MHR Chapter 12

651

Section 12.3

Page 402

Question 6

a) Equations may vary.

The first diagram has one dot on each side of a tower, 2 dots high.
1+21+1=4
The second diagram has one dot on each side and then 2 towers, two dots high.
1+22+1=6
The third diagram has one dot on each side and then 3 towers, two dots high.
1+23+1=8
b) 2 + 2d = 14
In each of the equations used to model the diagrams in part a), the number to the right of the equal sign
is the total number of dots in the diagram.
Since you know this number in the given equation, you know that the diagram this equation is
modelling contains 14 dots.
Section 12.3

Page 402

Question 7

a) The first diagram can be described in a list, from left to right, listing the number of marbles in each
column: 2, 1, 2, 1
An equation for this is: 2 + 1 1 + 2 + 1 = 6
The second diagram in list form: 2, 1, 1, 2, 1
Notice that the only change between the 1st and 2nd diagram is that the number of 1 columns between
the two 2 columns increased by 1.
An equation for this is: 2 + 1 2 + 2 + 1 = 7
The third diagram in list form: 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1
An equation for this is: 2 + 3 1 + 2 + 1 = 8

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MHR Chapter 12

b) From the first 3 diagrams, notice that each diagram contains 2 columns containing 2 marbles each, 1
marble in the rightmost column, and d columns in between the two 2 columns that each contain 1
marble, where d represents the diagram number.
You can now write an equation for the diagram containing 17 marbles.
2 + 1 d + 2 + 1 = 17
You can simplify this equation as
d + 5 = 17
By inspection, d = 12 since 15 + 5 = 17.
This means that the diagram with 17 marbles will be diagram number 12.
Section 12.3

Page 402

Question 8

a) k + 7 = 13 can be written in three other ways: 7 + k = 13, 13 = k + 7, and 13 = 7 + k.

b) 6n + 3 = 21 can be written in three other ways: 3 + 6n = 21, 21 = 6n + 3, and 21 = 3 + 6n.
Section 12.3

Page 402

Question 9

a) 37 = 4w + 5 can be written in three other ways: 37 = 5 + 4w, 5 + 4w = 37, and 4w + 5 = 37.

b) 6 + 2a = 26 can be written in three other ways: 2a + 6 = 26, 26 = 2a + 6, and 26 = 6 + 2a.
Section 12.3

Page 402

Question 10

a) The first diagram has 3 cars in it. 1 row of 1 car + 1 row of 2 cars.
An equation for this is: 1 + (1 + 1) = 3 or 2 1 + 1 = 3
In the second diagram, there are 5 cars. Each row from the first diagram has been increased by 1 car.
row #1: 2 cars
row #2: 3 cars
2 + (2 + 1) = 5

or

22+1=5

In the third diagram, there are 7 cars. Each row has been increased by 1 car.
row#1: 3 cars
row #2: 4 cars
3 + (3 + 1) = 7

or

23+1=7

b) Since you do not know what diagram number has 75 cars, represent the diagram number by d. From
part a) you found two very similar equations. Replace the diagram number from the equation from part
a) with d and write 75 on the right side of the equal sign.
d + (d + 1) = 75

or

2d + 1 = 75

MHR Chapter 12

653

Section 12.3

Page 402

Question 11

With 1 cube, no vertical faces are hidden.

With 2 cubes, one vertical face on each cube is hidden from view. So, 2 faces are hidden from view.
With 3 cubes, 4 vertical faces are hidden from view.
This information suggests using an expression of the form 2(c 1) to model the number of hidden faces in
each diagram.
Try this expression with c = 1, 2, and 3 to confirm that this is the correct expression.
2 (1 1) = 2 0 = 0
2 (2 1) = 2 1 = 2
2 (3 1) = 2 2 = 4

This agrees with the observations from the diagram.

This value also agrees.
This one agrees as well.

So, the expression 2(c 1) models the number of hidden vertical faces in each diagram.
20 vertical faces would be modelled by the equation: 2(c 1) = 20.
Section 12.3

Page 403

Question 12

a) Use the letter d to represent the design number.

In the 1st design d = 1, and there are 4 red tiles.
In the 2nd design d = 2, and there are 8 red tiles.
In the 3rd design d = 3, and there are 12 red tiles.
Notice that every time d goes up by 1, the number of red tiles goes up by 4.
Next, notice that each number of red tiles is actually 4d.
You can now write an expression for the number of red tiles as 4d.
b) By evaluating your expression from part a) with d = 5, you can predict how many tiles will be present
in design 5.
4d = 4(5)
= 20
There should be 20 red tiles in design 5.

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MHR Chapter 12

c)

There are 20 red tiles in design 5

Section 12.3

Page 403

Question 13

Answers may vary.

a) c 2 = 4
One possibility is that the 6 cubes are arranged in a rectangular prism of width 2 cubes, and
length 3 cubes. In this case, the equation could represent the number of vertical faces along
the width.
b) 2c + 1 = 23
One possibility is that the cubes are arranged in a tower 11 cubes high. Each cube has 2 stickers on it
and one of the cubes has 1 extra sticker.
c)

4c 2 = 14
One possibility is that the 4 cubes are arranged in a square and then placed on the ground so that it
stands up 2 cubes high. This equation can then represent the number of visible faces.

Section 12.3

Page 4

Question 14

a) Answers will vary.

8 + 3h

Stage 1

Stage 2

Stage 3

MHR Chapter 12

655

b) The first diagram is Stage 1, so h = 1.

8 + 3h
8 + 3 1 = 11
The second diagram is Stage 2, so h = 2.
8 + 3 2 = 14
The third diagram is Stage 3, so h = 3.
8 + 3 3 = 17
c)

To write an equation for the 7th diagram, first evaluate the expression at h = 7.
8 + 3h
8 + 3 7 = 8 + 21
= 29
The equation is: 8 + 3 7 = 29.
This equation models the number of dots in the 7th diagram of the pattern. The number of dots in each
diagram can be obtained by using the expression 8 + 3h, but if you know the number of dots you could
then reverse the process, and solve the equation for h.

Section 12.3

Page 403

Question 15

a) First, count the total number of spots on the 4-sided

and 8-sided dice.
4 sided:
1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10 spots
8 sided:
10 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 = 36 spots
You can now write an equation using m to represent the number of 4-sided dice and n to represent the
number of 8-sided dice.
There are 10 spots on each 4-sided die, so there are 10m dots contributed by the 4-sided dice.
Similarly there are 36n dots contributed by the 8-sided dice.
An equation using m and n to model a combination of dice with 102 spots is:
10m + 36n = 102

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MHR Chapter 12

b) Answers will vary. Since 36 has as its ones digit a 6, notice that:
6 + 6 = 12
2+6=8
8 + 6 = 14
4 + 6 = 10
0+6=6
You are back where you started. Because of this, the only numbers that are possible are numbers that
end in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.
The first few possible sums are as follows:
10, 20, 30, 36, 40, 46, 50, 56, 60, 66, 70, 72, 76, ...
Once the numbers get sufficiently big, each even number will be a possible number of dots.
Section 12.3

Page 403

Question 16

First, count the number of corners and edges in the base

3 pyramid.
Corner pieces:
1 on the top and then 4 others, one at each of the bases
corners.
There are 1 + 4 = 5 corner pieces in total.
Edge pieces:
Not counting the corner pieces, each edge of the pyramid contains 1 edge piece.
There are 8 edges, so there are 8 edge pieces.
Therefore, the base 3 pyramid contains 8 + 5 = 13 corner and edge pieces.
Base 4 Pyramid:
There are 5 corner pieces.
Now, on each edge there are 2 edge pieces.
There are 8 edges, so the number of edge pieces = 8 2 = 16.
Therefore, the base 4 pyramid contains 8 2 + 5 = 21 corner and edge pieces.

MHR Chapter 12

657

Base n Pyramid
First, list the number patterns you found for the base 3 and base 4 pyramids. Try to include the numbers 3
and 4 in them. Then, replace the number with the variable n.
8 + 5 = 13
8 (3 2) + 5 = 13
Now, try the same format and see if it works for the base 4 pyramid.
8 2 + 5 = 21
8 (4 2) + 5 = 21
This also works so you generalize to the base n pyramid with this expression:
8 (n 2) + 5
for the number of corner and edge pieces in a base n pyramid.
This makes sense because each pyramid has 5 corner pieces, accounting for the 5 in the equation.
In each pyramid the corner pieces occupy two of the positions on each edge, leaving n 2 edge pieces on
each of the pyramid's 8 edges.

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MHR Chapter 12

12.4 Solve Equations by Systematic Trial

Section 12.4

Page 407

Question 1

When you are asked to solve the equation 4w 1 = 15, you are being asked to find the value of w that
makes this a true sentence.
Section 12.4

Page 407

Question 2

5k + 15 = 60
Mario's choice of 10 is a better first guess than Jenna's choice of 20.
By looking at the equation it is clear that the left hand side, 5k + 15 must equal about 60 so 5k should be
close to 50, and 5 10 = 50. Jenna's value is far too big and she will have to do more work.
Section 12.4

Page 407

Question 3

a)

b) Kajan has twice as many candies as Lena plus 1. Therefore, Kajan must have more candies than Lena.
This rules out the second equation, 2K + 1 = 15, as this equation would give Lena more candies.
The first equation could model the situation because it has the number of Lena's candies multiplied by
2 and then 1 more is added to it, which is exactly how the expression was described originally.
2L + 1 = 15
c)

In the first equation, the 15 represents the number of candies Kajan has. You know this because Kajan
has twice as many as Lena + 1.
In the second equation, the 15 represents the expression on the left side of the equation. That is 2 times
the number of candies Kajan has + 1.

MHR Chapter 12

659

Section 12.4

Page 408

Question 4

a)

Diagram Number
1
2
3
4

Number of Marbles
1 on the left, 2 on the right = 3
1 on the left, 4 on the right = 5
1 on the left, 6 on the right = 7
1 on the left, 2d on the right = 1 + 2d

Pattern
1+12
1+22
1+32
1+d2

b) Since you don't know which diagram number has 15 marbles, use the variable d to represent this in our
expression.
15 = 1 + 2d
c)

First, try guessing d = 8.

1 + 2 8 = 1 + 16
= 17
Too large, try smaller.
Try d = 7.
1 + 2 7 = 1 + 14
= 15

Correct!

The solution is d = 7.
This means that the diagram number with 15 marbles is diagram number 7.
Section 12.4

Page 408

Question 5

a)
Diagram Number
1
2
3
d

Number of Dots
2 on the left, 1 in the middle, 2 on the right = 5
2 on the left, 2 in the middle, 2 on the right = 6
2 on the left, 3 in the middle, 2 on the right = 7
2 on the left, d in the middle, 2 on the right = 2 + d + 2

Pattern
2+11+2
2+21+2
2+31+2
2+d1+2

b) Since you do not know which diagram number has 11 dots, use the variable d to represent this in our
expression.
2 + d + 2 = 11, which is the same as d + 4 = 11.

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MHR Chapter 12

c)

First, try guessing d = 10.

10 + 4 = 14
Too large, try smaller.
Try d = 5.
5+4=9

Too small.

Try d = 7.
7 + 4 = 11

Correct!

The solution is d = 7.
This means that the diagram number with 11 dots is diagram number 7.
Section 12.4

Page 408

Question 6

a) There are two cups on the left side and 8 counters on the right side, in 2 rows
of 4. This suggests you try putting 4 counters in each cup.
Write the diagram as an equation with C representing the cups.
2C = 8
Try C = 4.
24=8
Therefore, C = 4 is the solution and is the value that makes this sentence true.
b) Write this diagram as an expression, using the variable C to represent the
cup.
C + 7 = 12
Half of 12 is 6, so try C = 6.
6 + 7 = 13 Too large, try smaller.
Try C = 5.
5 + 7 = 12

Correct!

The value that makes this sentence true is C = 5.

MHR Chapter 12

661

Section 12.4 Page 408 Question 7

a) Write this diagram as an expression, using the variable C to represent
each cup.
2C + 4 = 10
Since 5 is half of 10, try C = 5.
2 5 + 4 = 10 + 4
= 14
Too large.
Try C = 4.
24+4=8+4
= 12

Too large.

Try C = 3.
23+4=6+4
= 10

Correct!

Therefore, the solution is C = 3.

b) Write this diagram as an expression, using the variable C to
represent each cup.
6C 5 = 13
Try C = 5.
6 5 5 = 30 5
= 25

Too large.

Try C = 3.
6 3 5 = 18 5
= 13

Correct!

Therefore, the solution is C = 3.

Section 12.4

Page 408

Question 8

a) 2x + 3 = 17
Try x = 5.
2 5 + 3 = 10 + 3
= 13

Too small.

Try x = 10.
2 10 + 3 = 20 + 3
= 23

Too large.

Try x = 7.
2 7 + 3 = 14 + 3
= 17

Correct!

Therefore, the solution is x = 7.

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MHR Chapter 12

b) 3q + 2 = 20
Try q = 5.
3 5 + 2 = 15 + 2
= 17

Too small.

Try q = 7.
3 7 + 2 = 21 + 2
= 23

Too large.

Try q = 6.
3 6 + 2 = 18 + 2
= 20

Correct!

Therefore, the solution is q = 6.

c)

5 + 7z = 19
Try z = 5.
5 + 7 5 = 5 + 35
= 40

Too large.

Try z = 2.
5 + 7 2 = 5 + 14
= 19

Correct!

Therefore, the solution is z = 2.

d) 20 = 6 + 2a
Try a = 5.
6 + 2 5 = 6 + 10
= 16

Too small.

Try a = 10.
6 + 2 10 = 6 + 20
= 26

Too large.

Try a = 7.
6 + 2 7 = 6 + 14
= 20

Correct!

Therefore, the solution is a = 7.

MHR Chapter 12

663

Section 12.4

Page 408

Question 9

a) 2m + 12 = 56
Try m = 30.
2 30 + 12 = 60 + 12 = 72

Too large.

Try m = 20.
2 20 + 12 = 40 + 12 = 52

Too small, but closer.

Try m = 22.
2 22 + 12 = 44 + 12 = 56

Correct!

Therefore, the solution is m = 22.

b) 8w + 5 = 37
Try w = 5.
8 5 + 5 = 40 + 5
= 45

Too large.

Try w = 4.
8 4 + 5 = 32 + 5
= 37

Correct!

Therefore, the solution is w = 4.

c)

34 = 9 + 5p
Try p = 5.
9 + 5 5 = 9 + 25
= 34

Correct!

Therefore, the solution is p = 5.

d) 5n 2 = 33
Try n = 5.
5 5 2 = 25 2
= 23

Too small.

Try n = 8.
5 8 2 = 40 2
= 38

Too large, but closer.

Try n = 7.
5 7 2 = 35 2
= 33

Correct!

Therefore, the solution is n = 7.

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MHR Chapter 12

Section 12.4

Page 408

Question 10

a) 7, 10, 13, 16, ...

These steps go up by 3 each time, so you should multiply each step by 3, and then add or subtract the
difference.
31+4=7
3 2 + 4 = 10
3 3 + 4 = 13
3 4 + 4 = 16
The expression 3n + 4 describes the number pattern.
b) To find which step is number 34, set your expression from a) equal to 34 and then solve for n.
3n + 4 = 34
This can be solved by inspection, as n = 10 is the solution.
3 10 + 4 = 30 + 4
= 34
Therefore, 34 is step 10 of the pattern.
Section 12.4

Page 408

Question 11

a) 10, 17, 24, 31, ...

These steps go up by 7 each time, so you should multiply each step by 7, and then add or subtract the
difference.
7 1 + 3 = 10
7 2 + 3 = 17
7 3 + 3 = 24
7 4 + 3 = 31
The expression 7n + 3 describes the number pattern.
b) To find which step is number 45, set your expression from a) equal to 45 and then solve for n.
7n + 3 = 45
This can be solved by inspection, as n = 6 is the solution.
7 6 + 3 = 42 + 3
= 45
Therefore, 45 is step 6 of the pattern.

MHR Chapter 12

665

Section 12.4

Page 408

Question 12

a) 19, 18, 17, 16, ...

These steps go down by 1 each time, so you should multiply each step by 1, and then add or subtract
the difference.
1 1 + 20 = 19
1 2 + 20 = 18
1 3 + 20 = 17
1 4 + 20 = 16
The expression 20 n describes the number pattern.
b) To find which step is number 7, set the expression from a) equal to 7, and then solve for n.
20 n = 7
This can be solved by inspection as n = 13 is the solution.
20 13 = 7
Therefore, 7 is step 13 of the pattern.
Section 12.4

Page 409

Question 13

a) 7 + 3c = 91
Try c = 30.
7 + 3 30 = 7 + 90
= 97

Too large.

Try c = 25.
7 + 3 25 = 7 + 75
= 82

Too small.

Try c = 28.
7 + 3 28 = 7 + 84
= 91

Correct!

Therefore, c = 28 is the solution.

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MHR Chapter 12

b) 123 a = 97
Try a = 30.
123 30 = 93

Too small, try a smaller value of a.

Try a = 25.
123 25 = 98

Too large, try a larger value of a.

Try a = 26.
123 26 = 97

Correct!

Therefore, a = 26 is the solution.

c)

10x 6 = 84
Try x = 8.
10 8 6 = 80 6
= 74

Too small, by 10.

Try x = 9.
10 9 6 = 90 6
= 84

Correct!

Therefore, x = 9 is the solution.

d) 48 = 9c 6
Try c = 5.
9 5 6 = 45 6
= 39

Too small, by exactly 9.

Try c = 6.
9 6 6 = 54 6
= 48

Correct!

Therefore, c = 6 is the solution.

Section 12.4

Page 409

Question 14

a) 30 2m = 18
This can be solved by inspection:
2 6 = 12
12 + 18 = 30
Therefore, m = 6 will solve this equation.
Check: 30 2 6 = 30 12 = 18
Therefore, m = 6 is the solution.

MHR Chapter 12

667

b) 64 3k = 34
Since the ones digit does not change, you should first try using 10.
Try k = 10.
64 3 10 = 64 30
= 34

Correct!

Therefore, k = 10 is the solution.

c)

100 5c = 35
Since the answer ends in a 5, you know c must be odd, and 5c must be around 70.
5 15 = 75
Try c = 15.
100 5 15 = 100 75
= 25

Too small, try the next smallest odd c.

Try c = 13.
100 5 13 = 100 65
= 35

Correct!

Therefore, c = 13 is the solution.

d) 89 = 45 + 2b
Try b = 20.
45 + 2 20 = 45 + 40
= 85

Too small.

Try b = 25.
45 + 2 25 = 45 + 50
= 95

Too large.

Try b = 22.
45 + 2 22 = 45 + 44
= 89

Correct!

Therefore, the solution is b = 22.

Section 12.4

Page 409

Question 15

a) 5 times a number: 5n
plus 13:

+ 13

gives 48:

= 48

5n + 13 = 48

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MHR Chapter 12

b) 5n + 13 = 48
Start by trying n = 5.
5 5 + 13 = 25 + 13
= 38

Too small.

Try n = 8.
5 8 + 13 = 40 + 13
= 53

Too large.

Try n = 7.
5 7 + 13 = 35 + 13
= 48

Correct!

Therefore, the solution is n = 7.

c)

Answers will vary. In part b), systematic trial was used. However this equation could also be solved by
inspection or by using manipulatives.

Section 12.4

Page 409

Question 16

a) 49, 45, 41, 37, ...

These steps go down by 4 each time, so you should multiply each step by 4, and then add or subtract
the difference.
4 1 + 53 = 49
4 2 + 53 = 45
4 3 + 53 = 41
4 4 + 53 = 37
The expression 53 4n describes this number pattern.
b) To find which step is number 13, set the expression from a) equal to 13, and then solve for n.
53 4n = 13
Notice the ones digit does not change, so you should first try n = 10.
53 4 10 = 53 40
= 13
Therefore, n = 10 is the solution and 13 is step 10 of the pattern.

MHR Chapter 12

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Section 12.4

Page 409

Question 17

a) Diagram 1, 2, 3: 4 toothpicks, 7 toothpicks, 10 toothpicks

These numbers go up by 3 each time, so you should multiply each step by 3,
and then add or subtract the difference.
31+1=4
32+1=7
3 3 + 1 = 10
The expression 3s + 1 determines the number of toothpicks in a diagram with s squares.
To find how many squares there are when 52 toothpicks are used to build the pattern, set 3s + 1 equal
to 52, and then solve for s.
3s + 1 = 52
Start by trying s = 20.
3 20 + 1 = 60 + 1
Too large.
= 61
Try s = 15.
3 15 + 1 = 45 + 1
= 46

Too small.

Try s = 17.
3 17 + 1 = 51 + 1
= 52

Correct!

Therefore, when there are 17 squares in the pattern, a total of 52 toothpicks are used.
b) Perimeter of the first 3 diagrams: 4 toothpicks, 6 toothpicks, 8 toothpicks
These numbers go up by 2 each time, so you should multiply each step by 2, and then add or subtract
the difference.
21+2=4
22+2=6
23+2=8
The expression 2s + 2 determines the perimeter of a diagram with s squares.

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MHR Chapter 12

To find how many squares there are when the perimeter is 48 toothpicks, set 2s + 2 equal to 48, and
then solve for s.
2s + 2 = 48
Start by trying s = 24. (24 = 0.5 48)
2 24 + 2 = 48 + 2
Too large, but only by 2.
= 50
Try s = 23.
2 23 + 2 = 46 + 2
= 48

Correct!

Therefore, when there are 23 squares in the pattern, the perimeter is 48 toothpicks.
Section 12.4

Page 409

Question 18

a) Solve the equation 2n 50 = 80.

Since both numbers end in a zero, you should try a multiple of 10, and/or 5.
Try n = 40.
2 40 50 = 80 50
= 30

Too small, you had 80 but then 50 was subtracted.

Try n = 70.
2 70 50 = 140 50
= 90

Too large, but much closer.

Try n = 65.
2 65 50 = 130 50
= 80

Correct!

The solution is n = 65.

Therefore, Jenna sold 65 pins.
b) Answers may vary. In part a) you used systematic trial to arrive at a solution. This equation could be
solved by inspection, if you remember that 13 5 = 8, and 6.5 2 = 13.

MHR Chapter 12

671

Section 12.4

Page 409

Question 19

a) Answers will vary.

In order to write an equation that has the solution 8, start with the number 8, build an equation around
it, and then substitute the 8 for a variable afterwards.
Example:
8
3 + 8 = 11
3 + 8 2 = 3 + 16 = 19
Now, replace the 8 with a variable:
3 + 2h = 19
b) Answers will vary.
Use the same approach as part a), but include division and subtraction.
Example:
8
82=4
43=1
Now, replace the 8 with a variable:
t23=1
Section 12.4
a)

Page 409

Design Number
1
2
3
d

Question 20

Number of Red Tiles

4
8
12
4d

Equation
41=4
42=8
4 3 = 12
4d

The expression for the number of red tiles in each design is 4d, where d represents the design number.

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MHR Chapter 12

b) To solve for the design that has 24 red tiles, set the expression for the number of red tiles equal to 24,
and then solve for d.
4d = 24
By inspection, d = 6 is the solution.
The 6th design will need 24 red tiles.
Section 12.4

Page 409

Design Number
1
2
3
n

Question 21

Perimeter
8
10
12
2n + 6

Pattern
21+6=8
2 2 + 6 = 10
2 3 + 6 = 12
2n + 6

You are looking for the design number with a perimeter of 32. This is
modelled by the equation 2n + 6 = 32.
Now, solve this equation by systematic trial.
Try n = 10.
2 10 + 6 = 26

Too low.

Try n = 15.
2 15 + 6 = 36

Too high.

Try n =13.
2 13 + 6 = 26 + 6
= 32

Correct!

The 13th item will have a perimeter of 32.

Section 12.4

Page 409

Question 22

a) 1.4y + 15 = 29
Since 29 is a whole number and 15 is a whole number, this means that 1.4y must also be a whole
number.
Because of this you know that y is likely to be a multiple of 5.
Try y = 5.
1.4 5 + 15 = 7 + 15
= 22

Too low.

Try y = 10.
1.4 10 + 15 = 14 + 15
= 29

Correct!

Therefore, y = 10 is the solution.

MHR Chapter 12

673

b) 150 = 2.5w + 50
Since 150 and 50 are whole numbers, 2.5w must also be a whole number.
This means w must be an even number.
Try w = 20.
2.5 20 + 50 = 50 + 50
= 100

Too small, but notice 2.5 20 = 50, which is half of what you need.

Try w = 40.
2.5 40 + 50 = 100 + 50
= 150

Correct!

Therefore, w = 40 is the solution.

Section 12.4

Page 409

Number of Cubes
1
2
3
c

Question 23

Number of Smileys
6
10
14
4c + 2

Equation
41+2=6
4 2 + 2 = 10
4 3 + 2 = 14
4c + 2

The number of Smileys can be determined by the expression 4c + 2.

This rules out a rod with 49 faces, as this expression can only give even numbers.
This can be shown by writing the expression in the form: 2(2c + 1).
From that form, it is clear that each number of faces visible is a multiple of 2, and so must be even.
Since 106 is an even number, you can try to solve your expression for 106.
4c + 2 = 106
Try c = 25, since 4 25 = 100.
4 25 + 2 = 100 + 2
Too small.
= 102
Try c = 26.
4 26 + 2 = 104 + 2
= 106

Correct!

Therefore, a rod with 106 visible Smileys is made up of 26 cubes.

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MHR Chapter 12

12.5 Model With Equations

Section 12.5

Page 413

Question 1

a) 2a + 3 = 17
Jane's age is doubled: 2a
3 is added:

+3

The result is 17:

= 17

Yes, this equation is appropriate for modelling the statement.

b) 17 = 3 + 2a
Thi is the same as the equation in a), only rearranged, so this equation is also an appropriate model.
c)

3a + 2 = 17
This is not an appropriate model. Jane's age was doubled, not tripled as in this equation. Also, 3 was
added to it, not 2.

Section 12.5

Page 413

Question 2

In this statement, the perimeter and the length of two equal sides are given.
Perimeter = Sum of all 3 sides
P = 2 known sides + unknown side
P = 2 12 + b
30 = 24 + b
Section 12.5

Page 413

Question 3

The two equations 3f 6 = 21 and 2f = 18 look different, but they both model the same situation. Each has
the solution f = 6.
Section 12.5

Page 413

Question 4

a) Four less than a number: n 4

is 3:

=3

n4=3
By inspection, n = 7 is the solution.

MHR Chapter 12

675

b) The sum of a number and 5:

is 12:

n+5
= 12

n + 5 = 12
By inspection, n = 7 is the solution.
c)

10 more:

+ 10

Product of a number and 3:

3n

is 31:

= 31

3n + 10 = 31
By inspection, n = 7 is the solution.
d) Double a number:

2n

Decreased by 10:

10

is 15:

= 15

2n 10 = 15
By inspection, n = 12.5 is the solution.
Section 12.5

Page 413

a) A cost:

Question 5
c

Shared by 4 people: 4
is $10 each:

= 10

c 4 = 10
By inspection, c = 40; the people share a cost of $40.
b) There are 42 oranges:
14 more:

= 42
+ 14

double the number of apples: 2a

42 = 2a + 14
By inspection, a = 14, so there are 14 apples.

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MHR Chapter 12

c)

The number of students:

Increased by 15:

+ 15

to 32:

= 32

s + 15 = 32
By inspection, s = 17. There are 17 students.
d) 70 cm:

= 70

10 cm less:

10

half of Bill's height:

h2

70 = h 2 10
By inspection, h = 160. Bill is 160 cm tall.
Section 12.5

Page 413

Question 6

a) Perimeter of a rectangle: P = 2l + 2w
In this problem, P = 39 cm, w = 5 cm, and l is unknown.
Putting these values in the equation for the perimeter of a rectangle, you obtain the equation:
39 = 2l + 2 5
39 = 10 + 2l
b) 39 = 10 + 2l
39 is close to 40, so try guessing l = 15 cm.
10 + 2 15 = 10 + 30
= 40
Too large, but very close.
Try l = 14.
10 + 2 14 = 10 + 28
= 38

Too small, but also very close.

Try l = 14.5.
10 + 2 14.5 = 10 + 29
= 39

Correct!

Therefore, l = 14.5 cm.

MHR Chapter 12

677

Section 12.5

Page 413

Question 7

Perimeter of a rectangle: P = 2l + 2w
In this problem, P = 42 cm, w = 4 cm, and l is unknown.
Putting these values in the equation for the perimeter of a rectangle, you obtain the equation:
42 = 2l + 2 4
42 = 8 + 2l
Now, try to solve this equation by first guessing l = 15
8 + 2 15 = 8 + 30
Too small.
= 38
Try l = 18.
8 + 2 18 = 8 + 36
= 44

Too large.

Try l = 17.
8 + 2 17 = 8 + 34
= 42

Correct!

Therefore, l = 17 cm.
Section 12.5

Page 413

Question 8

Perimeter of an isosceles triangle: P = 2s + b

In this problem, P = 20 cm, s = 6 cm, and b is unknown.
Putting these values into the equation for the perimeter of an isosceles triangle, you obtain:
20 = 2 6 + b
20 = 12 + b
Now, you solve this equation by inspection.
Since 12 + 8 = 20,
b = 8 cm

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MHR Chapter 12

Section 12.5

Page 414

Question 9

Area of a triangle: A = b h 2
In this problem, A = 10 cm2, b = 4 cm, and h is unknown.
Putting these values into the equation for the area of a triangle, you obtain:
10 = 4 h 2
10 = 2h
By inspection, since 2 5 = 10,
h = 5 cm
Therefore, the height of the triangle is 5 cm.
Section 12.5

Page 414

Question 10

Answers may vary.

You are given the equation 20d = 60, where d is a number of DVDs.
One possible situation that could be modelled is that each DVD costs $20, and the total bill was $60. Then,
you must solve for the number of DVDs bought.
Section 12.5

Page 414

Question 11

Answers will vary.

a) A possible situation being modelled by the equation b + 5 = 7:
At the store I bought 7 books; 5 were presents but the others were for my own reading.
b) A possible situation being modelled by the equation 7b = 28:
I have 7 shelves with the same number of books on each shelf and 28 books in total.
c)

A possible situation being modelled by the equation b + 14 = 19:

Each of the 19 students in the class was loaned a book; 14 have returned them but the others have not.

MHR Chapter 12

679

Section 12.5

Page 414

Question 12

a) Area of a triangle: A = b h 2
In this problem, A = 40 cm2, h = 10 cm, and b is unknown.
Putting these values into the equation for the area of a triangle, you obtain:
40 = b 10 2
40 = 5b
By inspection, since 8 5 = 40,
b = 8 cm
Therefore, the base of the triangles measures 8 cm.
b) Area of a triangle: A = b h 2
In this problem, A = 36 cm2, b = 4 cm, and h is unknown.
Putting these values into the equation for the area of a triangle, you obtain:
36 = 4 h 2
36 = 2h
By inspection, since 2 18 = 36,
h = 18 cm
Therefore, the height of the triangle measures 18 cm.
Section 12.5

Page 414

Question 13

1 year older:

+1

3 times his son's age:

3s

Khalid is 31:

= 31

From the given information, you could write this equation down in any order you wish.
For instance, you can write the 31 down first:
31 = 3s + 1
Or you could write the 31 last:
1 + 3s = 31
The equation is not changed if you write it on a different side.

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MHR Chapter 12

Section 12.5

Page 414

Question 14

Answers will vary.

You are given the equation, 20T + 12 = 72.
This could model a situation in which a pet store is selling turtles with turtle food. The store sold T turtles
at $20 each, and $12 worth of turtle food. The total sales of turtles and turtle food were $72.
Section 12.5

Page 414

Question 15

a) Cost for D.J.:

+ 300

Spend $5 per student for food: 5s

Total cost:

=C

The total cost for s students can be shown by the equation:

C = 300 + 5s
b) The school budgeted $1000 for the party, so you must solve for s, when C = 1000.
1000 = 300 + 5s
Since both 300 and 1000 have two zeros, you know that 5s must also have 2 zeros and so must be a
multiple of 100.
To solve this, remember that 5 20 = 100, s must be a multiple of 20.
Now, try s = 100.
300 + 5 100 = 300 + 500
= 800

Too small.

Try s = 160.
300 + 5 160 = 300 + 800
= 1100

Too big.

Try s = 140.
300 + 5 140 = 300 + 700
= 1000

Correct!

With a budget of $1000, the school can have 140 students attend the party.
c)

Answers may vary. In part b) this was solved by solving our equation from part a). This question can
be solved by graphing the equation on a grid or by using other methods of solving the equation.

MHR Chapter 12

681

Section 12.5

Page 414

Question 16

a) Perimeter of a rectangle: P = 2l + 2w
In this problem, P = 26 m, l = 5 m, and w is unknown.
Putting these values in the equation for the perimeter of a rectangle,
you obtain the equation:
26 = 2 5 + 2w
26 = 10 + 2w
b) Area of a rectangle: A = l w
In this problem, A = 40 m2, l = 5 m, and w is unknown.
Putting these values into the equation for the area of a rectangle, you obtain the equation:
40 = 5w
Section 12.5

Page 414

Question 17

a) Answers will vary.

In this solution, you will use an index finger length of 7 cm.
A = 20L 67
Substitute L = 7 into the equation:
A = 20 7 67
A = 140 67
A = 83
The approximate palm area is 83 cm2.
b) A = 20L 67
Substitute A = 153 in the formula, and then solve for L:
153 = 20L 67
Start by trying L = 10.
20 10 67 = 200 67
= 133

Too small.

Now, try L = 11.

20 11 67 = 220 67
= 153

Correct!

The solution is L = 11.

Therefore, a person with a palm area of 153 cm2 will have an approximate index finger length
of 11 cm.

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MHR Chapter 12

Section 12.5

Page 415

Question 18

Notice the volleyball court is a rectangle.

Use the formula for the perimeter of a rectangle: P = 2l + 2w.
From the diagram of the volleyball court, you are given that P = 54 m and w = 9 m.
Substitute these values into the equation, and then solve for l.
54 = 2l + 2 9
54 = 18 + 2l
Try l = 25.
18 + 2 25 = 18 + 50
= 68

Too large.

Try l = 15.
18 + 2 15 = 18 + 30
= 48

Too small.

Try l = 18.
18 + 2 18 = 18 + 36
= 54

Correct!

l = 18 is the solution.
Therefore, the length of the volleyball court is 18 m.
Section 12.5

Page 415

Question 19

a) A basketball court is a rectangle, so use the formula for the area of a

rectangle: A = l w
You are given that A = 364 m2 and w = 14 m.
Substitute these values into the equation and then solve for l.
364 = 14l
Try l = 25.
14 25 = 350

Too small.

Try l = 30.
14 30 = 420

Too large.

Try l = 26.
14 26 = 364

Correct!

l = 26 is the solution.
Therefore, the length of the basketball court is 26 m.
b) Answers may vary. In part a) the problem was solved by using the formula for the area of a rectangle,
and then solving by systematic trial to find the correct length. Another strategy would be to graph the
function (it is a straight line going up and right), and then see when the A value equals 364.
The best strategy would be to realize that if 14l = 364, then l = 364 14. Then, l = 26 m could be
easily computed from that.

MHR Chapter 12

683

Section 12.5

Page 415

Question 20

Notice that every time the mass goes up by 5 g, the

distance goes up by 10 cm. This suggests you multiply
each mass by 2 and then add or subtract the difference.
5 2 + 2 = 12
10 2 + 2 = 22
15 2 + 2 = 32
20 2 + 2 = 42
Now, you can deduce that the expression 2m + 2 describes the stretch distance, given the mass.
By setting this expression equal to 122, you can then solve for the mass that stretches the spring to 122 cm.
2m + 2 = 122
Try m = 50.
2 50 + 2 = 100 + 2
= 102

Too small.

Try m = 60.
2 60 + 2 = 120 + 2
= 122

Correct!

m = 60 is the solution.
When the mass is 60 g, the stretch distance is 122 cm.

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MHR Chapter 12

Section 12.5

Page 415

Question 21

a) earns $5:

+5

$3 per bundle:

+ 3b

An expression for the amount Sandi earns is E = 3b + 5, where b represents the number
of bundles delivered.
When she delivers 1 bundle, b = 1.
E=31+5
=8
Sandi earns $8.
When she delivers 2 bundles, b = 2.
E=32+5
=6+5
= 11
Sandi earns $11.
If she delivers x bundles, b = x.
E=3x+5
= 3x + 5
Sandi earns 3x + 5 dollars.
b) Sandi earned $29.
To solve for how many bundles she delivered, set the expression 3b + 5 equal to 29, and solve for b.
3b + 5 = 29
By inspection, b = 8 is the solution.
3 8 + 5 = 24 + 5
= 29
Therefore, to earn $29, Sandi must deliver 8 bundles of flyers.
Section 12.5

Page 415

Question 22

a) You are given the information that

P = 300 m
l = 2w
Formula for perimeter of a rectangle: P = 2l + 2w
Now, substitute the two facts you were given into the equation for perimeter.
300 = 2 (2w) + 2w

MHR Chapter 12

685

b) You can simplify this equation.

Look at the right side of the equation.
300 = 2(2w) + 2w
= 4w + 2w
= 6w
So, you have the simplified equation,
6w = 300
Section 12.5

Page 415

Question 23

You are given the formula T = 33 0.75L to estimate the mean January temperature, in degrees Celsius, for
a city with a latitude of L degrees.
Moscow, Russia has a mean January temperature of 9 C.
You can find its latitude by substituting T = 9 into the equation.
9 = 33 0.75L
To choose a good first guess, by looking at the equation you can deduce that 0.75L must be around 40.
Since both 33 and 9 are whole numbers, you know that 0.75L must be a whole number.
Since 0.75 =

3
, you can deduce that L must be a multiple of 4.
4

First, try L = 52.

33 0.75 52 = 33 39
= 6

Too large.

Try the next multiple of 4, L = 56.

33 0.75 56 = 33 42
= 9
Correct!
The solution is L = 56.
Moscow, Russia has a latitude of 56.

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MHR Chapter 12

Chapter 12 Review
Review

Page 416

Question 1

In the equation 2n + 3 = 5, the letter n is the variable.

Review

Page 416

Question 2

A variable expression uses numbers, variables, and operations.

Review

Page 416

Question 3

The value that makes an equation true is the solution.

Review

Page 416

Question 4

Page 416

Question 5

a)

b)

Review

a) Three times a number equals 6.

b) C + C + C = 6
This can be simplified to 3C = 6.
Review

Page 416

Question 6

a) You are given that at a speed of 60 km/h, the expression 60t will tell you the distance driven.
Substitute t = 3 h into the expression.
Distance = 60 3
= 180
In 3 h, the car will have travelled 180 km.
b) Substitute t = 7 h into the expression.
Distance = 60 7
= 420
In 7 h, the car will have travelled 420 km.

MHR Chapter 12

687

Review

Page 416

Question 7

a) On the left side of the scale you find the expression

d + 6. Replace the balance with an equal sign, and then
on the right side place the number 11.
You can now write the equation:
d + 6 = 11
Since 5 + 6 = 11, the solution is d = 5.
b) On the left side of the scale you find the expression
k + k + k + k. Replace the balance with an equal sign,
and then on the right side place the number 20.
You can now write the equation:
k + k + k + k = 20, which can be simplified to 4k = 20.
By inspection k = 5 is the solution.
Review

Page 416

Question 8

a) c 12 = 25
Since 37 12 = 25, c = 37 is the solution.
b) 9x = 81
Since 9 9 = 81, x = 9 is the solution.
c)

n 4 = 10
Since 14 4 = 10, n = 14 is the solution.

Review

Page 416

Average =

Question 9

Sum of all 8 marks

8

You are given that the sum of his 8 marks is 560.

Substitute this into the equation:
A=

560
8

A = 70

Ken's average mark was 70.

688

MHR Chapter 12

Review

Page 417

Question 10

a)
Diagram
Number
1
2
3

Number of
Marbles
3
6
9

Number
Equation
31=3
32=6
33=9

b) Since you do not know the diagram number of the pattern with 27 marbles, represent
it with the variable d.
3d = 27
Review

Page 417

Diagram
Number
1
2
3

Question 11
Number of
Toothpicks
12
18
24

Number
Equation
6 1 + 6 = 12
6 2 + 6 = 18
6 3 + 6 = 24

From this you can deduce that the number of toothpicks in each stage of the pattern can
be represented by the expression, 6d + 6.
To create an equation for the diagram that has 46 toothpicks, set the expression equal to 46.
6d + 6 = 46
Review

Page 417

a) a number:

Question 12
n

increased by 9:

+9

is 15:

= 15

n + 9 = 15
b) a number:

doubled:

gives 24:

= 24

2n = 24

MHR Chapter 12

689

c)

product of 4 and a number:

4n

minus 5:

is 27:

= 27

4n 5 = 27
d) two more:

+2

3 times a number:

3n

is 8:

=8

3n + 2 = 8
Review

Page 417

Question 13

a) n + 9 = 15
Since 6 + 9 = 15, n = 6 is the solution.
b) 2n = 24
Since 2 12 = 24, n = 12 is the solution.
c)

4n 5 = 27
Try n = 5.
4 5 5 = 20 5
= 15

Too small.

Try n = 9.
4 9 5 = 36 5
= 31

Too large.

Try n = 8.
4 8 5 = 32 5
= 27

Correct!

n = 8 is the solution.
d) 3n + 2 = 8
Since 6 + 2 = 8 and 6 = 3 2, n = 2 is the solution.

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MHR Chapter 12

Review

Page 417

Question 14

a) 7y 8 = 55
Try y = 10.
7 10 8 = 70 8
= 62

Too large.

Try y = 8.
7 8 8 = 56 8
= 48

Too small.

Try y = 9.
7 9 8 = 63 8
= 55

Correct!

y = 9 is the solution.
b) 70 4n = 22
Try n = 15.
70 4 15 = 70 60
= 10

Too small.

Try n = 12.
70 4 12 = 70 48
= 22

Correct!

n = 12 is the solution.
c)

75 = 40 + 5w
Try w = 5.
40 + 5 5 = 40 + 25
= 65

Too small.

Try w = 10.
40 + 5 10 = 40 + 50
= 90

Too large.

Try w = 7.
40 + 5 7 = 40 + 35
= 75

Correct!

w = 7 is the solution.

MHR Chapter 12

691

d) 4y 6 = 58
Try y = 15.
4 15 6 = 60 6
= 54

Too small.

Try y = 16.
4 16 6 = 64 6
= 58

Correct!

y = 16 is the solution.
e)

11x + 15 = 202
Try x = 20.
11 20 + 15 = 220 + 15
= 235

Too large.

Try x =15.
11 15 + 15 = 165 + 15
= 175

Too small.

Try x = 17.
11 17 + 15 = 187 + 15
= 202

Correct!

x = 17 is the solution.
f)

25 = 0.5q + 18
Try q = 14.
0.5 14 + 18 = 7 + 18
= 25
q = 14 is the solution.

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MHR Chapter 12

Correct!

Review

Page 417

Question 15

a) Triangles in diagrams 1, 2, 3:

1 triangle,

2 triangles,

3 triangles

Toothpicks in diagrams 1, 2, 3: 3 toothpicks, 5 toothpicks, 7 toothpicks

The number of toothpicks increases in 2s so you should multiply the number of triangles by 2 and then
add or subtract the difference from how many toothpicks there are.
21+1=3
22+1=5
23+1=7
The expression for the number of toothpicks in a diagram with n triangles is 2n + 1.
b) To find how many triangles there are in a diagram with 51 toothpicks, set the expression from part a)
equal to 51, and then solve for n.
2n + 1 = 51
c)

You can solve this by inspection.

Since 50 + 1 = 51 and 2 25 = 50, n = 25 is the solution.

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Question 16

a) double a length:

2l

decreased by 4:

is 13:

= 13

2l 4 = 13
Try l = 8.
2 8 4 = 16 4
= 12

Too small.

Try l = 9.
2 9 4 = 18 4
= 14

Too large.

13 is halfway between 12 and 14.

Try l = 8.5
2 8.5 4 = 17 4
= 13
Correct!
l = 8.5 is the solution.
The length is 8.5 units long.

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b) 6 times the cost of a printer:

computer costs $1200:

6p
= 1200

6p = 1200
By inspection, p = 200 is the solution.
6 200 = 1200
The printer costs $200.
c)

Chan's mass:

30 kg less:

30

double Juan's mass:

2J

Juan's mass is 45 kg: J = 45

c = 2J 30
c = 2 45 30
c = 90 30
c = 60
Chan's mass is 60 kg.
d) Regular price of novel:

Lowered by $6:

To $35:

= 35

P 6 = 35
Since 41 6 = 35, P = 41 is the solution.
The regular price of the book is $41.
e)

Double a number:

2n

less 7:

is 23:

= 23

2n 7 = 23
By inspection, n = 15 is the solution.

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f)

Difference between 180 and a height:

180 h

is 30 cm:

= 30

180 h = 30
By inspection, h = 150.
The person's height is 150 cm.
Review

Page 417

Question 17

a) Jupiter's moons:
1 fewer than:

J=
1

Double the moons of Saturn: 2S

J = 2S 1
b) Saturn has 31 moons:

S = 31

J = 2S 1
Substitute S = 31 into the equation.
J = 2 31 1
J = 62 1
J = 61
Jupiter has 61 moons.

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12 Practice Test
Practice Test

Page 418

Question 1

Using x to represent each cup, this diagram can be modelled by

the expression:
A

4x + 2

Practice Test

Page 418

Question 2

k 12 = 15
Since 27 12 = 15, k = 27 is the solution.
C

27

Practice Test

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Question 3

Double a number:

2n

increased by 5:

+5

is 17:

= 17

2n + 5 = 17

Practice Test

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Question 4

3n + 1 = 22
Substitute n = 1.
31+1=4
So, 4 dots must be in the first diagram of the pattern.
Only pattern B has 4 dots in its first diagram.
Therefore, the answer is B.
Practice Test

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Question 5

39, 35, 31, 27, 23, 19, 15, 11, 7, 3 are all the positive terms in the pattern
When you look at the possible answers only 39 and 11 belong to this set of numbers.
Then, look at pattern A. It is increasing, so it cannot describe this pattern.
Therefore, the answer is C.
C

696

43 4n = 11

MHR Chapter 12

Practice Test

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Question 6

Page 418

Question 7

a) 2C + 6

b) 3C 2

c)

7C

Practice Test

a) same number of hours for 5 days:

total of 35 h:

5h
= 35

5h = 35
b) same number of hours for 3 days:
total of 42 h:

3h
= 42

3h = 42
c)

$2 more:

+2

4 times your allowance:

4a

is $38:

= 38

4a + 2 = 38
d) triple your allowance:

3a

increased by $10:

+ 10

gives $55:

= 55

3a + 10 = 55

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Practice Test

Page 4

Question 8

a) Substitute n = 7 into n + 5.
7 + 5 = 12
b) Substitute x = 10 into 3x.
3 10 = 30
c)

Substitute k = 2 into 8k 3.
8 2 3 = 16 3 = 13

d) Substitute b = 30 into 12 n 3.
12 30 3 = 12 10 = 2
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Question 9

a) m + 5 = 17
Since, 12 + 5 = 17, m = 12 is the solution.
b) 6k = 18
Since 6 3 = 18, k = 3 is the solution.
c)

4w = 92
Try w = 20.
4 20 = 80

Too small.

Try w = 25.
4 25 = 100

Too large.

Try w = 23.
4 23 = 92

Correct!

Therefore, w = 23 is the solution.

d) 2r 5 = 19
Since 24 5 = 19 and 2 12 = 24, r = 12 is the solution.
e)

15x + 12 = 177
Try x = 10.
15 10 + 12 = 150 + 12
= 162
Try x = 11.
15 11 + 12 = 165 + 12
= 177
x = 11 is the solution.

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MHR Chapter 12

Too small.

Correct!

Practice Test

Page 419

Question 10

Notice that there are 4 more marbles in the second diagram. This
suggests you multiply the pattern number of each by 4, and then add
or subtract the difference between that and the number of marbles
there are.
4 1 + 6 = 10
4 2 + 6 = 14
An expression for the number of marbles is 4d + 6.
To find the shape that uses 27 marbles, set the expression equal to 27.
4d + 6 = 27
Practice Test

Page 419

Question 11

a) $10 more than a Vince Carter card:

Mats Sundin card $75:

10 + V
= 75

10 + V = 75
b) 10 + V = 75
Since 10 + 65 = 75, V = 65 is the solution.
The Vince Carter card sells for $65.
Practice Test

Page 419

Question 12

Answers may vary.

a) Use the variable r to represent a roll of 25 toonies.
If there are 175 coins, then how many rolls are there?
25r = 175
r=7
There are 7 rolls of 25 toonies.
b) Use the variable r to represent a roll of 25 toonies, which has a value of $50.
If you have $350 in toonies, then how many rolls are there?
50r = 350
r=7
There are 7 rolls of 25 toonies.

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Practice Test

Page 419

Question 13

First, count the faces on the two diagrams shown.

The first has 10 visible faces, the second 14 visible faces.
This is increasing by 4, so our expression should multiply the number of cubes by 4.
4 2 + 2 = 10
4 3 + 2 = 14
So, an expression for the number of faces is 4c + 2, where c is the number of cubes in the diagram.
To find out how many cubes when 86 faces are painted, set the expression equal to 86 and then solve for c.
4c + 2 = 86
Try c = 20.
4 20 + 2 = 80 + 2
= 82

Too small.

Try c = 21.
4 21 + 2 = 84 + 2
= 86

Correct!

c = 21 is the solution.
There are 21 cubes when 86 faces are painted.

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Chapters 9-12 Review

Chapter 9 Data Management: Collection and Display
Review
a)

Page 422

Colour
Red
Green
Blue
Yellow
Orange

Question 1

Frequency
1
3
4
4
3

b)

Candies
5

Frequency

0
Red

Green

Blue

Yellow

Orange

Colour

c)

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d) One advantage of a pictograph is that it is visually appealing.

One advantage of a bar graph is that it is easy to accurately compare data points to each other.
Review

Page 422

Question 2

a)
Stem
(tens)
5
6
7
8
9

Leaf
(Ones)
45
269
0147
2234
046

b) There are 4 leaves on the 7 stem. This means that 4 people scored in the 70s.
c)

There are 2 two leaves on the 8 stem, this means that 82 was the most common score.

Review

Page 422

Review

Page 4

Question 3

Question 4

A database is an organized collection of information that is often stored electronically.

One example of a database is CANSIM, the Canadian Socio-Economic Information Management System.
More information about CANSIM is available in the textbook section 9.4.
Chapter 10 Data Management: Analysis and Evaluation
Review

Page 422

Question 5

a) Video: Sales remained steady until 2000 and

have been declining steadily since then.
CD: Sales have risen steadily since 1997.
Vinyl Records: Sales declined until 2000
and have remained steady since then.
b) In 2000, CDs had the most sales by a very
small margin.
c)

702

CD sales seem to go up by about 1000 every

two years. This means that CD sales in 2005 will be approximately 13 000.

MHR Chapter 12

Review

Page 422

Question 6

a)
45 + 36 + 13 + 40 + 36
5
170
=
5
= 34

Mean =

The median is the middle data point: 13, 36, 36, 40, 45.
The median is 36.
The mode is the most commonly occurring data point: 13, 36, 36, 40, 45.
The mode is 36 which occurs twice.
b) Answers may vary. In this scenario, all three measures of central tendency are very close together. The
mode is not a good measure because there are a small number of data points (5). The mean and median
are probably equally good for this data set.
Review

Page 422

Question 7

a) It is logical to assume that Sunny Time created the graph because it is skewed
to make Sunny Time juice look more popular than it actually is.
b) The graph is misleading because the bar representing Sunny Time is three
times as high as the bar representing Best Fresh, even though only 6 more
people chose Sunny Time over Best Fresh.
c)

d) Answers may vary. The first graph makes Sunny Time look much more popular than Best Fresh. The
second graph makes them look about equal, with Sunny Time being marginally more popular than Best
Fresh.

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Chapter 11 Integers
Review

Page 423

Question 8

a) For each 5 increase in Celsius, there is a 9 increase in Fahrenheit.

9
This can be expressed as F = 32 + C .
5
b) 20C = 68F

When C increases by 5, F increases by 9.

This means that 25C = 77F.
c)

20C = 4F.
When F decreases by 9, C decreases by 5.
Therefore, when F decreases by 9 4 = 36, C decreases by 4 4 = 20.
This means that 40F = 20 20
= 40C

Review

Page 423

a)

(5) + (3) = 8

b)

(+4) + (9) = 5

c)

(8) (3) = 5

d)

(+7) (+13) = 6

704

Question 9

MHR Chapter 12

Review

Page 423

Question 10

a) (+4) + (10) = 4 10
= 6
b) (12) (5) = 12 + 5
= 7
c) (8) + (+17) = 8 + 17
=9
d) (+22) (21) = 22 + 21
= 43
Review

Page 423

Question 11

a) 30 45 15 = 15 15
= 30
b) 74 (16) 50 = 74 + 16 50
= 90 50
= 40
c)

33 + 44 87 = 77 87
= 10

d) (100) 200 + 300 = 300 + 300

=0
e)

(250) + (350) (450) = 250 350 + 450

= 600 + 450
= 150

Review

Page 423

Question 12

It is easy to answer the problem by breaking it into statements, and representing each
statement using an integer.
Scuba diver is at 6 m above sea level: +6
She dives to a depth of 8 m: 8
Then, she dives a further 7 m: 7
In total, she ends up +6 8 7 = 2 7
= 9
She ends up 9 m below sea level.

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Chapter 12 Patterning and Equations

Review

Page 423

Question 13

1
( a + b) h
2
1
A = (5 + 9)(6)
2
1
A = (14)(6)
2
A = (7)(6)
A = 42

A=

The area of the trapezoid is 42 cm2.

Review

Page 423

Question 14

You need to find the whole number values of k such that: 2k + 6 > 3k.
First, you should find the number k such that 2k + 6 = 3k.
By systematic trial,
Try k = 5.
2 5 + 6 = 16
3 5 = 15
Since 16 is almost equal to 15 you know that k is probably close to 5.
Try k = 6.
2 6 + 6 = 18
3 6 = 18
So, k = 6 makes the equation 2k + 6 = 3k true.
All of the numbers that make the inequality 2k + 6 > 3k true are going to be either above 6, or below 6.
Try k = 0.
2k + 6 = 2 0 + 6
=6
3k = 3 0
=0
6 > 0. So, when k = 0, the inequality is true.
Similarly, the inequality is true for any value of k that is less than 6.
Review

Page 423

Question 15

a) x 2 = 4
Since 6 2 = 4, then x = 6 will make the situation true.
b) x + x + x = 12
Since 4 + 4 + 4 = 12, then x = 4 will make the situation true.

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MHR Chapter 12

Review

Page 423

Question 16

a) 2a = 10
Try a = 4.
24=8

Too low.

Try a = 6.
2 6 = 12

Too high.

Try a = 5
2 5 = 10

Correct!

Therefore, a = 5 makes the equation true.

b) m 5 = 9
Try m = 15.
15 5 = 10

Too high.

Try m = 12.
12 5 = 7

Too low.

Try m = 14.
14 5 = 9

Correct!

Therefore, m = 14 makes the equation true.

c)

y + 6 = 30
Try y = 25.
25 + 6 = 31

Too high.

Try y = 22.
22 + 6 = 28

Too low.

Try y = 24.
24 + 6 = 30

Correct!

Therefore, y = 24 makes the equation true.

d) 3x + 1 = 16
Try x = 4.
3 4 + 1 = 13

Too low.

Try x = 6.
3 6 + 1 = 19

Too high.

Try x = 5.
3 5 + 1 = 16

Correct!

Therefore, x = 5 makes the equation true.

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e)

11w 13 = 64
Try w = 5.
11 5 13 = 42

Too low.

Try w = 6.
11 6 13 = 53

Too low.

Try w = 7.
11 7 13 = 64

Correct!

Therefore, w = 7 makes the equation true.

Review

Page 423

Question 17

The formula for the perimeter of an equilateral triangle is P = 3s. You are given that the perimeter of an
equilateral triangle is 36 cm.
This means that 36 = 3s.
Since 36 = 3 12, the side length of the equilateral triangle is 12 cm.
Review

Page 423

Question 18

You can see that:

2 posts needs 3 rails, 3 posts need 6 rails, 4 posts need 9 rails, etc
If you let p represent the number of posts, and R represent the number of
rails, this would yield the equation: R = 3p 3.
Since there are 72 rails, this means that R = 72.
72 = 3p 3
Try p = 24.
R = 3 24 3
= 69

Too low.

Try p = 26.
R = 3 26 3
= 75

Too high.

Try p = 25.
R = 3 25 3
= 72

Correct!

There are 25 posts needed.

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MHR Chapter 12