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    Index Quaternary Palaeoecology

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    5 просмотров7 страниц

    Index Quaternary Palaeoecology

    Загружено:

    Pepe Pecas
    Index Quaternary Palaeoecology

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Quaternary Palaeoecology irks and Hilary H. Birks Edward Arnold (© H.J.B Birks and Hilary Bis, 1980 Fes publahel 1980 by Edvard Arnold Publisher) Limit 4 Beard Square, London WCIB 3DQ British Library Cataloguing n Publication Da Birks, Hary Jaa Betley Quaternary palacoecology T"Palacotaogy = Guateinary 2 Palsezeology Tae Birt, ary 500178 QE741 IssNom312781-3 Allrighs reserve. No prt ofthis publication may be eptoled, sored in retrial tm or tensed, in any form or by any mean, clestroni mechanical, photocopying, recording or eters, thou the prior permission of Edward Arnold (Puber) Limited Compo rae nd Dod by Preface The idea for this book originated in s lecture course entitled "Quaternary Palaeoecology” to final- year undergraduate students at the University of (Cambridge t was evident that no book covered this rapidly developing and interdicipinary subject Therefore, we have tried t0 write fairly compre: hensive introduction, which we hope wil be of use to undergraduate and research students with vary- ing backgrounds in botany, zoology, gealogy, geo raphy, and archaeology. We also hope that it will be of use to research workers in the Quaternary, by : Paes production diapers opin nd peran relevance aon fas Sipera tfc Bie ee ike pret ind etririon Remo meee Ad. The reconstruction of past floras __ sd past plant populations Stages inthe interpretation of pollen analytical dats age 149 19 152 156 156 137 16 m 1% wm in 179 183 187 188 192 195 195 What taxa were present? ‘What were the relative abundances ofthe taxsin the fos ora? Absolute pollen frequency References AA, The reconstruction of past plant communities Introduction The statistical approsch The indicatorapecies spprosch ‘The comparative approach ‘The distribution of past vegetation Referencee Ad. The reconstruction of past ‘The reconstruction of plant communities in space ‘The reconstruction of plant communities ‘The reconstruction of the environment ‘Numerical analysis in Quaternary palaeoecology CConelusions References Index page 195 196 206 28 231 231 2 233 237 255 258 262 262 265 266 280 2a1 2a 1 Ecology and palaeoecology Introduction Palacocclogy ie the ecology of the past It is strongly linked both biology and geology. Ie can be studied in any period of earth's history in which there was life, Palagecology’s main link and rel ‘vance to modern or neo-cology is during the most fecent geological interval, the Quaternary. The Quaternary covers the lst 1-2 milion years and it is unique in earth's history for is oscilting climates, alternating in the latitude of Europe and North Americe between temperate socalled inter licial phases and cold phases within which glaci- Sion commonly oecurred, and also forthe fact that rman evolved during the Quaternary ‘We must define the terms ecology and palseo- ecology, in order to see the diferences and similar ities betveen them, to delimit the sphere of the fubject ofthis book, and to establish che lose inter- tection between ecology and palacoeclogy. Beology an be defined asthe study and understanding of the complex relationships between living organisms tnd. their present environment. Ideally, Palco cology could be defined as the study and under= Standing of the relationships berween past organ- ism and the environment in. which they lived. In practice, however, palacoccology ie largely con fered with the reconstruction of past econstems, To do this, all the available evidence, both bio- logical and geological, s used to reconstruct the past cnvironment. Therefore, iis dificult to deduce the Felationships between organisms and thee environ ment in the pas if the evidence of the organisms hha already been used reconstruct the environ ment. Independent lines of evidence for environ- rental reconstruction are required — before frganism-enviconment relationships can be sssesed ‘Although, in theory, ecology and palacoecslogy have similar sims and favoke many ofthe sme bio- logical prinples in practice they have ferent concepts and working methods. These diferences arise fortwo main reasons, Firstly, past ecosystems cannot be observed dretly. The Bote and abiotic omponenis ofthe ecosystem must be inferred from the fos and the sediments in which the fos are found. Palacoecology is thus limited to the stady of ast organisms whose fossils are preserved. Second Typ the fossil record on. which all palaeoecology depends can be seriously distorted’ due to. the process of tranrportation, diagenesis, and Fedepostion. Due to transportation, evidence from ‘one area may be mixed with and indistinguishable from that from other systems. Therefore the organisms which are preserved as fossils cannot necessarily be asumed to hve lived in the system Within which the forls are found today. Due to

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