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Wyatt Ross
Gloria Creed-Dikeogu
Research Techniques and Technology
1 October 2015
Annotated Bibliography
College Athletes for Hire: The Evolution and Legacy of the NCAA's Amateur Myth
Sack, Allen L., and Ellen J. Staurowsky. College Athletes for Hire: The Evolution and Legacy of
the NCAA's Amateur Myth. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998. Print.
Many books have been written on the devilish acts of commercialism in college sport,
and the hypocrisy of payments to athletes from alumni and other sources outside the
university. Almost no attention, however, has been given to the way that the National
Collegiate Athletic Association has embraced professionalism through its athletic
scholarship policy. Because of this the NCAA is often cast as an strong defender of
amateurism, rather than as the architect of the national billion dollar corporation that is
the NCAA. Sack and Staurowsky show that the NCAA first abandoned amateurism in the
1950s and passed rules that transformed scholarship athletes into university employees.
In addition, by purposefully creating an amateur state of mind to mask the reality of this
employer-employee relationship, the NCAA has done a disservice to student-athletes and
to higher education. A major part of this book is talking about women, such as those who
created the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women or AIAW, opposed this
hypocrisy, but lacked the power to sustain an alternative model. After tracing the

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evolution of college athletes into professional entertainers, and the harmful effects it has
caused, the authors propose an alternative approach that places college sport on a firm
educational foundation and defend the rights of both male and female college athletes.
This is a provocative analysis for anyone interested in college sports in America and its
subversion of traditional educational and amateur principles.
Economics of College Sports
Fizel, John, and Rodney D. Fort. Economics of College Sports. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2004.
Print.
Operating behind a veil of amateurism, the NCAA and collegiate athletic departments
oversee big business sports programs. These multi-million dollar corporations,
otherwise known as universities, generate revenues comparable to professional sports,
practice and play in facilities that rival those found in professional sports, and pay their
coaches salaries comparable to the salaries paid to coaches of professional sports teams
and university presidents. Athletes are courted with incredible stadiums, training
facilities, and locker rooms. Customers are wooed with branded apparel, videos, logos,
and advertisements. Business interests are captured with stadium billboards, electronic
ads on scoreboards, sponsorship of bowl games, logos on uniforms, and exclusive apparel
and equipment contracts. The author digs deep into why these crazy athletic ventures do
not fit in the mission of higher education. He, also explains the problem with why the
central mission of creating an environment for learning and extending into knew levels of
maturity of knowledge is limited by college sports. The Economics of College
Sports contains both empirical and theoretical research to address these and related
issues. One of the most unique pieces of this text focuses on the interactions between

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legal and institutional aspects of the NCAA and their impact on the objectives and goals
of university education. This book provides insights that will generate significant
discussion about the policies necessary to sustain the vitality and integrity of the
university education-sports coalition.
Pay For Play
Smith, Ronald A. Pay for Play: A History of Big-time College Athletic Reform. Urbana, Chicago:
U of Illinois, 2011. Print.
In an era when college football coaches frequently command higher salaries than
university presidents, many call for reform to restore the balance between amateur
athletics and the educational mission of schools. This book traces attempts at college
athletics reform from 1855 through the early twenty-first century while analyzing the
different roles played by students, faculty, conferences, university presidents, the NCAA,
legislatures, and the Supreme Court. Pay for Play: A History of Big-Time College
Athletic Reform also addresses very important questions about eligibility, compensation,
recruiting, sponsorship, and rules enforcement. Discussing reasons for corruption, to level
the playing field, and to make sports more accessible to minorities and women. The
author Ronald A. Smith explains why attempts at change have mostly failed. This text
reaches out to historians, athletic reformers, college administrators, NCAA officials, and
sports journalists, this thoughtful book considers the difficulty in balancing the principles
of amateurism with the need to draw income from sporting events. Ronald A. Smith is
professor emeritus of sports history at Penn State University and the author of several
books, including Sports and Freedom: The Rise of Big-Time College Athletics and Playby-Play: Radio, Television, and Big-Time College Sport.

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Pay or Dont Play

Barbash, Louis. "Pay or Don't Play." Washington Monthly 45.9/10 (2013): 13-15. Academic
Search Premier [EBSCO]. Web. 23 Sept. 2015.
Author Louis Barbash is a writer for the Washington Monthly. He is a very accomplished
writer at the Washington Monthly where he specializes primarily in sports writing. In this
article he is trying to reach out to the college basketball enthusiasts and even sport fans as
a whole because this text is focused primarily on college basketball and the years of
eligibility that players leave on the table in order to chase the money and fame of an NBA
life. A select number of first year players in Division-1 basketball are elite enough at the
sport to forgo their next one to three years of eligibility and pursue an aristocrat life in the
NBA. This is because in the NBA they are guaranteed money immediately and do not
have to live a poor college life. Also, by staying in college they risk getting injured and
ruining any chance of an NBA career. By being given compensation they might be
persuaded to stay longer instead of having so many one and done players they might
stay for two, three, or even the whole four years. What this article advises to do is to pay
them a D-leaguers salary so they are not over paid and it would be manageable by the
schools. This article also goes into the history of how signing high school players to NBA
contracts became possible and why it was overruled in 2005. With this text being only
two years old it is an accurate choice to use when researching texts of this matter. This
text is of interest to athletic reformers, college administrators, and sports journalists as
well.

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Paychecks for College Athletes?
Pazzanese, Christina. "Paychecks for College Athletes?" Harvard Gazette. HarvardUniversity, 27
Mar. 2014. Web. 23 Sept.
2015.<http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2014/03/paychecks-for-college-athletes/>.
A great place to start learning about the debate of whether or not college athletes should
be paid is this article written by a very renowned sports law professor. In this article she
interviews another peer on her law staff, Peter Carfagna about the, at the time recent,
ruling that since the Northwestern University athletes were part of a private school they
had the right to unionize. Peter Carfagna helps provide a very in depth view and
explanation on the whole subject of paying collegiate athletes. He starts by
acknowledging the win in the favor of allowing players to form a labor union. Carfagna
adds that if players were allowed compensation that every scholarship offer would be like
negotiating a contract. They would have to discuss salary, benefits, and terms with the
athlete. It becomes more like a professional sport or a job then is what Carfagna is trying
to say. He then adds that by bringing this additional cost to the NCAA would be almost
impossible to pay because the NCAA is already paying out millions of dollars. Examples
are the EA Sports and Collegiate Licensing which is a 40 million dollar suit. Second is
the concussion litigations against the NCAA which is at least 2,500 to 5,000 dollars per
student-athlete. This would make it extremely hard to add additional costs per athlete to
the NCAA. However, Carfagna gives a way that might be possible in the future is schools
get fed up with the NCAA. He states that big time schools do not need the NCAA to
function, smaller school need the extra revenue but the bigger ones do not. One day they
might say Hey, we dont need your amateur rules, or your administrators to run our

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leagues. We will just take the best teams and make our own league and play by our rules
elsewhere. That is a possible fall out that could end up in giving student athletes paid
compensations. He continues to give other points such as the fact that when student
athletes attend colleges, especially academic prestigious colleges such as Duke or
Stanford they are getting a free education. This in turn cost thousands and thousands of
dollars and they attend for free because of their athletic abilities. The text is meant to
peak the interest of athletic reformer, sports writers, and sport fans in general.
Paying College Athletes is a Bad Idea
Emmert, Mark. "Paying College Athletes Is a Terrible Idea." Wall Street JournalEasternEdition 259.8 (2012): A11. Academic Search Premier [EBSCO]. Web. 23 Sept. 23
Mark Emmert provides an opposition to the arguments that are for the payment of college
athletes. Mr.Emmert is the chief and chairman of the NCAA and has submitted several
article over this topic defending his stance against compensating student athletes.
Understanding the opposition of this debate is imperative to creating an argument for
either side.His biggest proponent of his argument is that he is for the idea of
compensating college athletes but not the ways that have been addressed. He states that
that people think that all of the problems college athletes have, such as agents, boosters
and other who are willing to break the rules, will be solved by just paying them money,
but they will not. The players will only be bribed more and more to help someone else
gain not the athlete. This is only going to make the situation worse. The critics also
undersell student athletes, saying that they are grossly underprepared for college- level
studies and are incapable of being students and athletes at the same time. Emmert
explains the lies behind this claim. This is because students across all demographics

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graduate at a higher rate than their normal student counterparts. Also the increase in
scholarship support and grants has equaled or succeeded the minimum salary that has
been proposed by many advocates that are for the pay for play mentality. He ends with a
mission that is in progress, which is awarding a $2,000 miscellaneous allowance to
athletes, while also raising academic standards to attain the allowance. This is meant to
reach out to athletic reformers, college administrators, NCAA officials, and sports
journalists. This text is written by the chief of the NCAA, a person who is in the midst of
all of this chaos and one who has an idea of what is happening. Mark Emmert is very
credible source for anyone who is looking to cite this paper for research.
Should College Athletes be Paid?
Gilleran, Mike, Ron Katz, and Issac Vaughn. "Should College Athletes Be Paid?" SantaClara
Law. Santa Clara University, 15 July 2013. Web. 23 Sept.
2015.<http://law.scu.edu/sports-law/should-college-athletes-be-paid/>.
Another great place to find valuable information is to read the article Should Athletes Be
Paid? written by Mike Gilleran, Ron Katz and Issac Vaughn. These three authors are law
professors at Santa Clara University and are very reknown sports law writers. This article
gives nine reasons to consider giving student athletes compensation. The first point is that
the concept of amateurism should be reconsidered heavily, in which the level of
commitment of college athletes must apply to be successful. The second point, being that
schools make millions and millions of dollars, mostly from football and basketball,
primarily from television contracts. Thirdly, there is a consensus that there are other
athletic programs do not make as much money as the ones that would have in point two.
Number four points out that it is important to be able to recognize the difference between

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number two and number three. Nowadays, especially in big time schools, the head coach
of football is one of the highest paid staff members of the university. An example would
be Universitiy of Alabama head coach Nick Saban. His contract calls for him to make
45$ million of the next eight years. However, his players scholarship covers there school
but barely covers cost of living. Number five states that business norms rationalize that
the employees, who are the athletes in this case, should be rewarded for their contribution
to the business which is their sport. Reason six is an extension of reason five. It is also
rationalized that student athletes be compensated for injuries that last long beyond their
playing careers. American labor law created decades ago established that workers
exposed to injuries in the normal course of their jobs should not be expected to pay
because of those injuries. The NCAA is 100 years behind the rest of the country. Point
seven is displaying that compensating student athletes is no different than compensating
computer science students for their financial contributions to their department and to their
school. The fact that computer science students receive compensation under carefully
considered programs makes them no less students. Next is point number eight, this
explains how that for other college sports that are not multi-million dollar businesses,
other norms should apply. The last point is number nine. Colleges should be able to
choose on a sport by sport basis whether they want to choose the business model or the
amateur model. Some argue that this will disrupt recruiting for the sport that is not the
business model. This is fine because recruiting has always had different levels and will
continue to have different levels.

The Sports Industry's War on Athletes

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Finley, Peter S., and Laura L. Finley. The Sports Industry's War on Athletes. Westport, CT:
Praeger, 2006. Print.
While in endless pursuit to offer a compelling product, the sports industry is unaware to
the fact in which that product is created. Doping, cheating, and brain injuries are serious
problems in both professional and college athletics, and speak volumes about the lengths
to which people will go in order to make themselves successful. Dirty play, hazing, and
cheating are common even at the lowest levels. The most superficial problem of all,
however, are the societal problems created by the sports industry, which include racism,
sexism, classism, and homophobia. Peter and Laura Finley's work addresses the problems
facing athletics today. Using numerous examples, present and past, they begin with the
issue as they exist at the highest levels and as they are represented in the media. They
then go on to look at how the values and models expressed by professionals are adopted
and utilized by coaches, parents, and eventually by amateur athletes of all ages. Finally,
the Finley duo give needed recommendations for improving the sports environment in the
United States, suggesting ways we can work to dismiss some of these bad influences to
make certain that sports realize their potential as a positive and rewarding activity. Peter
Finley is the Assistant Professor of Sport and Recreation Management in the H. Wayne
Huizenga School of Business and Entrepreneurship at Nova Southeastern University.
Here he specializes in sociology of sport and sport ethics. He is the author of many texts
about sport-related issues, including use of the Web for recruiting, privacy rights, and a
variety of other sociology of sport topics. Laura Finley is Professor of Sociology at
Florida Atlantic University, where she teaches a variety of sociology topics. She is the

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author of numerous journal articles about such topics as peace education, crime in the
media, school violence, and privacy rights.
The System: The Glory and Scandal of Big-time College Football.
Benedict, Jeff, and Armen Keteyian. The System: The Glory and Scandal of Big-time College
Football. New York: Knopf Doubleday Group, 2014. Print.
NCAA football is big business. Every Saturday millions of people file into massive
stadiums or tune in on television as "student-athletes" give everything they've got to
make their team a success. Billions of dollars now flow into the game. But what is the
true cost? The players have no share in the oceans of money. And once the lights go
down, the glitter doesn't shine so brightly. Jeff Benedict is one of the Americas top
investigative reporters. He is a special features writer for Sports Illustrated and the author
of famous sports journalist books, including Pros and Cons and Out of Bounds.
Armen Keteyian is a CBS News correspondent in New York, NY and the lead
correspondent for 60 Minutes Sports on Showtime. He is an accomplished person being
an eleven-time Emmy Award winner, he is regarded as one of the best investigative
journalists in the country. These two journalists were granted access to college programs
during the 2012 season to at the highest levels across the country at a time of rapid
change in college football. They explored every part of this high-powered machine, and
revealed how it is controlled from the inside and out. With the result being the system
through the eyes of athletic directors and coaches, boosters, high-profile TV stars, fivestar recruits, and NCAA investigators and of course the young adults on whom the whole
vast enterprise depends.

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Unpaid Professionals: Commercialism and Conflict in Big-time College Sports.

Zimbalist, Andrew S. Unpaid Professionals: Commercialism and Conflict in Big-time College
Sports. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UP, 1999. Print.
College sports represents the ideals and traditions of amateurism and provides an
important complement to university education. Or so it seems. As Andrew Zimbalist
shows in this analysis, college sport is really a massively commercialized industry based
on activities that are often unimportant and even harmful to education. Zimbalist
combines empirical research and a talent for storytelling to provide a firm, factual basis
for the many arguments about the goals, history, structure, incentive system, and legal
architecture of college sports. He draws the reader a picture of a system in desperate need
of reform and presents some very bold recommendations to help pursue a more sensible
future. He begins by showing that today's problems are nothing new and that schools
have been consumed for more than a century by debates about cheating, commercialism,
and the erosion of academic standards. He then explains that the incentives of the modern
student athlete, for example, encourage star athletes to abandon college for the pros, that
create such useless courses as "The Theory of Basketball," and that lead students to
ignore classroom effort despite having the odds against them trying to become a
professional athlete. Zimbalist discusses the economic and legal aspects of gender
equality in college sports. He compares the impact that television and radio contracts
have on the economy and the rewards that follow winning major championships. He
explains the harmful effects of corporate sponsorship and shows that, despite such
sponsorship, most schools run their athletic programs at a loss. Zimbalist also considers

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the relevance of antitrust laws to college sports and asks whether student athletes are in
the end exploited by the system. Zimbalist's recommendations include eliminating
freshman eligibility for sports, restricting coaches' access to "sneaker money" from
corporations, and ending professionalism by allowing teams to employ a quota of nonstudents as well as to receive funding from the pro leagues. A mixture of lively hard
economic data and empirical analysis, Unpaid Professionals will help better understand
and inform the reader on the debate about a subject close to all of American sports fans.

Unsportsmanlike Conduct: Exploiting College Athletes.

Byers, Walter, and Charles H. Hammer. Unsportsmanlike Conduct: Exploiting College Athletes.
Ann Arbor: U of Michigan, 1995. Print.
Walter Byers, who served as NCAA executive director from 1951 to 1987, was charged
with the dual mission of keeping intercollegiate sports clean while generating millions of
dollars each year as income for the colleges. Here Byers exposes, the history and presentday state of college athletics. This includes monetary gifts, questionable academic
standards, advertising endorsements, legal battles, and the political manipulation of
college presidents. Byers believes that modern-day college sports are no longer a student
activity. They are a commercial enterprise, and college athletes should have the same
access to the free market as their coaches and colleges. As NCAA executive director,
Byers started the an enforcement program, created a national academic rule for athletes,
and signed more than fifty television contracts with major national networks such as
ABC, CBS, NBC, and ESPN. He also oversaw the growth of the NCAA basketball

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tournament. As the one person who has been inside college athletics for forty years,
Walter Byers is extremely qualified to explain the problem of the NCAA and today's
exploitation of college athletes. He is biased to no one as he covers individual cases of
corruption in NCAA history.
Varsity Green: A behind the Scenes Look at Culture and Corruption in College Athletics
Yost, Mark. Varsity Green: A behind the Scenes Look at Culture and Corruption in College
Athletics. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 2010. Print.
In Varsity Green, Mark Yost takes a hard look at the current troubled state of college
athletics. He takes readers behind the scenes of the high-revenue business of college
sports in order to dissect the merchandising rights, bowl game payoffs, television
revenues, sneaker contracts, and endorsement deals that often pay state university
coaches more than the college president, or even the governor. Money in college sports is
nothing new. The readers will be astounded at the alarming depth of financial influence
that college sports has within our culture. Readers will learn how academic institutions
capitalize on the success of their athletic programs, and what role sports-based revenues
play across campus, from the training room to the classrooms. Yost pays particular
attention to the climate that big-money athletics has created over the past decade, as both
the NCAA's March Madness and the Bowl Championship Series have become multibillion dollar businesses. This analysis goes well beyond campus, showing how the
corrupting influences that drive college athletics today have affected every aspect of
youth sports, and have seeped into our communities in ways that we would not otherwise
suspect. This book is not only for the players, policymakers, and other insiders who are

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affected by the changing economics of college athletics; it is a must-read for any sports
fan who engages with the NCAA and deserves to see the business behind the game.