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Chapter I
THE PROBLEM
Introduction
There has recently a marked awakening to the need for coordinated research
on Swine Systematic Record Practices. There growing realization among breeders
and other that something more than records of all data and showing information is
required as a basis for swine production.
A preponderance of people evolves on swine backyard production as a
foremost root of their income. Swine are prolific and bring quick returns, requires
small investment compared to cattle and Carabao. Enterprise is flexible, true only
for backyard swine raisers, enables one to get into the business in a short time and
out of business with a little risk.
Evaluation of the viability of the swine enterprise is partly dependent on
appropriate records being kept. A good system of record keeping enables Swine
Raisers to identify the weak and strong point in the operations. Provide reliable
basis in decisions for improvement. Record Keeping Practises distributes to guide
them improve their production efficiencies.
A Systematic Record Practices necessary for proactively and progressively
manage all data and reports about relative to the field of business chosen will be a
solid foundation of having best practices for record management.
According to Arganosa (1990), A Primer on Pork Production; there always a

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saying Consistency is everything. Many guiding practices of having a
systematic records help to maintain the information needs to raisings swine. As
raisers it is very important to have organization of all data or record about the field
of business chosen. Knowing of having keeping records practices is an advantage
Swine Raising is one of the most profitable business we can have. But,
entering in this kind of business is not too easy. As I have noticed, swine backyard
raisers do not actually know their exact profit once they raised swine. They did not
record all the important details that they may need to properly know how much
their profits are. This encountered problems faced by the Swine Backyard Raisers
bothered the researchers most, so they came up to a research study concerning the
proper record- keeping.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to determine the record keeping practices of Swine Backyard
Raisers in selected Barangays in Rosario District as an input to a Systematic Data.
Specifically it sought to answer the following question:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of?
1.1 age;
1.2 sex;
1.3 highest educational attainment; and
1.4 no. of seminars attended in backyard raising?
2. What are the record-keeping practices observed by backyard swine raisers in

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terms of:
2.1 sow administration; and
2.2. fattener administration?
3. Is there any significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and
the observed record keeping practices?
4. What are the problems encountered by the swine backyard raisers in terms of
record keeping?
5. Based on the findings, what action plan maybe proposed for the backyard
raisers to observe a systematic record keeping practices?
Scope, Limitation and Delimitation of the Study
The study will focus on the Swine Backyard Raisers. The sampling technique
that will be used is purposive, because it is exclusively for Swine Backyard
Raisers. This flexibility enables one to get into the business in the short time and
out of business with little risk. The researchers will going to know the personal
profile of the raisers in terms of age, sex, highest educational attainment, and the
seminars attended by the raisers. The researchers will use descriptive type of
research that will utilize a survey questionnaire and interview as a main tool in
gathering data.
This study is limited to Barangay Itlugan and Namuco in Rosario District
which have maximum of 50 numbers of backyard swine raisers.
However, this study is delimited to the other Barangay in Rosario which are

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not mentioned in this study.
Significance of the Study
This conducted research study will not be worthless. The researcher made the
study in order to help the society. This study will be beneficial to the administrator,
swine raisers and future researchers.
Administrators. Through the help of this study the Municipality will know
the population of swine raisers in chosen Barangay. And help the Municipality in
deciding for the project that they introduce to the Society.
Swine Raisers. Through the help of this study the swine raisers is aware of the
record keeping making it into systematic data. The findings of the study will open
the minds and awareness that will the swine raisers to give assistance. It would be
beneficial because they know how to manage and be a wise in swine raisers.
Researchers. The researchers are also beneficiary of this study. They help to
enhance and know the importance of having a good record keeping practices that
will enhance their knowledge about record keeping.
Future Researchers. This study will help the future researchers that
conducted the same or related study. This research study will help enlighten and be
exploring their study regarding the efficient information about the record keeping
into systematic data.

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Chapter II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The related literature, the significance and the affiliation to the present study
are presented in the chapter together with the hypothesis, conceptual framework
and important terms defined.
Conceptual Literature
Animal Production. Animal production is design to fit your interest and
needs. It provides you within important on how to plan a small business. Above
all, since human resources are major factors in any business enterprise, it shows
you qualities of a good entrepreneur. It also covers the basic information you need
in raising animals such as the different breeds of farm animals that thrive in your
country; housing for their confinement; and other needed equipment. Finally,
Animal Production discuss about the principles of the feeding farm animals;
maintaining cleanliness and sanitation of the farm; and marketing farm animals
and their by product. (Module TLE 2015)
Swine. Swine, an even- toed, hoofed mammal closely related to peccary and
hippopotamus. There are both wild and domestic swine, all belonging to the order
Artiodactyla. Wild swine are known by a variety of names; domestic swine are
commonly known as hogs and pigs. Swine are short legged, short tailed animal
with a barrel-shaped body ranging in length from about 2 to 5 feet (0.6- 1.5
meters). The head tapers toward the snout, which ends in the flat mobile disc. The

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disc is use to lift push and flow or root in the ground. The swine large canine teeth
grow upward and outward, wearing against each other to produce a sharp cutting
edge. Each of the swine feet has four hoofed toes are located higher up on the leg.
Swine can trot, center and run as fast as the average man. (Aliwalas et. Al 2007).
Backyard Swine Raising. Backyard Swine Raising serves as the primary
source of income (Grolier International 1992). The number of the swine raised and
the prices at which they are gold in the market vary widely from year to year.
Depending on the number factor order or over supply of pork and the export
demand. There have been years when raisers sold their hog for less than cost of
raising them. On the other hand, some of the advantages in holding hog production
are as follows. (1) Pork provides continuous income; (2) when hog raising is a part
of farming operation, remuneration employment is provided; (3) pork hog can be
raised profitability by farm workers; (4) since hog raising are adapted to selffeeding and full feeding, the amount of labor is rather low; (5) It is adapted for
diversified farming ( Villanueva et. Al 1991). In addition to this, backyard swine
raising of few head hog or fattening ones uses hard feeding as a common practice.
Animals are feed with feeds and other available in the form. Swine also threatened
along roadway and in backyard.
Swine Production. Bureau of Agriculture Statistics (2008), reported that as
with other domesticated farm animals, swine production in the country is done in
both backyard and commercial farm units. Based on 2001 data about 76.78% of

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swine are kept in the backyard while remaining 23.22% are in commercial farms.
In recent years, backyard swine are slowly catching up with its commercial
counterpart in the terms of organization of the data and reports
Record Keeping. According to Arganosa (1990), keeping production records
is very necessary in any swine enterprise. However, keeping records and not using
them is as good as no record at all. It is therefore suggested to keep records only
that can be used and interpreted by the farm owner. Many farmers do not keep
records because they do not know the importance of record keeping. They do not
know what records to keep, how to keep use of them. Interpretation of the record
is not as easy as many people may think. They have difficulty on identifying
animals. Good production records can only be kept if the individual pigs in the
herb are properly identified.
Good organization structure does not by itself produce good performance. But
a poor organization structure make a good performance impossible, no matter how
good the individual manage may be, Peter Drucker, (1997).
According to Professor James Stoner (1997), organizing is the process of
arranging an organizations structure and coordinating its managerial practices and
the use of resource to achieve its goals.
Professor Warren Plunkeet (1997), defined organizing as a management
function that establishes relationship between activity and authority.

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Research Literature
Some studies were conducted and have been found to be of significant
relations with the present study.
Suppadit (2006) stated that the best management practices help farmers to
increase livestock production. Thus, is should be followed and implemented. Its
principle is categorized into farm elements (farm, location, and stable form), farm
management (herd, feed, housing, and data recording).
Panduit (1997) intended to identify practices implemented by swine raisers in
Lipa, determined the relationship of the implementation of this practices to their
current socio-economic condition and assessed the problems of swine raisers by
identifying their training and technology needs and evaluating how the
government is responding to these needs.
Feder (1995) stated that exposure to information is indeed important to play a
vital role in adaption. A farmer must understand the benefits and costs of practice
in order to make an informed implementation decision. He discussed the
significant impact of farmers financial.
Misha, El-Osta, and Jhonson (1999), found that formal record keeping system
increased farm profitability. Evan though computers and software are not divisible,
they are not very expensive considering the impact that they can have on farm
profitability. Also, after the initial learning phase, computers can save farmers time
by having all the accurate and organized information they need at hand.

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Jofre-Giraudo, Streeter, and Lazarus (1990) found that computerized
management information system (MIS) improved the accuracy, speed, and
timeliness of information for processing, which improved the management
decision-making process. They also found that records were updated on a more
timely basis and record were kept at a higher level of detail when using MIS. This
more accurate data allowed more farmers to project their financial condition on a
monthly basis, which could help farmers re-evaluate their production and financial
situations quickly so that changes in management could be implemented, if
necessary.
Synthesis
Studies and investigation that bear similarities and differences were gathered
to enrich and give proofs to the present study. It presents the relationship and
resemblance of the present study to the investigation being reviewed. It also
summarizes the similarities and difference of the related studies to the present
study.
The study of Suppadit (2006), the study is similar to the present study since
their principle are categorized into farm management that are covered the data
recording. And they are different because this study focuses only in backyard
raisers assessing the systematic data base
The study of Panduit (1997), it is different to the present study because it
considered the profile of respondents in terms of age, sex, highest educational

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attainments, and seminars attended in backyard raising wherein able to know
responding needs of having systematic record. They are similar to the present
study since they are both implementing the relationship between assessing the
problem of swine raisers.
Another study which was related to the present study was the study of Feder
(1995), the present study is similar because they both assessing the exposure of
information. But then, his study did not cover the benefits of having record
keeping which made it different to the current study.
Similar also to the present study is the study of Misha, El-Osta and Jhonson
(1999) which found that formal record keeping system increased for profitability.
But then they are differed on how and knowing the advantages of having a
systematic keeping record of all data.
The study of Sofre-Giraudo, Streeter, and Lazarus (1990) somewhat similar to
the present study since it also focused in records updated on a more timely basis
and record were keep at a higher level of detail management information system
(MIS). While the difference between them, deals on having and implementing the
importance of having a systematic record keeping.

Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework provides the concrete viewpoint about the research
study. The design of the Research Paradigm of this study aimed to give an

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overview of the researchers target output. The input of the study is the profile of
the respondents, record keeping practices and problems encountered by the Swine
Backyard Raisers. This study will use interview and questionnaire as the main tool
for gathering data. Finally, the output of this study will be the action plan to
observe a systematic record keeping practices.

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Research Paradigm

INPUT

PROCESS

OUTPUT

Figure 1
Profile of the
respondent
in terms of
age, sex,
highest
educational
Interview and
Action Plan
attainment,
Questionnaires
to observe a
and seminars
systematic record
attended by
keeping practices.
the raisers.
Record
keeping
practices
Figure 1
Problems
encountered
Research
Paradigm in Record Keeping Practices of Swine Backyard Raisers in
by Swine
backyard
selected Barangay in Rosario District: Input to Systematic Data
raisers.

Definition of Terms
The terms used in this paper are defined conceptually and operationally to
have a better understanding of the text in this study.
Backyard Swine Raising. It is a very popular enterprise in almost every rural
household in the Philippines such that there is a proliferation of backyard
producers which domains the swine industry (Bureau of Agricultural Statistics

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(BAS) 2011). In this study it refers to the main focus of the study wherein
implementing of having a systematic records.
Data. Information, specifically, facts and numbers used to analyse something
or make decisions (Vocabulary Website). In this study, it refers to gathering
information that is needed to have a systematic record.
Record. Should be simple and precise and should be directed towards
improving performance and profit. It is obvious that only those data which can be
processed and interpreted without delay and those which are relevant to the
production system should be collected. (Basic Pig Keeping Manual, Book 4
(Production Planning Farm Recording Economics 2015)). In this study, it refers to
the data that was collected.
Record keeping. Must be simple, practical, and easily understood. These
should contain all the necessary information, logically and systematically arranged
record keeping is essential in the decision making process for future management
operations. Critical evaluation of the profitability of the enterprise; judicious
culling of undesirable animals; intelligent selection of individuals for replacement
or expansion; and formulation of a sound breeding program are entirely dependent
on record keeping and proper analysis, (The Pork Production Committee, 2004).
In this study, it refers to the organizing information or data that are gathered.
Swine. This refers to an omnivorous hoofed animal of the family suede, with
stunt-bodied, short leg animal a long mobile snout. (Oxford Dictionary of Current

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English, 1998). In this study, it refers to the pig or hog.

Chapter III
RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURE
This chapter presents the research design, method and procedures utilized by
the researchers to gather the necessary data. It includes also the data gathering
procedure together with the instrument used and statistical treatment of the data.
Research Design

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The descriptive method of research design will be use in this study. The
researchers will use descriptive method with a good approach for better
interpretation and understanding. For this purpose, a questionnaire will made as an
instrument for data gathering. The questionnaire will design according to the
specific questions stated in this study with appropriate tools. The data will gather
by the use of questionnaire will be evaluate to present the record keeping practices
into systematic data.
Subject of the Study
The subject of the study will be the selected Swine Backyard Raisers from the
two Barangays of Rosario, Brgy. Itlugan and Brgy.Namuco. Only fifty swine
backyard raisers (50) from the aforementioned barangays are included in this
study. This two barangays were chosen because the researchers believe that they
can gather data all the needed data from them.

Data Gathering Instrument

To gather the needed data, the researchers will construct a questionnaire in
order to determine the practices done by the selected Swine Backyard Raisers in
Brgy. Itlugan and Brgy. Namuco. Interview will be conducted also to suffice
additional information.
Construction of Questionnaire. The researchers will make the questionnaire

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through reading a books and make use of the internet for online materials related
to our study. In some intensive research the researchers will be formulate the first
draft of the questionnaire. The draft will be presented to adviser for comments and
suggestions. Then, the researchers incorporate the comments and suggestion of the
adviser. And, the researchers made the final draft of the questionnaire.
Validation of the Questionnaire. The researchers will be geared up a letter
requesting for validation of their questionnaire. It will be presented to some
assistant instructor of the field concern. The researchers change the draft into a
new one having the correction and suggestions.
Administration of the Questionnaire. The researchers prepare a letter noted
by their adviser requesting for administration of the questionnaire among the
respondents.
Scoring of the Responses. The responses of the respondents will be tallied,
tabulated and interpreted base on the scale below.

Option

Scale

Verbal Interpretation

4.50-5.00

Very Great Extent

3.50-4.49

Great Extent

2.50-3.49

Moderate Extent

1.50-2.49

Some Extent

1.00-1.49

Least Extent

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Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will prepare a letter of request for the Barangay Chairman for
letting them distribute the questionnaires to the selected Swine Backyard Raisers
in Brgy. Itlugan and Namuco. After the approval, the researchers will ask the help
of the other Barangay officials for their assistance in locating the targets of swine
raisers in the study. The researchers will retrieve all the copies of the questionnaire
then the data will be studied, tallied and analyzed to obtain the needed results.
Statistical Treatment of the Data
The data will be analyze with the use of descriptive statistical tools such as
percentage, ranking, weighted mean and frequency.
Percentage. This serves as the percent of the frequency tallied out of the
overall number of the answer of the respondents of the study.
Ranking. This will be used in describing the positional importance of the
response of swine raisers in terms we are weighted mean.
Weighted Mean. This will be used as measure of the average response of the
swine raisers or the respondents Barangay.
Frequency. This will be used to refer to the number of respondents who
indicate specific answers.