Chapter 2 Chemistry of

Life
Section 1: The Nature of
Matter

Objectives
SWBAT identify & describe the parts
of an atom IOT differentiate between
elements.

The Big Ideas

Life depends on chemistry
Chemical reactions keep
you alive
Electrons are the basis for
all chemical reactions

Atom
Basic unit of matter
Made of protons, neutrons,
electrons, and LOTS of
empty space

Subatomic particles
Bind
together
to form
the
nucleus

Protons:
Neutrons:
Electrons: Positively charged (+)
Not charged (neutral)
Protons
Negatively
charged
(-)
Electrons

Neutron
s

Nucleus

Element
A pure substance that
consists of just one type of
atom
Ex: gold, copper,
aluminum, chlorine,
hydrogen, helium, etc.

An elements atomic number =

number of protons
6

Carbon
12.011

Atomic
number = #
of protons

Mass number is the sum of

protons and neutrons in an
atoms nucleus. 6

Carbon
12.011

Mass number

Mass # = protons + neutrons

(mass#) (#protons) = #neutrons

Isotope
Atoms of the same
element that have
different #s of neutrons.
All isotopes of a given
element have the SAME #
of protons.

radioactive carbon-12

6 electrons
6 protons
6 neutrons

Nonradioactive carbon-13

6 electrons
6 protons
7 neutrons

Radioactive carbon-14

6 electrons
6 protons
8 neutrons

Radioactive isotopes
Can be
dangerous
Can be used
practically
Radioactive
dating
Treat cancer
Kill bacteria

Table Salt

Types of ions:
Cation: an atom that loses
an electron; positive
charge
Anion: an atom that gains
an electron; negative
charge

Summary
An atom has electrons (negative charge) in orbit
around its nucleus. The nucleus is composed of
protons (positive charge) and neutrons
(neutral/no charge). Unless otherwise noted,
atoms have the same number of electrons and
protons, which means atoms have NO overall
charge.
Isotopes of an element all have the same # of
protons but different #s of neutrons.
Ions are atoms that gained or lost electrons and
have a negative or positive overall charge.

Bonding between Atoms

Electrons are the basis for all
chemical reactions
An atom isnt stable unless its
outer energy level (a.k.a.
valence shell) is filled.
There are 2 ways of filling the
valence shell:
Ionic bonding
Covalent bonding

Octet Rule
Atoms prefer 8 electrons in their
valence (outer) shell

Compounds
A substance made when
atoms of two or more different
elements join together.
Represented by a chemical
formula that identifies the
elements in the compound
and their proportions.
Ex: H2O, NaCl, CO2

Covalent Bonds
Atoms share electrons to
satisfy the octet rule
This happens because the
atoms are trying to fill
their valence shells.

Molecule
A particle made up of two or
more atoms joined by a
covalent bond
Smallest unit of most
compounds

Ionic Bonds
Bonds between atoms that lose or gain
electrons.
Results in some atoms with positive
charge and others with negative charge
Atoms are held together because of the
attraction between opposite charges.
Ex: Sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) interact
and form an ionic bond to make table
salt, a.k.a. sodium chloride (Na+Cl-)

Sodium atom (Na)

Chlorine atom (Cl)

Sodium ion (Na+)

Chloride ion (Cl-)

Protons +11
Electrons -10
Charge
+1

Protons +17
Electrons -18
Charge
-1

Transfer
of electron

Protons +11
Electrons -11
Charge
0

Protons +17
Electrons -17
Charge
0

Classwork: with your CLG

Create guidelines that differentiate ionic
bonding from covalent bonding.
Include: ionic bonds, covalent bonds,
similarities, images/symbols
Divide the work! Each person should
work on a different section.
Possible formats: T-Chart, Venn
Diagram, Lists, information in
boxes/bubbles. Make it colorful and
readable these will be hung up!

Homework

Homework 2.1
1. Describe the structure of an atom.
2. Explain why all isotopes of an
element have the same chemical
properties.
3. What is a covalent bond?
4. What is an ionic bond?
5. What is a compound? How are
they related to molecules?

Drawing Bohr Models

Bohr Models
Bohr models are used to predict
reactivity in elements.
2. Reactivity refers to how likely an
element is to form a compound with
another element.
3. When looking at Bohr models, we look at
its valence electrons (the electrons on
the last energy level) to determine
reactivity.
1.

Drawing Bohr Models

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Draw the nucleus.

Write the number of neutrons and the number
of protons in the nucleus.
Draw the first energy level.
Draw the electrons in the energy levels
according to the rules on the next slide.
Keep track of how many electrons are put in
each level and the number of electrons left to
use.

Rules for Energy Levels

Level 1 (closest to the nucleus) can hold
a maximum of 2e.
2. Level 2 can hold a max of 8e.
3. Level 3 can hold a max of 18e.
4. Level 4 can hold a max of 32e.
1.

You must fill one level before going on to

draw the next level!

Guided Practice
In order to draw Bohr models of these elements, you
must first determine the number of protons, neutrons,
and electrons. Once you have found this information,
follow the directions to draw your model.
6
C
Carbon
12.011

6
6
6
Protons: _____
Neutrons: _____
Electrons: ______
2
How many energy shells will this have? ____
4
How many valence (outer) electrons does this element have? ____
Bohr Model:

Guided Practice
3
Li
Lithium
6.941

3
4
3
Protons: _____
Neutrons: _____
Electrons: ______
2
How many energy shells will this have? ____
1
How many valence (outer) electrons does this element have? ____
Bohr Model:

Guided Practice
16
S
Sulfur
32.066

16
16
16
Protons: _____
Neutrons: _____
Electrons: ______
3
How many energy shells will this have? ____
6
How many valence (outer) electrons does this element have? ____
Bohr Model:

Guided Practice
11
Na
Sodium
22.990

11
12
11
Protons: _____
Neutrons: _____
Electrons: ______
3
How many energy shells will this have? ____
1
How many valence (outer) electrons does this element have? ____
Bohr Model:

Guided Practice
15
P
Phosphorus
30.974

15
16
15
Protons: _____
Neutrons: _____
Electrons: ______
3
How many energy shells will this have? ____
5
How many valence (outer) electrons does this element have? ____
Bohr Model: