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  • Aga 7

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    Estefany Barrón Peña
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    NORMA AGA 7

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    AGA 7

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    NORMA AGA 7

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    45 просмотров21 страница

    Aga 7

    Загружено:

    Estefany Barrón Peña
    NORMA AGA 7

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    из 21
    MEASUREMENT OF FUEL GAS BY TURBINE METERS Transmission Measurement Committeb:Report No.7 Ath o_o =a on = ae i OPERATING SECTION AMERICAN GAS ASSOCIATION 1515 WILSON BOULEVARD ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA 22209 Catalogue No. XQ0580 ——— ee aaana anys a2@eaaaa eo ee | Q is Of the passageway sine and thape, and the rote ‘sign. It is aso dependent upon tbe toed Pe (to internal mechanical friction, fluid drag, external: louding, anil she gos dansity. 23-nealy 23.01 bn other parts comping the pressure containing sruciores shoud be esp and coil eral eee nt a coma rn 22a} ‘enif congections should be in scvordance with the appropeiste fiige ina taret 2.213. The Body shoul be ientfied to show the following: 2.2.3.1—Maiofictuter's name. 2.2.3.2-—Maximumm capacity in actual volume unite—sctual cubie feet per bows. 2.2.3.3—Maximam allowsble operating preseure, peig. 2.2.3.6-Sorial suber, 2.2.3.5 Inlet, ‘arnped on the appropriate end conmttion, or an arow inicaing the dnt tte. 2. -Measuring Mechanisa: . 2.5.1--The measuring mechanism consis of the rotor, rotor shutting, bearings, and the necessary nupting ana Ter an “14 general mechanism configurations categorized by the way they ave installed jh the meter eee Ae bags i er getng mecha removable, 2 wat ough atop 332.2-—The cod eatry type—the messuriug mechaniem is removable, either as a wait or as separate pitces, through the end connections. 2.3.3—The measuring mechanism should be permanently identified if itis remowable 4s a-wnit withthe éellowing tion: 2,3.3.i--Secisd Number. 2.3.3.1--Direction of flow if middle mounting is reversible. 2.4~ Output nad Meadest Device Jt —Corhine sucters are available with mechanical drive andor electrical pulse outputs. ca Ee For mechanvel drive meters, the ovtpat consists of shating, gearing and othe: drive components needed . Tatar nt tie indicated rotor revolutions outside the body for uncorrected wolume registration. Sever ghoul be marked near the output drive to indicate the direction of rotatio: Pes revolution, The intermediate gear assembly should be marked with the change 2eors. Change gears should'be stamped with the size tnd tt 24 Hon he iia tise meteey, the outpu includes the pulse detector syste 7 all etectreal coucctins, ‘ee’ ssary tu treosmit the indicated rotor revolutions outside the bony ts «ncurresicd voluen, BSore Ge rato" sovives may be of any form suitable for the application. ond the uncorrected vaton: busie gear ratio, exctading, samber of teeth, se emma =sa meena enenzeeaane SECTION 3. INSTALLATION. same Bo 3.1—General _. va toe 3.1.1—The turbine meter is a velocity-mmeasuring device. The piping configuratid ishediately upstream of the metet should be such that the flow profile entéfing the theter*Hias @ uniform: distribution and is without jetting or swirl. Since the turbine meter construction is designed! (0 difect the flow to the annular passage ‘upstream of the rotor, it effectively tends to average the velocity profile of moi normal flow conditions, ‘thus minimizing the influence of minor flow ditiortions on mefer péHformanee, 3.1.2—Straightening vanes are recommended; however, regardless of Jocation they'will not eliminate the effect of strong jetting. Integral straightening vanes idifalled in the edtrance to a meter and a part of the meter design will eliminate minor swirl conditions. Straightening vanes located inthe upstream meter piping in accordance with piping configurations (Section 3.2) will elitiftlate most normal flow swirl conditions. 3.1.3—The installation of a throttling device such as a rejpilator ‘or partially élosed valve is not recommended in close proximity to the meter. Where such installations are necessary, thé throttling device should be placed an additional eight nominal pipe diameters upstreath of an additional two nominal pipe diameters downstream in the in-line recommended installation in Figure 2. In installation configurations illustrated in Figures 3,4, and 5, the throttling device shouldbe plleed cight additonal nominal pipe diametees ahead of the inlet vertical riser or an additional two nominal pipe diametess downstream of the outlet vertical riser. Placement of such a device if closer prokimity to the meter may result in accuracy degradation and/or reduced bearing life. oes 3.2—Anstaltation Configurations (Minimum Lengths) 3.2.1—Recommended Installation for In-Line Meters py. 3.2.1.1—The recommended installation requires a length of 10 nominal pipe diameters upstream with the straightening vane outlet located at five nominal pipe diameters from meter inlet as shown in Figure 2, A length of five nominal pipe diamgte ysis recommended downstream of the meter. Both inlet and outlet pipe should be of the sine nominal size as the meter. + thes 3.2.2—Optional Installations for In-Line Meters noe ‘The use of optional installations may result in soiné Gegradation in meter accuracy. 3.2.2.1—Optional Short-Coupled Installation ~ + _“< In those instances where the required space for the recommended installation of Figure 2 is not available, = short-coupled installation may be employed as shown in Figure 3. This configuration utilizes a minimum of four nominal pipe diameters upstream with straightening ‘vanes located at the inlet of the piping, The distance between the straightening vane outlet and = the meter infet should be a minimum of two nominal pipe diameters. The meter is connected to the vertical risers using a standard tee or elbow. The maximum pipe reduction to the risers is one nominal pipe size. Valving, fit iners may be installed on the risers. 3.2.2.2Optional Close-Coupled Installation '~ ~ , Close-coupled installation of a gas turbine, gpeter is shown in Figure 4. The meter design ‘must incorporate integral straightening vanes upstream of the rotor. This installation would be used where the available space for a meter installation is critical and design considerations have climinated jetting and abnozmat swirl conditions. The metér is connected to the vertical risers using a standard tee or elbow. The maximum pipe reduction to the risers is one nominal pipe size, Valving, filters, or strainers may be instalfed on the risers. 3:2.3Recommended Installation for Angie Body Meters 3.2.3.1—The secommended instaltation for an angle body meter is shown in Figure 5. It is recommended ‘that the meter inlet piping be connected to the riser using a 90° elbow or tee. Valving, filter, ‘ora strainer may be installed on the riser. When straightening vanes are not used, the upstream - 4 (SHLONa7 WAWINIA) H3I3W 3NIGHNL SYD ANIV-NI NV 40 NOLVITVLSNI GAQNaWWOOaY — Z ANNDIS saNva pswaaavia did TWNIWON & | SNINBLHOIVELS xe suaawvia gata Twn ol. ———>e Tam uaiaw aunavuaawaL aNIuAL sv SUBL3WVIG 3did TVNIWON & afewunuweeuun nanan (SHLONST WOWINIW) USLAW SNIGYENL SVD ANITNI NV 49 NOILVTIVISNI G31dN09 LYOHS — € 2HNOIS moaia ual SNLOVE ONO yO ONIAIWA BUS YBNIVHIS HO USlHs ‘SNIDIGSS ‘SUBLBWVIO 3dld fF) TWNIWION z sanva azIS 3did {7} TYNINON 3NO Nowonaaa Tam sunivuadwal , aNiaun. Sv 9NO1 sualawiG Adld TVNIWON 7 ATaWASS¥ 1004S ' SoueRenemenwrnwewenweweewetrewreeew = etter err mn nage 90° ELBOW OR TEE MAXIMUM REDUCTION STANDARD OR REDUCING ELBOW SPACE FOR VALVING FILTER OR STRAINER FIGURE 4 — CLOSE COUPLED INSTALLATION OF AN IN-LINE GAS TURBINE METER WITH INTEGRAL STRAIGHTENING VANES INLET PIPING 10 NOMINAL PIPE DIAMETERS LONG (5 NOMINAL PIPE DIAMETERS WITH STRAIGHTENING VANES} 90° ELBOW OR TEE GAS TURBINE METER [MUM REDUCTION ‘ONE NOMINAL, PIPE SIZE S55 VANES SPACE FOR VALVING. SPACE FOR VALVING FILTER OR STRAINER AND TEMPERATURE WELL HORIZONTAL INSTALLATION (INLET IN HORIZONTAL PLANE, OUTLET DOWN) FIGURE 5 — RECOMMENDED INSTALLATION OF AN ANGLE BODY GAS TURBINE METER (MINIMUM LENGTHS) snetes infst piping length should be 10 nominal pipe diass ters. sWiven straightening vores are used, the length of upstream pipe may be reduced tc five nominal pipe iameters, The: straigi-tening vane inlet should be five nominal pipe diamete:s irom the meter inlei, There are no resizictions on the downstream piping except that the ecimpanion Mlinge attached to the meter ouilet must be full-size. 3.2.3.2—A vertical installation may be used and the same basic pipizg configuration applied as used in the horizontal installation. 3.3--Striighhtening Vanes 34 3.3.1—The purpose of a straightening vane is to eliminate swirls and cross curr: ats set up by the pipe fittings. valves, of regulators preceding the meter inlet piping. While the specifications which fotiow apply ‘particularly to the type of vanes shown in Figure 6, vanes of other designs cen be used if they mex thes specifications. —In construction of vanes the maximum transverse dimension, “a,” of any passage through the vanes should not exceed one-fourth the inside diameter, “D," of the pipe. Also, the cross-sectional area, “A,” of any passage within the assembled vs should not exceed one-sixteenth of the cross-sectional area "a dny-type or separate: type filte, J upstream of the meter inlet piping. It is recommen,ica te vse diff evens a fie sitored to maintain it in good condition so as to prevent flaw «ivtortion and -":sbie cust mer ons um ene ee ee 2 > oe & +3.5--OveeRange Protection wo ~Suidden rotor overspeeding caused by exiteme gas velocities on: xnvered during pressuri , venting or PUrr'ng can cause severe damage. ; 352—Some meters and readout devices may be.damaged when the» are run backwards, Therefore, the Pressure blow down valve should be located downstream of the incier. ile turbine meters can de operated up to 150% of rated capacity wih no damaging effects for short periods of time, over-sized blow-down valves can cause rotational speeds greatly f eeece ae an amount. Therefore, the blow-down valve Should be sized as (ollews: Meter Run Vatve Size r te ¥ yt . o r s iz ‘As are of thumb, the blow-down valve should not be larger than one-sixth of the meter sive 25:31 those installations where adequate pressure is available, ether a critica ow ori or somic venta nozzle may be installed in the Piping downstream of the meter and should be sized to limit the meter , ‘idonsl Installation Requirements 3-72—A concentric alignment ofthe companion pipe flanges with the meter inlet and cutet esnnections should ieee sine. This concentric alignment will eliminate any appreciable effeci pos the reve accuracy ‘hat might be caused by an offset in the internal diameters that say oneur tw come installations 3.7.3—A gatker protrusion into the bore or flow pattem at the meter euensctions «td ‘not be perauted, R74 Pi in'™ or should be of commercial roughness, andthe flange 1B si te a thet of the Pipe. “4s on piping at the meter inlet and outlet should be gr und ta the he pipe 34-S--Iostals ne where liquid ean be encountered should be designed ta psevent Hquid neue meter. 3.7.6-No. ‘ing should be done in the immediate aréa of the mete: ty icy sat ¢-eyshin y 3B -Acressor: —‘ yiation Accen «) devices used for integrating uncorrected volume to base “x: Parenete "be property insialled and their connections made as spy * SALT Peer acre Measurement ic? upstream disturbances should be kept t0 a minimu::, ‘emer: er well is downstream of the meter. It should be locicd i 9 meter nuilet and upstream of any valve or flow restrictor. The therwiiwucter well should be anstalied 10 ‘insure :hat the temperature is not influenced by heat transfer fiom the piping and wel’ attachenent 3.8.2—Pressure Measurement ¢ A pressure tap as provided by the manufacturer on the metes body should be ased as the point of Pressure sensing for recording or integrating instruments. 3.8.3—Density Measurement in the use of densitometers, while itis desirable to sample the gas as close as potsible (o the rotor conditions, care must be exercised not to disturb the meter inet flow of 0 cteate an unmetered by-pass References should be made to manuals on the various densitometers for further information, 38.4-—Accessory Evstruments Is orde: to maintain the specified meter accuracy, the total torque produced by 2 driven accessory instrument should not exceed 2inch-ounces. Higher torque loads may degrade the meter acc acy a low flows and accelerate gear train wear. SECTION 4. OPFRATION 4.1—-General ‘41-4 For maximum life and sustained accuracy, turbine meters should be operated within their specific few range. Overspeeding of the rotor will cause premature wearing of the internal parts and van caure ‘damage to the rotor. As mentioned earlier, turbine meters are capable of operating at modes? «stats for she petiods, but continued overloading should be avoided by proper meter sizing 4.1.2--As with all meters, turbine meters should be pressured and placed in service «-! ‘opening +alves quickly will usually result in rotor damage. The installation of x ‘he upstream meter isolating valve can be utilized to safely pressure the mice 16 ss 4. 4:1.3--When itis necessary to correct for small flow imbalances across a mult! meter installation,» may be Accomplished through the use of restriction plates or by throng the “ows vate. ‘Phvotding should wot affect the sensing of the correct meter temperature or refie= “ta the meter 4.2--Initial Stuartop 42.1-Remove} of pipeline debris is a must and, as mentioned in Section No. 3.4. can “xndhe! by che installation of either a filter or strainer. In addition, added care shou’! he taken when ¢ ne revere jastallatinn is placed in service. The line should be blown down to remove any collection ef welding beacls or Iaege quantities of dirt. This should be done before the meter is installed, hut ii feasibiv, shen the meter mechanism must be removed to prevent damage, }ikewin:, au Testing aust be done with the meter or meter mechanism removed. 4% Muintenar~. tmspectlon Frequency Sound design and insualltion procedures, turbine meter s-carscy i epe set irequent adequate inspections. Basically, the time betwen sovte1 ‘25. : «+ gas condition and/or contract specifications. Meters used in e «restion than those used with clean gas, and inspection periods. ae ‘ sidkers >re installed, scheduled visual inspections should be mad. bone ‘ial sr © he strainer oF filter should be checked, SiC oly wf "7MANCE CHARACTERISTICS ENS Soret Rife ‘ei © 77 The turbine meter is designed for, and calibrated under, a condition wh: . . vor" Tithe fluid at the rotor inlet has significant swirl (mainly a oy ‘$.2Velocity Profile Effect 5:2-1—Meter designs and piping installation configurations included inthis report attemps to condition the flow TercnikNe 8 symmetric, uniform vetoity distribution atthe rotor inlet. I those cases where there fou distortion of the velocity profile atthe rotor inlet, the rotor speed at a given flow rate will be affected. For a given average flow rate, generally a non-uniform velocity profile results in a higher rotor speed than a uniform velocity profile. 5.3—Fluid Drag Effect Bbc a 23 10 Sip from is idea peed. The amount of rotor slip dew te oval fad drop torque and a given flow velocity, the amount of rotor slip depends on the flow rate ond density of the Baty and theretore, i frequently called the “density effect.” Figure 8 shows qualitatively the density as Frell as the Reynolds number effects in the low Reynolds number region on the tutbins meter perfor- ‘mance curve (solid lines) for various pressures, 5.5—Repeatabitity 5.6—Aceuracy . $.6.1-—The accuracy of a meters the degree of conformity ofthe indicated vale ofthe meter to the true value of the measured quantity. In the flow measurement of natural approved secondary standard. 5.7—Turbine Meter Accuracy Curve 5-7.1—The turbine meter accuracy curve is essentially the performance curve developed in Figure 7 that has been sifted through biasing of the meter output (gearing or electric pulses), te aceon acceptable rt [TS seesnaae 000'000'01 01 000 Wou4 YSEWAN SQIONARE adid HOs ZONVANHOsHag Yaa ANISYNL SVD NO OVvHG ants 40 493453 — 2 duAgES (HS 0) uonodorg; ¥WaBiNNN SGTONAAY auld rN STON nn, a33a¢s HOLON (20H3 suqUinN splowsow) OYUG aINTd OL aNd dns YOLOY > S 8 Qa3ds 4OLOY IvaaI 2 ater) So morcied OY H IEIEFENCE SluNGaTG. ACCUTACY Un) se prOTteU Hs seu HOR 9) ACTUAL (me vorrected) or hase (corrected) flow rate. . $.7.2--Actunl Flow Rate @ ‘When plotted against actual flow rate, the meter accurs:3 curves at various pressures are generally 4 farnily of distinctive curves, deviating somewhat from the atmespheric pressure curve illustrated Figure 9. 5.7.3-—Base Flow Rate ‘When meter accuracy is plotted sgaingt the base flow rate or Reynolds number, the meter accurecy curve tends to approach a single characteristic curve when the Reynolds number effect is predominant as shown in Figure 10. S.8- ne tan ohn te, q ‘elatvely low Bow rates when such noses ae me asked fy woth 9.2. Visual énspeetion q a '9-2.4- in visual inspections, the rotor should be ‘inspecte ssing bs zee “t it a, ae ‘or other dimage that wot affect the rotor balan fe Mads 2 pup i . ‘Iso be checked to ingure'there iso accumulation nf 3-ive Fie lee vere ny ‘nd lubrication systems Siiould also be checked «+ ite Shere 3 of a, { B ‘meter at low flow rates has degraded. Spin tim of disassembly are provided by the manufacturer, 9-3.2—The spin time test must be conducted ‘operating position. The rotor is set into rotation. 9-3.4—When some type of mechanicat readout (index, integrating gauge, tc.) is used, care should be when to Perform,

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