E

, , ,
.

, :
,
,
,
,

,
, ,

,

.

LAPB

(ACK)

X.25

bit (ABP)

XMODEM

(SRP)

(NACK)

(GBN)
(pipelining)

98

KEAAIO 4: E

, .
. , ,
. ,
.
3,
. , ( ), .
,
,
.
OSI, ,
.
, ,
,
, .. CRC .

.
.
,
,
, . ,

. .
, , . .

99

4.1

4.1

;

,
. :
bit (alternating bit protocol ABP),
(GO BACK N),
(selective repeat protocol SRP).
, .
ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest).
4.1

a
:
,

,
,
.

,
4.1.1: .
, , . , , 4.1.2 4.1.3 .

100

KEAAIO 4: E

4.1.1

(acknowledgment ACK) ,
, , . ACK
.
(timeout),
.

PAR (Positive Acknowledgment with Retransmission).

ACK

ACK

()

()

ACK

ACK

ACK

4.1

ACK

()

()

.
() , () ( ), ()
() ,
.

4.1. 4.1. . ,

4.1

. ,
.

. , .
4.1.
.
4.1. 4.1.
, , . , , , .
, 4.1.
. , ,
,
.
4.1.2

,
. ,
.
. ,
.
.
,
,
. , .. modulo 128,
7 bits .
.
4.1
4.2 .

101

102

KEAAIO 4: E

4.2., , 1. 1 , .
ACK ,
. 2
T.

ACK
-1

-1

-1

-2

()

( )

4.2

.
, , T, ( )
1 ( ).

4.2.. 1
, . , ,
1, T.
, , T,
1 2. ,
,
.
4.1.3

.
ACK .

.
.

103

4.1

4.2
( 1) ,
( 4.3). ,
.
.. (link buffer)
.

-2

2
4.3

(..,
)

ACK ,
, T,
2 .

, , . , ,
1,

2. , 2 , ACK, 1.
, 2.
ACK ,
,
.
4.1.4

, . , -

104

KEAAIO 4: E

, .
, 2048 bits 64 Kbps.
100%, , 64 2 = 32 . , 20%, 20% , , ,
6,4 .
4.1
;
() .
() .
() , ,
.
() ,
,
: (1) , (2) (3) .
.

4.2
. ; ,
;

4.2 BIT

4.2 bit

:
bit (ABP),
ABP ,
, , ,
ABP
,
ABP.
bit (alternating bit protocol ABP) . .
XMODEM, ABP.
4.2.1 ABP

(stop and wait) ABP:

,
.
,
. ,
1 bit . , 0 1. ,
.
ABP
(wire line),
. , ,
.

105

106

KEAAIO 4: E

4.3
4.4 , ABP.
P(1). , 0, . , ,
0.
, P(2). 1, ,
P(2), 1.
P(2), .
(ACK1), P(3).
P(1)

P(2)

P(2)

P(3)

P(3)

P(4)

A
0

ACK1

1
ACK0

ACK1

ACK0

4.4

bit.

P(3) 0 . ,
1. , . ,
P(3), ...
4.2.2 ABP

bit
,
.

107

4.2 BIT

. S
, (TRANSP) (PROP) (TRANSA)
(PROP).
, , (
). ,
:
S = TRANSP + TRANSA + 2 PROP

(4.1)

S (Round Trip Time RTT).

, ,
S . S , TRANSP.
, ABP ABP,
,
hABP =

TRANSP
S

(4.2)

4.4
100 Km
.
2 105 Km/s. 2048 bits,
1024 bits, 64 Kbps
, ABP.

. , bit

. (4.2) (4.1),

108

KEAAIO 4: E

hABP

2.048
0, 03125
.536
65
=
65%
=
2.048
1.024
100
0, 047875
+
+2
65.536 65.536
2 105

, , 35%, .
4.2
4.4, 1.000 Km 2 Mbps;

p

. ,
1 p.
X
. S ( (4.1)). ,
T
. 4.5.
4.5:
, . , p,
S.
, 1 p, T.

109

4.2 BIT

[T,1 - p]

[S,p]

T
4.5

bit.

, X
ABP
E[ X ] = pS + (1 - p )(T + E[ X ]) E[ X ] = S + T

1- p
p

(4.3)

, , , E[X] . , , ABP(p) ABP

hABP ( p ) =

TRANSP
p TRANSP
=
E[ X ]
pS + (1 - p )T

(4.4)

4.3
4.6. ,
1024 bits ACK 256 bits.
ABP, (RTT).
;

110

KEAAIO 4: E

4.6

4.3.

10 Mbps
100 Km

2105 Km/s
p=1

128 Kbps
2Km

3105 Km/s
p = 0,9

4.2.3 XMODEM

XMODEM ,
modems. XMODEM bit. Ward Cristensen 1977,
. .

128

CNUM

DATA

CKS

XMODEM.

NUM

4.7

SOH

Bytes

XMODEM 4.7. (Start of Header, SOH) 0000001,

(NUM) .
NUM 8 bits, modulo 256.
NUM ,
XMODEM CNUM,
1 NUM,
bits NUM. DATA (128 bytes)
. , CKS (checksum )
128 bytes DATA (modulo 256) .
XMODEM, XMODEM CRC,
(Cyclic Redundancy
Check, CRC) 16 bit.
, -

111

4.2 BIT

(negative ACK NACK) , ..

15 . NACK 00010101. ,
NACK
, ACK .

ACK (
00000110), , NACK, . ACK .
NACK .
( ,
). , 15
, NACK.
XMODEM
.
, EOT (end of text 00000100) .
XMODEM ,
(
.. ).
XMODEM 1K YMODEM ( DATA
1024 bytes) ZMODEM (
).

4.3
modems Kermit. XMODEM,
ABP. , ,
XMODEM.
Kermit ,
.

112

KEAAIO 4: E

4.3 N

a
:
(GBN),
GBN (sliding window protocol),
GBN,
, , ,
100%, ,
GBN.
(GO BACK N GBN) ABP, . GBN
, ABP .
GBN
, .
LAPB, X.25 GO BACK N.
4.3.1 GO BACK N

, . W.
0, 1, 2, , W 1
, T, -

113

4 . 3 O N

.
ACK 0 0,
W. , ACK 1,
W + 1. , W .
T; ,
.
, , ,
n, n, n + 1, n + 2, , n + W 1.
n + 1 n.
4.5
4.8 , GO BACK N
W = 4 .
0, 1, 2, 3.
. , .
ACK 0 ACK 1, (4 5, ) , .

0 1 2 3

4 5 2 3

4 5 6 7

4 5 6 7

( )

4.8

( )

114

KEAAIO 4: E

, ACK 2
. ,
2 , 2, 3,
4 5. 2, 3 5 ,
.
4 .
, 4, 5, 6 7
, ...
GBN ABP. , ABP, 3 , .

a 4.4
GBN (negative ACKs NACKs).
, NACK,

. , , NACK ,
.

4.9

4.4.

4.9 .
,
() GBN
() GBN .
5.

A 0 1 2 3 4

115

4 . 3 N

4.3.2 GO BACK N

.

S
. , ,
S = TRANSP + TRANSA +2 PROP

(4.5)

TRANSP , TRANSA PROP ,

.
GBN, 0, 1, 2, , W 1
0, S . , W,
S . W + 1, . , S , W . , GBN
W TRANSP
S
S W TRANSP,
. , S < W
TRANSP, , GBN 100%.
, GBN GBN, ,
W TRANSP

hGBN = min 1,

(4.6)

4.6
100 Km

116

KEAAIO 4: E

. 1024 bits, 256 bits,

34 Mbps , GBN ABP.
TRANSP S
TRANSP =
S=

1.024
0, 029 msec
34 1.024 1.024

1.024
256
100
+
+2
1, 036 msec
34 1.024 1.024 34 1.024 1.024
2 105

(4.2) ABP
hABP =

0, 029
2, 8% .
1, 036

, W, GBN
W 0, 029

1, 036

hGBN = min 1,

, GBN
W = 2, 5,6%.
, . ,
100%, 36.

4.10
GO BACK N, n
n .
p , n n 1 ,
TRANSP, n 1 .
, , 1 p,
, T, n .

117

4 . 3 O N

[T,1 - p]

[T,1 - p]

[T,1 - p]

4.10

GO BACK N,
n n
.

[TRANSP, p]

[TRANSP, p]

n -1

n -2

n 1 , . , E[X]
, n
n 1, n,
E[ X ] = p TRANSP + (1 - p )(T + E[ X ]) E[ X ] = TRANSP + T

1- p
p

(4.7)

,
GO BACK N
hGBN ( p ) =

TRANSP
=
E[ X ]

TRANSP
1- p
TRANSP + T
p

(4.8)

T
100% ,
T = W TRANSP
GBN (p)
hGBN ( p ) =

1
1- p
1 +W
p

(4.9)

118

KEAAIO 4: E

4.3.3 GBN
.25

, .25 , . ,
.
.25 ITU T 1, 2 3 .
.25 1976 . .25 1984, .
.25 PLP (packet layer
protocol). , .25 , X.21bis,
EIA/TIA 232 G.703. ,
LAPB (link access protocol, Balanced).
LAPB HDLC 3.1.2 ( 4.11). (address + control)
CRC 16 bits, bit (flags) .
bits
8

16

Flag

address

control

CRC

Flag

PLP{
4.11

LAPB.

LAPB{

119

4 . 3 N

: I, S U. I (information frames),
. S (supervisory frames) U (unnumbered frames) .
LAPB GO BACK N
,
1 8. I S . LAPB
4.12.
4.12, (, ,
I) Ns, 3 bits, modulo 8.
Bits
TYO


Information


Supervisory

Frames

ENTOH


I

AOKPIH

RR

RR

RNR

RNR

REJ

REJ

SAMB
DISC
Unnumbered

Frames

PR
RNR
REJ
SAMB

Nr

P/F

Nr

P/F

Nr

P/F

Nr

DM

UA

FRMR

: Receive Ready
: Receive Not Ready
: Reject
: Set Asynchronous
Balanced Mode

Ns

DISC
DM
UA
FRMR
P/F

: Disconnect
: Disconnect Mode
: Unnumbered ACK
: Frame Reject
: Poll/Final
4.12

LAPB.

120

KEAAIO 4: E

, I , Nr,
bits 6, 7 8 .
; ,
(piggy backing),
4.2. , Ns . , I
, Nr 1 , Nr.
, LAPB , ,
S. , RR (receive ready) ,
Nr 1 . RNR (receive not ready)
Nr 1,
. RR. ,
REJ NACK Nr .
, U
.
4.4

:
(SRP),
SRP GBN,
,
SRP,
SRP,
, -

4.4

, ,
ABP, GBN SRP
.
GBN,
(selective repeat protocol SRP) .
4.3, GBN
. ,
1 , 2, 3,, W , . ,
GBN, . ,
, SRP
.
4.4.1 SRP

,
. , , .

,
, . , .
W T . , (0, 1,
2, 3, ...), . , SRP
:
1. . ,
,
T, .

121

122

KEAAIO 4: E

2. W .
3. , L 0, 1, 2,, L. , L + 1, L + 2,, L + W.
4. .
, ,
.
5. , R
0, 1, 2,, R. ,
{R (W 1), R (W
2), , R, R + 1, , R + W}.
{R (W 1), R (W 2), , R},
. {R + 1, R +
2, , R + W} , , ,
. ,
W 1 .
3, ,
5 .
4.5
4.13 , SRP W
= 4 . .
; ,
SRP;

SRP
SRP , . -

123

4.4

, modulo K,
K.
1 5 4.4.1, , , o
{R (W 1), R (W 2), , R, R +
1, , R + W}, R
W .
, ,
, modulo 2W, W . , 0, 1, 2, , 2W 1.

4.5.

0 1 2 3

4 1 2 5

6 7 8 9

4.13

6 10 11 12

3
2 2

1
4 4
3 3
2 2 2 5

6
9
8
7 10 1112

( )

9
8 8
7 7 7

( )

4.4
,
SRP,
.

124

KEAAIO 4: E

4.4.2 SRP

,
4.3.2, SRP
GBN.
, SRP SRP, ,
W TRANSP

hSRP = min 1,

(4.10)

W , TRANSP S .
, SRP . , SRP .
, ,
(1 p) W 10%
p T
100%
,
T = W TRANSP

(4.11)

, SRP(p)

hSRP ( p )

2 + (1 - p )(W - 1)
2 + (1 - p )(3W - 1)

(4.12)

(4.12),
Walrand (1997), . 180.
, (4.11) p = 0,995,
W = 20, (4.12) (4.9)
SRP(p) 91,3% GBN(p) 90,9% . , SRP

125

4.4

GBN,
. , ABP (ABP(p) 5% ).
4.6
:

(ABP, GBN SRP),

. ,
GBN.

ABP.

,
GBN SRP
.

(pipeline)

.

, (n + W)
, n
, W .

126

KEAAIO 4: E

, OSI.
:
() bit (ABP), () (GBN) ()
(SRP).

:
.
, . , .
, .
ABP: ,
. , .
ABP, : 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1,.
(GO BACK N GBN) ABP,
.
GBN, : 0, 1,, W, 0, 1,, W,, W
.
W .
GBN,
. , , .
GBN
(NACKs).
SRP

YNOH

.
SRP, : 0, 1,, 2W 1, 0, 1,, 2W 1,
W .
SRP, . ,
.
, SRP GBN.
, SRP GBN.

127

128

KEAAIO 4: E

Walrand (1998),
Bertsekas Gallager (1992) Tanenbaum (1996).
Walrand Tanenbaum .
(1997) . . (1992) .

.25, 11
. . (1997).

, , .
3 Tanenbaum (1996), Lai Jirachiefpattana (1998). ,
Petri, , Peterson (1981).
[1] Jean Walrand. Communications Networks: A First Course. Second Edition.
McGraw Hill. ISBN 0 256 17404 0. (1998).
[2] Dimitri Bertsekas and Robert Gallager. Data Networks. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0
13 200916 1. (1992).
[3] Andrew Tanenbaum. Computer Networks. Third Edition. Prentice Hall, Inc.
ISBN 0 13 349945 6. (1996).
[4] Jean Walrand. . : .
. ISBN 960 7510 45 3. (1997).
[5] Andrew Tanenbaum. . :
. . ISBN 960 7182 00 6. (1992).
[6] . . . ISBN 960 220 086 3. (1997).
[7] Richard Lai and Ajin Jirachiefpattana. Communication Protocol Specification
and Verification. Kluwer Academic. ISBN 0792382846. (1998).
[8] James Lyle Peterson. Petri Net Theory and the Modeling of Systems. Prentice
Hall. ISBN 0136619835. (1981).