20th October Test prep

Periodic Law
the physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic
functions of their atomic numbers.
Periodic Table
an arrangement of the elements in order of their atomic numbers so
that elements with similar properties fall in the same column, or group.
Lanthanides
the 14 elements with atomic numbers 58 to 71.
Actinides
the 14 elements with atomic numbers 90 to 103.
Periodicity
can be observed in any group of elements in the periodic table with
respect to atomic number.
Vertically arranged elements on the periodic table are called
what?
Groups or families
Horizontally arranged elements on the periodic table are called
what?
Periods
Group 1 of the periodic table is called what?
Alkali metals
Group 2 of the periodic table is called what?
Alakline-earth metals
Groups 3-12 of the periodic table are called what?
Transition metals
The staircase on the periodic table separates what 2 types of
elements?
Metalloids (AKA Semiconductors) from metals
Groups 14-16 contain what type of elements?
Metalloids, metals, and nonmetals
Group 17 of the periodic table is called what?
Halogens
Group 18 of the periodic table is called what?
Noble gases
Main-Group Elements
the p-block elements together with teh s-block elements.
Atomic Radius
defined as one-half the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms
that are bonded together.
What tends to happen to the atomic radii across a period?
Atomic radii across a period gets smaller due to the increasing positive
charge of the nucleus.
What tends to happen to the atomic radii down a group?
Atomic radii down a group increases.
Ionization Energy (IE)

20th October Test prep

the energy required to remove one electron from a neutral atom of an
element.
Ionization
any process that results in the formation of an ion.
What tends to happen to the ionization energy across a
period?
Ionization energy across a period increases.
What tends to happen to the ionization energy down a group?
Ionization energy down a group decreases.
Each successive electron removed from an ion feels what?
...an increasingly stronger effective nuclear charge (the nuclear charge
minus the electron shielding).
Electron Affinity
the energy change that occurs when an electron is acquired by a
neutral atom.
What tends to happen to the electron affinity across a period?
Electron affinity across a period increases.
Ionic Radius
based on electron configuration.
What tends to happen to the ionic radii across a period?
Ionic radii of both anions and cations get smaller across a period.
What tends to happen to the ionic radii down a group?
Ionic radii of both anions and cations get larger down a group.
Valence Electrons
the electron available to be lost, gained, or shared in the formation of
chemical compounds.
Electronegativity
a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to attract
electrons from another atom in the compound.
What tends to happen to electronegativity across a period?
Electronegativity across a period increases (although there are a few
hiccups).
What tends to happen to electronegativity down a group?
Electronegativity down a group tends to decrease or remain the same.
Ions have...
...different amount of electrons in them.
Can ions be neutral?
No, ions are always either positive or negative.
Cations
ions with a positive charge (more protons than electrons)
Anions
ions with a negative charge (more electrons than protons)
Pauling Scale
used to calculate electronegativity and is based directly on the energy
of particular bonds within a molecule.