PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON

NM HC 2011-2012

H THNG MT S K THUT GII

PHNG TRNH, BT PHNG TRNH CHA CN THC.
Thy: Nguyn Hong Tun
Li ni u:
Trong cc thi tuyn sinh i Hc v Cao ng ca cc nm gn y, th bi ton gii phng
trnh v bt phng trnh c cha cn thc thng xut hin v ch tp trung vo cc php bin i c
bn a v mt phng trnh v bt phng trnh i s tng ng. c s phn cng ca T
Ton, ti xin php h thng li mt s k thut gii c bn, gip cc em hc sinh h thng kin
thc, chun b bc vo k thi Tuyn Sinh i Hc.
Ti xin php h thng li cc k thut c bn sau:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

Cc dng c bn (cc nh l tng ng).

Phng php t n ph.
Phng php nhn lin hp.
Phng php dng tnh cht hm s.
Mt s phng php khc: xt du, dng bt ng thc, .
I . CC DNG C BN: (CC NH L TNG NG)
B 0
B 0
B 0 B 0

1) A B
2)
3)
A

0
A

2
2
A

0
A

A B

2
A B
4) Dng c cha nhiu cn thc.
* Phng php chung l:
a) t iu kin cho cc cn thc c ngha,
b) Bin i 2 v, khng m (nu l cn bc chn).
c) Ly tha a v dng c bn.

VD1: Gii phng trnh:

x2 6x 6 2x 1

x 1/ 2
2 x 1 0
x 1/ 2

Gii: Pt 2
2
x 1
x 1
2
x 6 x 6 (2 x 1)
3 x 2 x 5 0
x 5 / 3

Vy tp nghim l: S = {1}.
VD2: Gii phng trnh:

3x 4 2 x 1 x 3

2 x 1 0

Gii: iu kin: 3 x 4 0 x 1 / 2 . Vi iu kin t,

x 3 0

T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG

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PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON

NM HC 2011-2012

Pt 2 x 1 x 3 3x 4 2 x 1 x 3 2 (2 x 1)( x 3) 3x 4.
x 1 / 2
(2 x 1)( x 3) 0
x 3
Vy tp nghim l: S = {1/2}
VD3: Gii bt phng trnh:

( x 5)(3x 4) 4( x 1)

4( x 1) 0
4( x 1) 0
Gii: Bpt
hoc
2
( x 5)(3 x 4) 0
( x 5)(3x 4) 16( x 1)
x 1
x 1
hoc 2

x 5 x 4 / 3
13x 51x 4 0

x 5 4 / 3 x 1 1 x 4
Vy tp nghim l: S ( ; 5] [4 / 3;4)
VD4: Tm m, pt:

2 x 2 ( m 2) x 8 2 x c nghim.

2 x 0
x 2
Gii: Pt 2

2
2
2 x ( m 2) x 8 (2 x )
x ( m 2) x 4 0 (*)
Phng trnh cho c nghim Pt (*) c nghim x 2 .
Pt (*) x 2 2 x 4 mx ( x 2 )
+ Xt x = 0: khng tha pt.

x2 2x 4
+ Xt x ( ;2] \ {0} . Pt (*) m
x
x2 2x 4
t hm s f(x)
. Kho st s bin thin ca hm s vi x ( ;2] \ {0}
x
Pt c nghim m ( ; 2] [6; )
VD5: Tm m, bpt: mx x 3 m 1 c nghim.
Gii: iu kin: x 3
Bpt m( x 1) x 3 1 m

T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG

x 3 1
(v x 3 ) (*)
x 1
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PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON

NM HC 2011-2012

Bpt cho c nghim Bpt (*) c nghim x 3

x 3 1
x 1

m max f ( x )
x 3

Dng o hm, kho st hm s f trn [3; )

/s: m

1 3
4

* BI TP NGH:
B1: (Dng c bn) Gii:
1)

2x2 4x 1 x 1

2) ( x 3) 10 x 2 x 2 x 12

3)

2x 1 2x 3

4)

/s: 1) 1 3

2) 3

2x2 1 1 x
4) ( ; 1 3) ( 1 3; ) .

3) [5 / 2; )

B2: (Dng cha nhiu cn thc) Gii:

1) 2 x 3 2 x 2 2
3)

x 3 x 1 x 2

5)

x2
3x 2 1 x
3x 2

/s: 1) 1

2) 0

3) ( 28 / 3; )

2)

x 4 1 x 1 2x

4)

5x 1 3x 2 x 1 0

4) [1; 2]

5) 1.

B3: Tm tt c gi tr tham s m, :
1) Pt x 4 x 2 1 mx

1
c ng 2 nghim thc
2

2) Pt x x x 12 m( 5 x 4 x ) c nghim

/s: m [0;2]
/s: m [2 3( 5 2);12]

3) Pt

x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 m c nghim.

/s: m ( 1;1)

4) Pt

2 x 2 mx 3 x c nghim duy nht

/s: m 6

5) Bpt

4 x 2 16 4 x m c nghim.

6) Bpt: m. 2 x 2 7 x m nghim ng vi mi x.
T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG

/s: m 14
/s: m 21 / 6
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PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON

NM HC 2011-2012

II. PHNG PHP T N PH:

* y l mt k thut trng tm nht, c s dng bin i phng trnh, bt phng
trnh v dng quen thuc v n gin hn.
* Phng php ny, gm cc bc c bn sau:
1) t n ph thch hp v tm iu kin ca n ph.
- Hc sinh thng sai st bc ny.
- Tuy vy, trong bi ton gii th bc ny c th b qua, ta ch cn t iu kin
cho cc k hiu c ngha thc hin cch gii.
2) Chuyn PT, BPT v cc PT, BPT vi n mi. Gii v so iu kin nu c.
3) Tm nghim ca PT, BPT u theo h thc t.
LOI 1:
+ t t = u(x). Ta c mt phng trnh f(t) = 0 (hay btpt )
+ Gii tm t. Gii phng trnh t = u(x), tm nghim x ?
VD1: Gii phng trnh: ( x 4)( x 1) 3 x 2 5 x 2 6
Gii: iu kin: x 2 5 x 2 0
Nhn xt: ( x 4)( x 1) x 2 5 x 2 2 .
t t x 2 5 x 2 0 . Ta c PT: t 2 3t 4 0
Gii c t = 4 (loi t = 1).
Vi t = 4, gii Pt:

x 2
x 2 5x 2 4
x 7

Vy tp nghim l S = {2; 7}
VD2: Gii Bpt:

7 x 7 7 x 6 2 49 x 2 7 x 42 181 14 x

7 x 7 0
6
Gii: iu kin:
x
7
7 x 6 0
Nhn xt: (7 x 7)(7 x 6) 49 x 2 7 x 42
t t =

7 x 7 7 x 6 (ta ch cn iu kin: t 0 )

Ta c Bpt: t 2 t 182 0 0 t 13

x 7
Tm li: Bpt 7 x 7 7 x 6 13
49 x 2 7 x 42 84 7 x

T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG

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PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON

NM HC 2011-2012

6
x
x [ ;6)
7

7
1183x 7098

6
Vy tp nghim Bpt l: S [ ;6)
7
VD3: Gii Bpt: 5 x

5
2 x

2x

1
4 .
2x

Gii: iu kin: x > 0.

Nhn xt: ( x

t: t x

1
2 x

1
2 x

)2 x

1
1
4x

1
t2 1 ( t 0 )
4x

(ta ch cn iu kin t 0 ; thc ra, p dng BT CAUCHY th t 2 ).

0t

Ta c Bpt: 2t 5t 2 0
2

t 2
2

1
, Bpt 16 x 2 12 x 4 0. Bpt v nghim.
2
(nu vi iu kin t 2 , th ta loi trng hp ny)
3

0 x 2

2
+ Vi t > 2. Bpt 4 x 2 12 x 1 0
x 3 2

2
+ Vi 0 t

3
3
Vy tp nghim l: S (0; 2) ( 2; )
2
2
VD4: Tm m, phng trnh sau c nghim thc: x 2 2 4 x 2 x 2 5 4 x 2 m
Gii: t t 4 x 2 x 2 4 t 2 . Ta c Pt: m t 2 2t 5 (*)
Nhn xt: + Nu ta t iu kin t 0 , th Pt(*) khng tng ng Pt cho.
Do ta c: 0 t 4 x 2 (2 x )(2 x )

2 x2 x
(BT CAUCHY)
2

t [0;2]
T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG

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PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON

NM HC 2011-2012

PT cho m t 2 2t 5 (*), vi t [0;2]

Ta tm m, Pt(*) c nghim t [0;2]
/s: m [5;6]

1
VD5: Tm m, BPT sau c tha vi mi x [ ;3] : (1 2 x )(3 x ) m 2 x 2 5 x 3
2
Gii: t t (1 2 x )(3 x ) t 2 2 x 2 5 x 3

1
7 2
Vi x [ ;3] t [0;
] (dng BT Cauchy hay o hm t)
2
4
BPT cho m t 2 t 6 , t [0;

7 2
7 2
] m min f (t ) t 2 t 6 , t [0;
]
4
4

m 6
BI TP NGH:
B1: Gii cc PT v BPT sau:
1) 3x 2 21x 18 2 x 2 7 x 7 2
3)

x x2 1 x x2 1 2

2 x 3 x 1 3x 2 2 x 2 5x 3 16 .

2)

4) ( x 3)( x 1) 4( x 3)

x 1
3
x3

5) 6 ( x 2)( x 32) x 2 34 x 48

6) 2 x ( x 1) 1 x 2 x 1

7) (2 x 2) 2 x 1 6( x 1)

8)

/s:

1) {6; 1}

2) 3

6) ( ;0) (1; )

3) 1
7) [1; 5]

1
3x

1
2
1 x
1 x2

4) 1 5;1 13

5) ( ;0] [34; )

8) ( 1;1 / 2) (2 / 5 ;1) .

B2: Vi gi tr no ca m, th:
2

1 x
1 x
1) Pt:
1 0 c nghim.
2m
x
x

/s: m 5 / 4

2) Pt: 1 x 8 x (1 x )(8 x ) m c nghim.

9
/s: m [3; 3 2]
2

T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG

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PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON

3) Pt

x 4 4 x m 4 x 4 4 x m 6 c nghim.

NM HC 2011-2012

/s: m 19

4) Pt: m( 1 x 2 1 x 2 2) 2 1 x 4 1 x 2 1 x 2 c nghim. /s: m [0; 2 1]

5) Pt: ( x 2 2 x 2)3 4 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2 4 x m c 4 nghim phn bit. /s: m ( 4; 1)
6) Bpt: ( x 2 1)2 m x x 2 2 4 c tha vi mi x [0;1] .

/s: m 3

7) Bpt: 4 (4 x )(2 x ) x 2 2 x m 18 c tha vi mi x [2;4] . /s: m 10

LOI 2: MT S K THUT T N PH KHC.
1) t t = u(x). Ta a v phng trnh f (x; t) = 0.
2) t 2 n s ph u = u(x); v = v(x). a v h c cha u, v.
3) Dng n ph lng gic, a v PT lung gic.
VD1: Gii phng trnh sau: (4 x 1) x 2 1 2 x 2 2 x 1
Gii: t t x 2 1 1 x 2 t 2 1 .

1
t
Ta c Pt: 2t (4 x 1)t 2 x 1 0 ( t 1) 2

t 2 x 1
2

Loi t =

x 1
1
4
. Vi t = 2x 1, Pt x 2 1 2 x 1 1 2
x
2
3
3 x 4 x 0

4
Vy tp nghim l: S = { }
3
2 x 3 1 x 1

VD 2: Gii phng trnh sau:

Gii: iu kin: x 2 . t: u x 2 0; v 3 1 x

u v 1
Ta c h: 2
. Gii h ny ta c 2 trng hp:
3
u

u 2
+ Vi
x2
v 1

u 1 2
+ Vi
x 1 2 2
v 2

Vy tp nghim l: S {2;1 2 2}
VD3: Tm tt c gi tr m, phng trnh:

1 x 3 1 x m c nghim.

Gii: t u 3 1 x ; v 3 1 x
T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG

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PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON

u v m
S m
Ta c h: 3 3
(*) 3
u v 2
S 3SP 2

NM HC 2011-2012

vi S = u + v, P = uv

Phng trnh cho c nghim H (*) c nghim S 2 4 P 0

+ Xt m = 0: Khng tha h

m3 2
+ Xt m 0 . Gii h c S m ; P
m
m3 2
Tm li: S 4 P 0 m 4(
)0 0m2
m
2

Vy gi tr m cn tm l: m (0;2]

10

VD4: Gii phng trnh sau:

1 x2

8
9x
x

Gii: iu kin: x 0 .
Nhn xt: bi ton c cha

k 2 x 2 ; ta t x = k.tant vi t ( ; ) \ {0} .
2 2

t: x = tant vi t ( ; ) \ {0} .
2 2
Ta uc PT lng gic: 10sin 3 t 17sin 2 t 10sin t 8 0

sin t

sin t

1
3
3
(cos t
) tan t
3 .
2
2
4
3
4

(cos t )
tan t

5
5
3

3 4
Vy tp ngim l: S
;
3 3
BI TP NGH:
B1: Gii cc PT sau:

3 59
10

1) 6 x 2 10 x 5 (4 x 1) 6 x 2 6 x 5 0

/s: x

2) 2 x 2 3 x 2 x 3x 2

/s: S = {1; 2}

T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG

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PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON

3) 2(1 x ) x 2 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 1

NM HC 2011-2012

/s: x 1 6

B2: Gii cc PT sau:

1)

1
1
x
x 1
2
2

17 1 1
/s: S ; ;
2 2 2

2)

97 x 4 x 5

/s: S = {16; 81}

3)

x x2 1 x x2 1 2

/s: x = 1

4)

3x 2 2 x 15 3x 2 2 x 8 7

/s: S = {1; 1/3}

5) 2( x 2 2) 5 x 3 1
Hng dn: u x 1 0 ; v x 2 x 1

5 37 5 37
/s: S
;

2
2

B3: Gii cc PT sau:

1) x 2 x 5 5
2)

x2 x 5 x2 8x 4 5

1 21 1 17
/s: S = {
;
}
2
2
/s: x = 2

B4: Gii cc PT sau:

1) 1 x 2 x 2(1 2 x 2 )

/s: S = { 2 / 2; 2(1 3) / 4}

2) 1 1 x 2 x(1 2 1 x 2 )

1
/s: S ;1
2

Hng dn: 1) v 2) t x = sint vi t [ ; ]
2 2
3)

2 1 x2
3
3

1 1 x . (1 x ) (1 x )

3
2

1 x 2 0
Hng dn: iu kin:
x (0;1]
1 x 1 x

t x = cost vi t [0; )
2
T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG

/s: x 1 / 6

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NM HC 2011-2012

III . PHNG PHP NHN LIN HP:

+ y l nt c trng ca PT v BPT c cha cn thc.
+ Trong mt s bi ton, m vic thc hin cc php bin i a v mt bi
ton tng ng qu phc tp, ta c th nhn vi mt biu thc lin hp lm xut
hin mt nhn t chung. t nhn t chung, ta chuyn v gii mt bi ton n gin
hn.
+ Do cn xut hin nhn t chung, nn du hiu ca phng php ny l:
- Cn nhm nghim phng trnh hay nhm biu thc chung.
- Thm, bt gi tr v thc hin nhn lin hp.
x3
VD1: Gii phng trnh sau:
4 x 1 3x 2
5
Gii: (Bi tp ny, c nhiu cch gii. Ti xin gii thiu mt cch gii khc).
iu kin: x

2
. T iu kin ny, ta suy ra: x 3 0 v
3

Pt 4 x 1 3 ( 3x 2 2)

x3
1
5

4( x 2)
3( x 2)
x2
(do:

5
4x 1 3
3x 2 2

4 x 1 3x 2 .

(ta nhm c x = 2)

4 x 1 3 0 ; 3x 2 2 0 )

3
3
1
1

( x 2).

= 0 (*)
3x 2 2
4x 1 3 5
4x 1 3

3
3
v

4x 1 3
3x 2 2

Do: 4 x 1 3 3x 2 2

4x 1 3 5

1
1

4x 1 3 5

Nn Pt (*) x = 2
Vy: phng trnh c nghim x = 2.

x 2 3x 2 x 2 4 x 3 2 x 2 5 x 4 .

VD 2: Gii bt phng trnh sau:

Gii: iu kin: x 1 x 4 .
Bpt

x 2 3x 2 x 2 5x 4 x 2 4 x 3 x 2 5x 4 0 (*)

( x 1).[

M:

2
x 3x 2 x 5x 4
2

2
x 2 3x 2 x 2 5 x 4

1
x 4 x 3 x 2 5x 4
2

1
x 2 4 x 3 x2 5x 4

]0

0,

Bpt (*) x 1
T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG

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NM HC 2011-2012

Vy so iu kin t, tp nghim bt phng trnh l: S [4; ) {1}

BI TP NGH:
Gii cc phng trnh v bt phng trnh sau:
1) 3(2 x 2) 2 x x 6

11 3 5
/s: S 3;

x
x2
2)
2
2
2(1 1 x ) 2

/s: x = 8

3) x 2 9 x 20 2. 3 x 10

/s: x = 3

x 2 12 5 3x x 2 5

4)

/s: x = 2

5) x 2 x 12 x 1 36

/s: x = 3

6) 4( x 1)2 (2 x 10)(1 3 2 x )2

3
/s: S [ ;3) \ {1}
2

2 x 2 1 x 2 3x 2 2 x 2 2 x 3 x 2 x 2

7)
8)

9)

2x2
9 2x
x2

1 1 x

x 21

x4

/s: S = ( ; 2]
9 7
/s: S [ ; ) \ {0}
2 2

/s: S = [1; 8)

IV . PHNG PHP DNG TNH CHT HM S:

1) L 1: Cho phng trnh f(x) = 0 c tp xc nh D.
Nu hm s f ng bin (hay nghch bin) trn D v tn ti x0 D sao cho
f ( x0 ) 0 th phng trnh f(x) = 0 c nghim duy nht x = x0 D
* H QU: Nu hm s f ng bin (hay nghch bin) trn D th
f ( x ) f ( y ) x y trn D.
2) L 2: Cho phng trnh f(x) = g(x) c tp xc nh D.
Nu hm s f ng bin; hm s g nghch bin trn D v tn ti x0 D sao
cho f ( x0 ) g ( x0 ) th phng trnh f(x) = g(x) c nghim duy nht x = x0 D .
3) L 3: Cho bt phng trnh f(x) > 0 c tp xc nh D.
Nu hm s f ng bin (hay nghch bin) trn D v tn ti x0 D sao cho
f ( x ) f ( x0 ) 0 th bt phng trnh f(x) > 0 c nghim l x x0 ; x D
( x x0 ; x D ).
T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG

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PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON

VD1: Gii phng trnh:

Gii: iu kin: x

NM HC 2011-2012

x 2 4x 1 7 x

1
4

Nhn xt: Nu gii trc tip, rt kh khn

Pt x 2 4 x 1 x 7 .

1
t f ( x ) x 2 4 x 1 x ( x ) v nhm nghim: x = 2.
4
C f '( x )

1
2
1

1 0 (x ) .
4
2 x2
4x 1

1
Nn hm s f ng bin trn ( ; ) .
4
Hay phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l x = 2.
VD 2: Gii phng trnh:

6
8

6
3 x
2 x

Gii: iu kin: x < 2

t f ( x )

6
8

3 x
2 x

C: f '( x )

6(3 x )
2(2 x )

0 ( x 2)
2
2(3 x )
(2 x )2

(x < 2) v nhm nghim: x

3
2

Nn hm s f ng bin trn ( ;2) .

Hay phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l x
VD 3: Gii phng trnh:

3
.
2

x 2 4 x x 2 6 x 11 .

Gii: iu kin: x [2;4]

a s cc cch gii u s dng BT Bunhiacpxki (hay BT Cauchy) tuy nhin BT
Bunhiacpxki khng c thit k trong chng trnh gio khoa. Ti ngh gii bng phng php
hm s.
t f ( x ) x 2 4 x , x [2;4] .

T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG

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Tnh o hm v kho st ta c:

NM HC 2011-2012

2 f ( x ) 2 (1)

t g ( x ) x 2 6 x 11 ( x 3)2 2 2 (2)

f ( x) 2
T (1) v (2): Phng trnh
x 3.
g
(
x
)

Hay nghim phng trnh l: x = 3.

VD4: Gii phng trnh:

x2 x 1 x2 x 1 2 .

Gii: Bi ton ny, c th gii bng phng php ta hay BT Cauchy. Ti ngh gii bng
phng php hm s.
t f ( x ) x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 , x .
C: f '( x )

(2 x 1). x 2 x 1 (2 x 1). x 2 x 1
2. x 2 x 1. x 2 x 1

f '( x ) 0 (2 x 1). x 2 x 1 (2 x 1). x 2 x 1 .

Bnh phng 2 v, gii phng trnh c x = 0, th li tha. Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f, ta
c: f ( x ) 2 . ng thc xy ra khi x = 0 hay nghim phng trnh l x = 0.
x x2 9

VD5: Gii bpt:

x 2 37

x 1 5

Gii: iu kin: x 0 .
t f ( x ) x x 2 9
C: f '( x )

1
2 x

x
x 9
2

x2
37
( x 0 ) v nhm: f( 4 ) = .
x 1
5

3
0 x 0
( x 1)2

Nn hm s f ng bin trn (0; )

Hay Bpt f ( x ) f (4) x 4 .
Tp nghim bt phng trnh l S = [0; 4).
VD6: Gii phng trnh: 2 x 3 10 x 2 17 x 8 2 x 2 . 3 5 x x 3
Gii: + Xt x = 0: khng tha phng trnh.

T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG

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+ Xt x 0 , chia 2 v phng trnh cho x 3 v t y

NM HC 2011-2012

1
( y 0)
x

Ta c phng trnh: 8 y 3 17 y 2 10 y 2 2 3 5 y 2 1 (*).

(*) (2 y 1)3 2(2 y 1) 5 y 2 1 2 3 5 y 2 1 .

t f (t ) t 3 2t , d dng chng minh c hm f ng bin trn .
Pt (*) f (2 y 1) f ( 3 5 y 2 1)

3 5 y 2 1 2 y 1 8 y 3 17 y 2 6 y 0 .
Gii phng trnh ny c: y

17 97
1 17 97
. Suy ra: x
16
y
12

Vy nghim phng trnh l: x

17 97
12

BI TP NGH: Gii cc phng trnh v bt phng trnh sau:

1
.
2

1)

4x 1 4x2 1 1

/s: x

2)

x 2 15 x 2 8 3 x 2

/s: x = 1.

3)

2x 3 5 2x x2 4x 6 0

/s: x = 2.

4)

2 x2 2

5)
6)

1
1
4 (x )
2
x
x

x 2 2 x 2 3x 1 x 2

4 x 1 x x 1

/s: x = 1.
HD: f(t) = t 2 2 t (t 0)

/s: x

1
3

/s: S = (0; 4].

V . MT S K THUT KHC:
Sau y, ti xin php gii thiu thm mt s k thut khc gii PT v BPT c cha cn thc.
1) Phng php ta :
+ Thng c du hiu: cn bc hai ca mt tam thc v nghim.
+ Gi cho ta v di ca mt vect.


+ Ta c: u v u v . ng thc xy ra u; v cng chiu.
T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG

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PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON

VD1: Gii phng trnh:

NM HC 2011-2012

x 2 x 1 x 2 3x 1 2 (*)

Gii: Nhn xt: hai tam thc x 2 x 1; x 2 3x 1 u v nghim.

1
3
3
1
Pt ( x )2 ( )2 (
x ) 2 ( )2 =
2
2
2
2

1 3 3
1
t: u x ;
x;
;v
2 2
2

3 1 3 1
uv
;
v c u v 2
2
2
1
x


2 3 0 x 3 1 l nghim pt .
Ta c u v u v , nn Pt(*) u; v cng chiu
3
x
2
VD2: Tm m, phng trnh sau c nghim: 4 x 2 2 x 1 4 x 2 2 x 1 2m (*)

1
3
1
3
Gii: Pt (2 x )2 ( )2 (2 x )2 ( )2 2m
2
2
2
2

1 3
1 3
t u 2 x ;
; v 2x ;

2 2
2 2

u v (1;0)

Pt (*) u v 2m


Ta c: u v u v (ng thc khng xy ra). Do vy:
1 1
Pt (*) c nghim 2m 1 m ( ; )
2 2
BI TP NGH:
Gii cc phng trnh:
1)

x2 x 1 x2 x 1 2

/s: x = 0.

2)

x 2 2 x 5 x 2 2 x 10 29

/s: x = 1/5.

3)

cos 2 x 2cos x 5 cos2 x 4 cos x 8 5 , x (0;2 )

/s: x

T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG

3
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PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON

4)

x 2 4 x 5 x 2 2 x 10 16 x 2 40 x 26 6

NM HC 2011-2012

/s: x = 5/4.

2) Phng php bt ng thc:

Do BT Bunhiacpxki khng c ging dy chng trnh gio
khoa bc ph thng , trong phn ny , ti gii thiu cc phung php
sau:
+ Phng php tng khng m.
+ Phng php i lp.
+ Phng php dng BT Cauchy.
VD1: Gii phng trnh: x 2 4 x 5 2 2 x 3 0
Gii: iu kin: x

3
2

Nhn xt: H s trc

2 x 3 bng 2, gi cho ta a v hng ng thc.

x 1 0
Pt ( x 1)2 (1 2 x 3)2 0
1 2 x 3 0
/s: x = 1.
VD2: Cho phng trnh:

x 1 x 2m x(1 x ) 2 4 x(1 x ) m3 (*).

a) Gii Pt khi m = 1;

b) Tm m, pt c nghim duy nht.

Gii: a) Khi m = 1, ta c Pt:

x 1 x 2 x (1 x ) 2 4 x (1 x ) 1

Bin i 1 = x + 1 x.
Pt ( 4 x 4 1 x )2 ( x 1 x )2 0

/s: x =

1
.
2

b) Nhn xt: Nu x0 l nghim Pt, th 1 x0 cng l nghim Pt.

Pt (*) c nghim duy nht, th iu kin cn l x0 1 x0 x0

1
.
2

Th x0 vo Pt (*), tm c m 1;0;1 .
iu kin : vi tng gi tr m ta gii Pt. Gi tr m cn tm l: m = 1.
VD3: Gii Pt:

x2 2x 5 x 1 2

Gii: iu kin: x 1 .
Pt ( x 1)2 4 x 1 2 .
T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG

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PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON

Do:

NM HC 2011-2012

( x 1)2 4 2 ; x 1 0 . Pt c nghim l x = 1.

VD4: Gii Pt: 13 x 2 6 x 10 5 x 2 13 x

Gii: VTPT =

5
1
(3 x 1) 2 (2 x 3)2 (2 x )2 (2 x 3)2 x 2 4(2 x 3) 2
2
4

3x 1 2 x

6x

VPPT =

5
5
x 3x 1 2 x x
2
2

3
3
3
6 x (ng thc xy ra khi x = )
2
2
2

1
3
3
12 x 3 2(2 x 3) 2 6 x (ng thc xy ra khi x = ).
2
2
2

Tm li nghim Pt l: x =
VD5: Gii Pt:

17
1
17 x 2 48 x 36 (36 x 8 x 2 21)
2
2

3
2

x 2 4 x x 2 6 x 11 (*)

Gii: iu kin: x [2;4] . p dng BT Cauchy, ta c:

x 2 1

2
VTPT 2 . ng thc xy ra khi

1
4 x

x 2 1
x = 3.

V VPPT = ( x 3) 2 2 2 . ng thc xy ra khi x = 3.

Tm li: Pt (*) x 3 .
VD6: Gii Pt: 16 x 4 5 6 3 4 x 3 x (*)
Gii: Do 16 x 4 5 0 , nn iu kin ca bi ton l: x > 0.
p dng BT Cauchy, ta c:

VPPT 3 3 2.4 x.(4 x 2 1) 2 4 x 4 x 2 1 4 x 2 4 x 3

T Pt (*) ta suy ra: 16 x 4 5 4 x 2 4 x 3 (2 x 1)2 (2 x 2 2 x 1) 0
(2 x 1)2 0 x
T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG

1
. Th li, tha Pt.
2
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PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON

Vy nghim Pt l: x

NM HC 2011-2012

1
2

BI TP NGH: Gii cc Pt v Bpt:

1) 2 x 2 6 x 5 5 4 x

/s: x = 1.

2) Tm 3 s x, y, z tha: x y z 4 2 x 2 4 y 3 6 z 5

/s: x = 3; y = 7; z = 14.

x2
3) 1 x 1 x 2
4

/s: S = [1; 1]

4) x 2 2 2 3 x 3 1

/s: S {0;2}

5)

2x 3 5 2x x2 4x 6 0

/s: x = 2.

3) Phng php chia tp xc nh:

Trong mt s bi ton, m vic thc hin cc php bin i gii qu phc
tp, ta c th chia tp xc nh bin i bi ton v mt bi ton n gin hn.
Phng php ny thng c p dng trong vic gii Bpt.
VD1: Gii Bpt: ( x 2 3 x ) 2 x 2 3x 2 0 ;

( ; 1 / 2] [3; ) {2}

Gii: iu kin: 2 x 2 3x 2 0 .
1
+ Xt 2 x 2 3 x 2 0 x { ;2} tha Bpt.
2
+ Xt 2 x 2 3 x 2 0. Bpt x 2 3 x 0 .
/s: S = ( ; 1/ 2] [3; ) {2} .
VD2: Gii Bpt:

( x 3) x 2 4 x 2 9 .

Gii: iu kin: x 2 x 2 .
+ Xt x = 3: tha Bpt.
+ Xt x > 3: Bpt x 2 4 x 3 . Gii tm c: x > 3.
+ Xt x < 3: Bpt x 2 4 x 3 . Gii c: x

13
.
6

Tm li: tp nghim S = ( ; 13 / 6] [3; )

VD3: Gii Pt:

x 2 3x 2 x 2 4 x 3 2 x 2 5x 4

T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG

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PHT TRIN NNG LC T DUY SNG TO CA HC SINH QUA DY HC MN TON

NM HC 2011-2012

Gii: iu kin: x 1 x 4 .

( x 1)( x 2) ( x 1)( x 3) 2 ( x 1)( x 4) .

Pt c dng:

Ch : Hc sinh thng sai khi dng mnh :

a.b a . b

Tht ra mnh ny ch ng khi: a 0; b 0

+ Xt x = 1: tha Pt.
+ Xt x 4 : Pt x 2 x 3 2 x 4 . Gii c: Pt v nghim.
+ Xt x 1 : Pt 2 x 3 x 2 4 x . Gii c: Pt v nghim.
BI TP NGH:
1)

6 x x2
6 x x2

2x 5
x4

2) x 3 (4 x 2 ). 4 x 2 8 2 x. 4 x 2

/s: S = [2; 1] {3}

/s: [0; 2].

3)

3 x 2 x 4 2
2
x

9 4
/s: S [1;0) ( ; ] .
7 3

4)

x 2 8 x 15 x 2 2 x 15 4 x 2 18 x 18

/s: S = ( ; 5] [5;17 / 3] {3} .

5)

6)

1
1
x x
x
x

1
2 x 2 3x 5

7) x

x
x2 1

1
2x 1

35
12

1 5
/s: S [1;0)

2
5
3
/s: S ( ; ) (1; )
2
2

5 5
/s: S 1; ;
4 3

** Trn y, ti gii thiu mt s phng php c bn gii cc phng trnh v bt phng

trnh c cha n trong k hiu cn thc. Vn cn rt nhiu dng ton c o khc, cc em hc sinh
c th c thm cc chuyn i S b sung kin thc. Chc cc em thnh cng trong cc k
thi.

T TON TRNG THPT CHUYN TIN GIANG

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