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WDPHQWHVDWLVIDFLEOHPD[LPDOSXHV
6HD XQFRQMXQWRQLWDPHQWHVDWLVIDFLEOH\ S = *A1 , A2 , ...+ XQDVHFXHQFLD
GHH[SUHVLRQHVGH 3 RUGHQDGDVGHPHQRUDPD\RUGHDFXHUGRFRQVXQXPH
UDO/DH[LVWHQFLDGHHVWDVHFXHQFLDHVWiJDUDQWL]DGDSRUHOPHWDWHRUHPDGHOD
(QXPHUDFyQ6HD S ! = *0 , 1 , ...+ WDOTXH

0 = 


6L n {An+1 } HVQLWDPHQWHVDWLVIDFLEOH n+1 = n {An+1 }
6L n {An+1 } QRHVQLWDPHQWHVDWLVIDFLEOH n+1 = n

< VHD max ODXQLyQGHWRGRVORVFRQMXQWRVGH S !

3RUHQGH max

6DEHPRVSRUHO3ULQFLSLRGH,QGXFFLyQ0DWHPiWLFD&RPSOHWDTXHSDUDWRGR
n n HVQLWDPHQWHVDWLVIDFLEOHSXHV
3DVREDVH 4XHUHPRVYHUTXH 0 HVQLWDPHQWHVDWLVIDFLEOH\ORHVSRU
KLSyWHVLV
3DVRLQGXFWLYR 4XHUHPRVYHUTXHVLWRGR m HVQLWDPHQWHVDWLVIDFL
EOHFRQ m < k k HVQLWDPHQWHVDWLVIDFLEOH(QWRQFHVWHQHPRV
+LSyWHVLVLQGXFWLYD 7RGR m HVQLWDPHQWHVDWLVIDFLEOHVL m < k
7HVLVLQGXFWLYD k HVQLWDPHQWHVDWLVIDFLEOHk > 0
3UXHED ([LVWHQGRVSRVLELOLGDGHV
&DVR k = k1 {Ak }
k1 {Ak } HVQLWDPHQWHVDWLVIDFLEOH
k HVQLWDPHQWHVDWLVIDFLEOH
&DVR k = k1
k1 HVQLWDPHQWHVDWLVIDFLEOH
k HVQLWDPHQWHVDWLVIDFLEOH

GHI S !

KLSyWHVLVLQGXFWLYD

/XHJRHQFXDOTXLHUFDVR k HVQLWDPHQWHVDWLVIDFLEOH
6XSRQJDPRVSXHVTXH max QRHVQLWDPHQWHVDWLVIDFLEOH/XHJRXQRGHVXV
VXEFRQMXQWRVQLWRV HVLQVDWLVIDFLEOH6HD An ODH[SUHVLyQGH 3 FX\RQXPH
UDO n HVHOPD\RUGHORVQXPHUDOHVGHODVIyUPXODVGH TXHH[LVWHSXHV
HVQLWR/XHJR n \SRUWDQWR n QRHVQLWDPHQWHVDWLVIDFLEOHOR
FXDOHVXQDEVXUGRSXHVKHPRVSUREDGRORFRQWUDULR(QFRQVHFXHQFLD max
HVQLWDPHQWHVDWLVIDFLEOH
 7RGRFRQMXQWRQLWDPHQWHVDWLVIDFLEOHPD[LPDOWLHQHPRGHORHVVDWLVIDFLEOH
6HD V XQDIXQFLyQGHOFRQMXQWRGHH[SUHVLRQHVGH 3 HQ {0, 1} WDOTXH V (A) = 1
A max V HVXQDYDOXDFLyQSXHVFXPSOHFRQODVFRQGLFLRQHV\GHOD
GHQLFLyQ
&OiXVXODGHODQHJDFLyQ V (A) = 1 V (A) = 0

) 6XSRQJDPRVSRUDEVXUGRTXH V (A) = 1 \ V (A) = 1

A max \ A max

GHI V

&$378/2 5(/$&,21(6 (175( /$ 6(017,&$ '( 3 < (/ $3$5$72 '('8&7,92 6

{A, A} max
{A, A} HVVDWLVIDFLEOH
GHI max
+HPRVOOHJDGRDXQDEVXUGRTXHSDUWLyGHVXSRQHUTXH V (A) = 1
\ V (A) = 1/XHJR V (A) = 1 V (A) = 0

) 6XSRQJDPRVSRUDEVXUGRTXH V (A) = 0 \ V (A) = 0

A
/ max \ A
/ max
GHI V
6HDQ m \ n ORVQXPHUDOHVGH A \ AUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH
QL m1 {A} QL n1 {A} VRQQLWDPHQWHVDWLVIDFLEOHV GHI
max
H[LVWHXQ m1 QLWRWDOTXH {A} HVLQVDWLVIDFLEOH\XQ
! n1 QLWRWDOTXH ! {A} HVLQVDWLVIDFLEOH
GHI
6XSRQJDPRVVLQSpUGLGDGHJHQHUDOLGDGTXH m1 n1 SXHV S !
HVXQDVHFXHQFLDGHFRQMXQWRVFDGDYH]PiVDEDUFDQWHVORVSULPHURV
HVWiQLQFOXLGRVHQORVVLJXLHQWHV
n1 \ ! n1
! n1 \HVQLWR
$GHPiV ! {A} \ ! {A} VRQLQVDWLVIDFLEOHV
! ! A \ ! ! A
HM
!
!
!
!
SDUDWRGDYDOXDFLyQ V  V ( ) = 1 V (A) = 1 \ V ! (A) =
1
GHI
!
6XSRQJDPRVSRUDEVXUGRTXH HVVDWLVIDFLEOH
H[LVWHXQDYDOXDFLyQ V ! WDOTXH V ! ( ! ) = 1
GHI
H[LVWHXQDYDOXDFLyQ V ! WDOTXHV ! (A) = 1 \ V ! (A) = 1
H[LVWHXQDYDOXDFLyQ V ! WDOTXHV ! (A) = 1 \ V ! (A) = 0
GHI

+HPRVOOHJDGRDXQDEVXUGRTXHSDUWLyGHVXSRQHUTXH ! HV
VDWLVIDFLEOH/XHJRQRORHV<SRUHQGH max QRHVQLWDPHQWHVD
WLVIDFLEOH
8QDYH]PiVOOHJDPRVDXQDFRQWUDGLFFLyQTXHSDUWLyGHVXSRQHU
TXH V (A) = 0 \ V (A) = 0/XHJR V (A) = 0 V (A) = 1
3RUORWDQWR V (A) = 1 V (A) = 0
&OiXVXODGHOFRQGLFLRQDO V (A B) = 1 V (A) = 0 R V (B) = 1

) 6L V (A B) = 1
(A B) max
GHI V
6XSRQJDPRVSRUDEVXUGRTXH V (A) = 1 \ V (B) = 0
A max \ B
/ max
GHI V
A max \ B max
FOiXVXODGHQHJDFLyQ
{(A B), A, B} max
FRPR {(A B), A, B} HVQLWRHVVDWLVIDFLEOH
GHI max



H[LVWHXQDYDOXDFLyQ V ! WDOTXH V ! (A B) = 1 \ V ! (A) = 1 \

V ! (B) = 1
GHI
!
!
!
H[LVWHXQDYDOXDFLyQ V WDOTXHV (A) = 0 R V (B) = 1\ V ! (A) =
1 \ V ! (B) = 0
GHI
+HPRVOOHJDGRDXQDEVXUGRTXHSDUWLyGHVXSRQHUTXH V (A) = 1 \
V (B) = 0/XHJR V (A) = 0 R V (B) = 1
(QFRQVHFXHQFLD V (A B) = 1 V (A) = 0 R V (B) = 1
) 6L V (A) = 0 R V (B) = 1
A
/ max R B max
GHI V
A max R B max
GHI V \FOiXVXODGHQHJDFLyQ
+D\HQWRQFHVGRVFDPLQRV
&DVR 6XSRQJDPRVTXH A max \SRUDEVXUGRTXH V (A
B) = 0
(A B)
/ max
GHI V
(A B) max
GHI9 \FOiXVXODGHQHJDFLyQ
{(A B), A} max
FRPR {(A B), A} HVQLWRHVVDWLVIDFLEOH GHI max
H[LVWHXQDYDOXDFLyQ V ! WDOTXH V ! ((A B)) = 1 \ V ! (A) =
1
GHI
H[LVWHXQDYDOXDFLyQ V ! WDOTXH V ! (A B) = 0 \ V ! (A) = 0
GHI
H[LVWHXQDYDOXDFLyQ V ! WDOTXH V ! (A) = 1 \ V ! (B) = 0 \
V ! (A) = 0
GHI
+HPRVOOHJDGRDXQDEVXUGR
&DVR 6XSRQJDPRVTXH B max \SRUDEVXUGRTXH V (A
B) = 0
(A B)
/ max
GHI V
(A B) max
GHI9 \FOiXVXODGHQHJDFLyQ
{(A B), B} max
FRPR {(A B), B} HVQLWRHVVDWLVIDFLEOH
GHI max
!
!
H[LVWHXQDYDOXDFLyQ V WDOTXH V ((A B)) = 1 \ V ! (B) =
1
GHI
!
!
!
H[LVWHXQDYDOXDFLyQ V WDOTXH V (A B) = 0 \ V (B) = 1
GHI
H[LVWHXQDYDOXDFLyQ V ! WDOTXH V ! (A) = 1 \ V ! (B) = 0 \
V ! (B) = 1
GHI
+HPRVOOHJDGRDXQDEVXUGR
/XHJRHQFXDOTXLHUFDVRGHVXSRQHUTXH V (A B) = 0 OOHJDPRVD
XQDFRQWUDGLFFLyQ\SRUHQGH V (A B) = 1
(QFRQVHFXHQFLD V (A) = 0 R V (B) = 1 V (A B) = 1

&$378/2 5(/$&,21(6 (175( /$ 6(017,&$ '( 3< (/ $3$5$72 '('8&7,92 6

3RUORWDQWR V (A B) = 1 V (A) = 0 R V (B) = 1

"

/DSURSLHGDGTXHSUHVHQWDUHPRVDFRQWLQXDFLyQHVFRPRPHQFLRQDPRVHQOD
LQWURGXFFLyQOD~QLFDTXHQRVHDSOLFDDODOyJLFDGHSUHGLFDGRVDXQTXHVtORKDFH
DDOJXQRVIUDJPHQWRVGHHOODFRPRSRUHMHPSORVLFRQVLGHUDPRVVRODPHQWHSUHGL
FDGRVPRQiGLFRV3DUDGHQLUODUHFXUULUHPRVDOFRQFHSWRGHPpWRGRHIHFWLYRTXH
KHPRVSUHVHQWDGRHQODGHQLFLyQDQWHULRUPHQWHHQHVWHFDStWXOR
'HQLFLyQ 8QVLVWHPDHV GHFLGLEO VL\VyORVLH[LVWHXQPpWRGRHIHFWLYRSDUD
GHWHUPLQDUVLXQDIyUPXODGDGDHVRQRHVXQWHRUHPD
/DSUXHEDGHTXH 63 HVGHFLGLEOHVHYXHOYHPX\VHQFLOODDODOX]GHOPHWDWHRUHPD
GH&RPSOHWLWXG/R~QLFRDGLFLRQDOTXHQHFHVLWDPRVHVHOVXSXHVWRGHTXHODVWDEODV
GHYHUGDGFRQVWLWX\HQXQPpWRGRHIHFWLYRSDUDGHWHUPLQDUODWDXWRORJLFLGDGGHXQD
IyUPXODORFXDOQRSDUHFHPX\GLVFXWLEOH&DGDIyUPXODWLHQHXQQ~PHURQLWRGH
OHWUDVSURSRVLFLRQDOHV\GDGRTXHFDGDYDOXDFLyQDVLJQDDODVOHWUDV 0 R 1ODVYDOXD
FLRQHVUHOHYDQWHVSRGUiQDJUXSDUVHHQXQDFDQWLGDGQLWD2n GHSRVLELOLGDGHVTXH
VRQODVUHSUHVHQWDGDVSRUFDGDOtQHDGHXQDWDEODGHYHUGDG/DVLQVWUXFFLRQHVSDUD
GHWHUPLQDUHOYDORUGHFXDOTXLHUIyUPXODFRPSOHMDHQXQDYDOXDFLyQTXHGDQWRWDO
PHQWHHVSHFLFDGDVSRUODVUHJODVSDUDODVFRQHFWLYDVTXHSXHGHQHQWHQGHUVHFRPR
IXQFLRQHVGHYHUGDGIXQFLRQHVTXHWRPDQFRPRDUJXPHQWRVORVYDORUHVYHULWDWLYRV
GHODVSURSRVLFLRQHVTXHFRPSRQHQ\DUURMDQFRPRUHVXOWDGR 0 R 13RUHQGHODV
WDEODVGHYHUGDGVRQHMHPSORVSDUDGLJPiWLFRVGHSURFHGLPLHQWRVHIHFWLYRV
0HWDWHRUHPD ' 63 HVGHFLGLEOH
3UXHED 'DGDXQDIyUPXOD A FXDOTXLHUDGH 3ODVWDEODVGHYHUGDGVRQXQPp
WRGRHIHFWLYRTXHSHUPLWHGHWHUPLQDUVL ! A$GHPiVSRUHOPHWDWHRUHPD
 ! A " A/XHJRODVWDEODVGHYHUGDGVRQXQPpWRGRHIHFWLYRSDUD
GHWHUPLQDUVL " A \SRUODGHQLFLyQ 63 HVGHFLGLEOH