Closed (CM) System

Conservation of Energy for a Closed System

First Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
When a system undergoes a cyclic change, the net heat to or from the
system is equal to the net work from or to the system.
I
I
J Q = W

Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/

Mechanical equivalent of heat, J =

4.1868 kJ/kcal
1.0 in SI unit

ME 201: Basic Thermodynamics

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2015)

1 / 19

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Closed (CM) System

H
W = J Q
H
H
[J = 1.0 in SI unit]
Q = W
R2
R1
R2
R1
1 QA + 2 QC = 1 WA + 2 WC 1
R2
R1
R2
R1
1 QB + 2 QC = 1 WB + 2 WC 2
R
R
R
R
1 2 : 12 QA 12 QB = 12 WA 12 WB
R2
R2
R2
R2
1 QA 1 WA = 1 QB 1 WB
Z2
Z2
(Q W )A = (Q W )B =

T363

R2

1 (Q W ) is independent of the path and dependent only on the

initial and final states; hence, it has the characteristics of a property
and this property is denoted by energy, E.
Q W = dE

Q12 W12 = E

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2015)

2 / 19

Closed (CM) System

First Law of Thermodynamics for a Change in State

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2015)

3 / 19

Physical significance of the property E: it represents all the energy

of the system in the given state. This energy might be present in a
variety of forms, such as:
Kinetic Energy (KE): energy of a system associated with motion.
Potential Energy (PE): energy associated with a mass that is
located at a specified position in a force field.
Internal Energy (U): some forms of energy, e.g., chemical, nuclear,
magnetic, electrical, and thermal depend in some way on the
molecular structure of the substance that is being considered, and
these energies are grouped as the internal energy of a system, U.

KE & PE are external forms of energy as these are independent of

the molecular structure of matter. These are associated with the
selected coordinate frame and can be specified by the macroscopic
parameters of mass, velocity & elevation.
Internal energy, like kinetic and potential energy, has no natural
zero value. Therefore, it is necessary to arbitrarily define the
specific internal energy of a substance to be zero at some state
that is referred to as the reference state.

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2015)

4 / 19

Closed (CM) System

Closed (CM) System

Internal Energy (U): A Thermodynamic Property

E = U + KE + PE +
Q W = dU + d(KE ) + d(PE ) +

Q
dt

W
dt

dU
dt

d(KE )
dt

d(PE )
dt

dEcm
dt

+ =

dEcm
dt

_ W
_
=Q

R2

dU = U2 U1 = m(u2 u1 )
R2
d(KE ) = mVdV = 1 d(KE ) = 21 m(V22 V21 )
R2
d(PE ) = mgdZ = 1 d(PE ) = mg(Z2 Z1 ) = mgh
dU =

T133



Q12 W12 = (U2 U1 ) + 21 m(V22 V21 ) + mg(Z2 Z1 )


q12 w12 = (u2 u1 ) + 12 (V22 V21 ) + g(Z2 Z1 ) (u2 u1 )

T134

Various forms of microscopic

energies that make up sensible
energy.

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

Internal energy of a system is the

sum of all forms of the microscopic
energies.

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2015)

5 / 19

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Closed (CM) System

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2015)

6 / 19

Closed (CM) System

Enthalpy (H)): A Thermodynamic Property

H U + PV

h u + Pv

Q12 W12 = E

Q12 W12 = U if KE 0, PE 0
R2
W12 = 1 PdV = P(V2 V1 )

T129

Q12 = U2 U1 + P(V2 V1 )

Q12 = (U2 + P2 V2 ) (U1 + P1 V1 )

Q12 = H2 H1

T117

The heat transfer in a constant-pressure quasi-equilibrium process is

equal to the change in enthalpy, which includes both the change in
internal energy and the work for this particular process.
T130

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

T131
(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

T132
ME 201 (2015)

7 / 19

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2015)

8 / 19

Closed (CM) System

Closed (CM) System

Joules Free Expansion Experiment

Specific Heats
C

Valve is opened and allowed to

equilibrate.
No change in water temperature.
So, no heat transfer takes place.

T139

1st Law: Q12 = 0, W12 = 0, = U = 0.

P & V changed during this process, but without any change in U.
So, U 6= f (P, V ) = U = f (T ) for ideal gas.
h = u + Pv = u + RT 7 H = f (T ) for ideal gas.

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2015)

9 / 19

1 Q
m T

CV

1
m

Q
T

CP

1
m

Q
T

q
u
dv
= T
+ P T
q = du + w = du + Pdv T
 




q
u
dv
cV T
= T
+ P T
= U
T V + 0
V
V
 
q
du
=
cV T
as u = f (T ) for ideal gas
= dT
V

q
h
dP
q = du + w = d(h Pv ) + Pdv = dh vdP T
= T
v T
 




q
h
dP
h
cP T
= T
v T
= T
0
P
P
P
 
q
dh
= dT
=
cP T
as h = f (T ) for ideal gas
P

h = u +Pdv = u +RT dh = du +RdT cP dT = cV dT +RdT

Specific heat ratio, k ccVP

cP cV = R

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Closed (CM) System

(BUET)

cV =

R
k 1

First Law of Thermodynamics

cP =

kR
k 1

ME 201 (2015)

10 / 19

Closed (CM) System

Ideal gas models:

R=

Ru
M

cP (T ) cV (T ) = R
)
: k (T ) = ccVP (T
(T )
R2
du = cV dT u2 u1 = 1 cV (T )dT
R2
dh = cP dT h2 h1 = 1 cP (T )dT

cV (T ) =

R
k (T )1

T128

T115

First Law of Thermodynamics for closed system

cT126Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

T127
First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2015)

11 / 19

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2015)

12 / 19

Open (CV) System

Open (CV) System

Mass Continuity Equation

T123

Vavg

1
=
Ac

Vn dAc

Ac

T443

mcv (t) + mi = mcv (t + t) + me

mcv (t + t) mcv (t) = mi me

T444

dmcv
dt

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

mcv (t +t )mcv (t )
me
= mit
t
cv
if t 0 : dm
_ i
dt = m

m
_ i

T122

m
_ e

m
_ = Vn dAc
T124
R
m
_ =
A Vn dA

m
_ e

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2015)

13 / 19

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Open (CV) System

(BUET)

: m
_ = AV =

AV
v

(for 1d flow)

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2015)

14 / 19

ME 201 (2015)

16 / 19

Open (CV) System

[Moran Ex. 4.1]: Feedwater heater at steady-state. Determine m

_ 2 & V2 .
Assume, v2 vf (T2 ).

dmcv
dt

m
_ i

Conservation of Energy for CV System

m
_ e

dmcv /dt = 0
P

_ i = m
_ 1 +m
_ 2
im
P

_ e = m
_ 3
em
m
_ = AV

m
_ 3 = 3 (AV)3

T125

2 = (T = T2 , P = P2 )

3 = (x = 0.0, P = P3 )

= m
_ 2 = 14.15 kg/s, V2 = 5.7 m/s .
T099

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2015)

15 / 19

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

Open (CV) System

Open (CV) System

First Law of Thermodynamics (FLT) for CV System

dEcv
dt

= Q Wcv

T100

dEcv
dt

_ W
_ + m
= Q
_ i ei m
_ e ee




V2i
V2e
_
_
_ i
ui +
_ e
ue +
= Q W +m
+ gzi m
+ gze
2
2




V2i
V2e
_ W_
+
gz
+
gz

+
m
_
h
+
m
_
h
+
= Q
i
e
cv
i
i
e
e
2
2

_ = W
_
_
_
_
_
W
s + Wb + Wf = Wcv + Wf

h u + Pv

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2015)

17 / 19

Open (CV) System

Bernoullis Equation
h = u + Pv dh = du + Pdv + vdP , so for
isothermal process and incompressible fluid,
dh = vdP h1 h2 =

P1 P2

For a steady state flow device

if PE 6= 0, KE 6= 0, Wcv = 0 and Qcv = 0:
h
 2 2
i
V V
0=00+m
_
(h1 h2 ) + 1 2 2 + g(z1 z2 )
P1
g

V21
2g

+ z1 =

P2
g

V22
2g

+ z2

: pressure head
: velocity head
: elevation head

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

Closed System: 7 m
_ i = m
_ e = 0.
dEcv
dt

_ W
_
=Q
net

Steady-State-Steady Flow (SSSF) System:

P
P
dmcv
_ i =
_ e
:
im
em
dt = 0 =

dEcv
dt

=0

One-inlet, One-exit & Steady-state: 7 m

_
=m
_ e = m.
_
i
h
 2 2 i
V
V
1
2
_ W
_
+
g(z

z
)
0=Q
+
m
_
(h

h
)
+
1
2
cv
1
2
2

_
_
_
W
_ i vi m
_ e ve )
f = P(Vi Ve ) = P(m

P
g
V2
2g


 X

X 
V2i
V2e
+
m
_ i
m
_ e
hi +
he +
+ gzi
+ gze
2
2
e

ME 201 (2015)

19 / 19

c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

First Law of Thermodynamics

ME 201 (2015)

18 / 19