‘ep fount EARTHWORKS AND FOUNDATION STRUCTURES Technical investigations of the ground should provide sufficient data for efficient construction planning and execution of the building wark. Depending on the construction type, the ground is evaluated either as building for foundations), or as building material (for earth works). Building structures are planned (it legally possible {and with local approval), according to expert assessment lie. avoiding marshy areas, landfill, ete). The building Construction type and the prevailing ground conditions affect the design of the foundations, e.g individual footings =D; strip foundations »@, raft foundations), or ifthe ‘ground strata are only able to carry the load structure at freater depth, pile foundations» {@. Pressure distribution ‘must not extend over 45" in masonry, oF G0" in concrete Masonry foundations are seldom used, dus ta high cost Unreinforced concrete foundations are used when the load spreading area is relatively small, eg, for smaller building Structures. Steel reinforced concrete foundations are used for larger spans and at higher ground compression; they contain reinforcement to withstand the tensile loads» + (2, Reinforced, instead of mass, concrete is used to reduce foundation height, weight and excavation depth. For flexible joints and near to existing structures or boundaries {B. For cross-sections of raft foundations ca ~ used when load-bearing capacity is lower, or if individual footings or strip foundations are inadequate for the imposed load. Frostfree depth for base = 080m, for engineering structures .0-1.5m deep. ‘Methods to improve the load-bearing capacity of the site Vibratory pressure process, with vibrator, compact in 3 radius of 2:3-3m; separation of the vibration cores approx, 1.5m; the area is thus filled: improvement depends on the Granulation and original strata. Ground compression piles core is filed up with aggregate of varied grain size without bonding agent. Solidification and compression of 1 ground: pressure injection of cement grout; not applica 10 cohesive ground and ground which is aggressive to ‘coment; only applicable in quartzous ground (gravel, sand and toose stone); injection ot chemicals (silicic acid solution, calcium chloride); immediate and lasting petrifaction, If Dh Beeb 53