References

Asaletha, R., Kalarikkal, N., Geethamma, V. G., & Thmos, S. (2014). Resonance. Retrieved from
http://www.ias.ac.in/resonance/Volumes/19/09/0821-0833.pdf
The article gives insight about the necessity and the way in which certain materials are
dampened to stop hearing loss. Rubbers have been seen to exhibit the most dampening
abilities, while metals tend to "radiate" the sound. It also gives good physics
background on everything from the definition of sound and oscillation to properties of
viscoelastic materials. This can be applicable in a cross examination with how
dampening could be used in music Instruments.
Barenek, L. L. (1993). Acoustics (1993 ed.) [PDF]. Retrieved from
file:///C:/Users/Tony/Downloads/Acoustics%20-%20L.%20Beranek.pdf
This book has more advanced theory on acoustics, including a section of rather
advances terminology on acoustics. It also includes a lot of mathematical formulas
including sound pressure and other things to which tone is attributed. This will be
helpful in determining what to target that will not significantly distort the tone in order
to make a cheap product.
Fletcher, N. (2012, August). Materials and Musical Instruments [PDF]. Acoustics Australia,
40(2), 34-37. Retrieved from
http://www.acoustics.asn.au/journal/Vol40No2.pdf#page=34
This article explains the different materials and why they were used for particular
instruments. Percussion instruments are dominated by wood for drums because of the
elasticity, shapability and durability; as well as bronze for its moldability and resonate
sound. Additionally the amount to which the material affects the sound of an

instrument can very greatly from not at all to very important. Some flutes can be made
of wood, while a lot of brass instruments need to be made for a certain type of metal.
This was overall helpful because it confirmed that materials can be studied in terms of
their effects on musical instruments and sound quality. It also gave a foundation for
what most instruments are made out of.
Henderson, T. (1989). Sound Waves and Music. Retrieved from the Physics Classroom website:
http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound
This site, intended for beginners in physics gives a very basic understanding of what
sound waves are and how they react. Sound waves are compression waves that run
parallel to the disturbance in the medium (longitudinal waves). Important properties to
be measured of a sound wave that are explained in this article are frequency,
wavelength, intensity, decibel, interference, reflection, refraction, natural frequency
and resonance. Resonance in guitar strings in closed and open-ended columns apply
directly to musical instruments and what kind of tone each kind of instrument makes.
How It's Made Clarinets [Video file]. (2010, September 27). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=4fYNqzRWQJE&index=18&list=PL1AE8F957E85629BF
This source gave a broad explanation for how clarinets are made. From this, it can be
inferred the amount of time afford and materials that go into the rest of the woodwinds
to make. The steps in the process include molding the keys and and cutting out the
finger holes in the body. I would use this source to give examples and explain the way
that most woodwinds are made when talking about different methods of production.

How It's Made: Violins [Video file]. (2007, October 23). Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=WcJfbjcUDoo&list=PL1AE8F957E85629BF&index=24
This site provided a broad step by step process for the creation of violins and thus
most other string instruments;. This process involves a lot of glue and time to make,
starting with a front and back and working the way us to a whole body and neck
board. Though not specifically states, it can be inferred that the majority of the cost
comes not from the materials, but from the time that it takes to make individual
components. This would be useful in the paper, so I plan to use it by comparing it with
newer methods that I will be discussing for production.
Lapp, D. R. (n.d.). THE PHYSICS OF MUSIC AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS [PDF].
Retrieved from http://kellerphysics.com/acoustics/Lapp.pdf
David R Lapp is a professor at Tufts University and this content is therefore much
more thorough and mathematical than other source. However, it is not a graduate level
book or assume any particular great background in physics, leaving it at an
understandable level that also goes very in depth to explain how many instruments
work, though the focus of the project will most likely be aerophones and
chordophones, thus making the extensive chapter on the workings of aerophones, as
well as chapters on resonance, modes, overtones and harmonics. I would use this
source in my research, especially when sitting down to do calculations to determine
how to create a similar tone with different materials.
Lewis, J. (2000). The Science of Sound and Musical Instruments. Retrieved from Yale
University website: http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2000/5/00.05.05.x.html

This source is meant for teachers of middle and elementary school, but have had
substantial education, making the level of content very adaptable and understandable
for the foundation of understanding necessary in my research. I would use this source.
This source addresses components and musical characteristics of sound and sound
waves, as well as principles for how musical instruments create sound.
Meyer, J. (2009). Acoustics and the Performance of Music Manual for Acousticians, Audio
Engineers, Musicians, Architects and Musical Instruments Makers [PDF]. Retrieved from
http://www.autoaudio.lv/wp/wp-content/uploads/AcousticsPerformanceMusic.pdf
This book gives an in depth analysis to not only sound, but acoustics in general. The
introductory chapter goes into detail explaining the way that sound occurs, what it is
and how it is measured. Later on. it addresses different musical instruments and why
they have their individual sounds. Understanding the way that different instruments
create their individual tones will be crucial in an attempt to understand how they can
be preserved through a change in material for that instrument.
Rose, E. (2000). The Acoustics House. Retrieved from Yale University website:
http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2000/5/00.05.08.x.html
This is source is meant for teaching creating teaching plans for middle school and
lower high school levels, meaning the content is accurate and in depth, but not beyond
comprehension. This source provided me with a basis for my future understanding for
acoustics, as opposed to just sound in general. Decibels/sound-levels, sound
absorption coefficient, diffraction, and reverberation time are important topics covered
in this source. I would use this in my research because while it provides no math to be
used, it provides very complex systems in easier terms to understand.

Strings / Woodwinds / Brass / Percussion. (n.d.). Retrieved from Asuza Pacific University
website: http://home.apu.edu/~bboocock/mus250/Syllabus/Musical%20Instrument.htm
This cite gave useful information and basics on how musical instruments work,
without clouding information with complex equations. The four main parts of the
instrument are the actuator, the vibrator, the resonator and the articulator. All
instruments have these and they look different for most instruments. They hold their
own specific functions. I would use this source in my paper to give readers a basic
foundation for how instruments work before addressing more in depth the
characteristics that affect tone.
Walker, J. (2008). Waves - II. In Fundementals of Physics: Fundementals of Physics (8th ed., pp.
445-466). John Wiley & Sons.
This is physics textbook which gives ways to calculate certain properties of sound
waves using calculus based math. This gives more complex mathematical relations for
finding intensity, pressure amplitude, beats, and resonant frequency. This is more in
depth background on the physical properties of sound waves which should be helpful
in determining properties to preserve while changing materials or otherwise making
the instruments cheaper.