Anal&Samp (h2 in Cl2, Co, Co2, Methane)

TOPICS
HYDROGEN IN CHLORINE ANALYSER
PURPOSE OF ANALYSIS
SELECTION OF ANALYSER
ANALYSER -WORKING PRINCIPLE
SAMPLE HANDLING SYSTEM
CALIBRATION
TROUBLE SHOOTING
Analysers & Sampling Systems

1
TOPICS
II
CO,CO2 & METHANE ANALYSER
PURPOSE OF ANALYSIS
ANALYSER -WORKING PRINCIPLE
CALIBRATION

2
CAUSTIC / CHLORINE PLANTS
HYDROGEN IN CHLORINE ANALYSER
PURPOSE OF ANALYSIS
SAFETY OF THE PLANT

3
COMPOSITION
SR. NO.
COMPONENT
MIN. %V/V
NOR. %V/V
MAX. %V/V
CHLORINE
85
94
97
HYDROGEN
1.4
1.00
0.2
OXYGEN
2.73
0.964
0.564
CARBON
DIOXIDE
0.541
0.191
0.112
NITROGEN
10.27
3.627
2.12
MOISTURE
0.059
0.004
0.01

4
SELECTION OF ANALYSERS
IF THE PURPOSE IS TO MEASURE ONE COMPONENT IN THE PRESENCE
ANOTHER ,IT IS NECESSARY THEN TO LOOK FOR THE UNIQUE PROPERTY
OF THE MATERIAL TO BE MEASURED.

5
UNIQUE PROPERTY OF THE COMPONENT
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

6
ALTERNATE METHOD OF ANALYSIS
LAB METHOD
ORSAT APPARATUS
NaOH + Cl2
N a C l + H2O

7
DIFFERENT COMPONENTS
GASES
TC factor
Cl2
0.381
H2
6.990
O2
1.052
CO2
0.690
N2
0.996
CO
0.962
SO2
0.377

8
SAMPLE
REFERENCE

9
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY DETECTOR
TYPES OF FILAMENTS
METALLIC WIRES
TUNGSTEN ,NICKEL,PLATINUM
ADVANTAGES:
HIGHER TEMPERATURE
LINEAR OVER A WIDE RANGE
SIMPLE CONSTRUCTION
2
THERMISTOR
ADVANTAGES:
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
VERY GOOD SENSITIVITY

10
MEASURING CELL

11
REFERENCE GAS
FLOWING REFERENCE
USED FOR
SPECIAL TASKS
STATIONARY (SEALED) REFERENCE GAS

H2 , AIR , SO2 etc ARE USED

12
MEASURING CELL CASE - PURGING

13
H2 IN Cl2 ANALYSER
SAMPLE TAKE-OFF POINT

GAS SAMPLE
SAMPLE TRANSPORT
TYPE - A SINGLE LINE WITH BYPASS STREAM
SAMPLE CONDITIONING
SAMPLE DISPOSAL

14
H2 IN Cl2 ANALYSER
SAMPLE CONDITIONING
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
PRESSURE
CONTROL
FLOW CONTROL
TEMPERATURE CONTROL

15
AUXILLIARY REACTION
PURPOSE
1. IMPROVE DETECTABILITY OF THE COMPONENT OF INTEREST
2. ELIMINATE THE EFFECT OF GASES THAT LEAD TO INCORRECT RESULTS

16
CHEMICAL REACTION ( AUXILLIARY REACTION )

UV RADIATION
H2 + C l 2
UV SOURCE
REACTION TUBE - QUARTZ
2HCl
LOW PRESSURE MERCURY VAPOUR LAMP

WAVELENGTH - 254 nm
POWER - 150 m W
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF 2HCl = CL2

17
UV REACTION ATTACHMENT
CASE MATERIAL
TUBING MATERIAL - VITON
DOUBLE WALLED QUARTZ WITH REFLECTOR
1
2
1
2
- FIBRE REINFORCED POLYESTER
OPTIMUM UTILISATION OF UV RADIATION

EYE PROTECTION FOR THE OPERATOR
PURGING WITH AIR
AVOID INGRESS OF AGGRESSIVE GASES
REMOVE ANY FORMED OZONE

18
CASE MATERIAL
- FIBRE REINFORCED POLYESTER

19

20
COMPOSITION
SR. NO.
COMPONENT
MIN. %V/V
NOR. %V/V
MAX. %V/V
CHLORINE
3.83
6.61
7.19
HYDROGEN
2.03
3.5
3.8
OXYGEN
19.68
18.72
18.53
CARBON
DIOXIDE
0.41
0.71
0.76
NITROGEN
74.04
70.45
69.71
MOISTURE
0.01
0.01
0.01

21
TUBULAR FURNACE
SAMPLE GAS COMPOSITION

Cl2 < 20 % V/V
FURNACE
TEMP. 800 deg. C

22
MEASUREMENT
Cl2, H2, O2, CO2 etc
Thermal
conductivit
Analyser
Vent
Sample in
Cl2, H2, O2, CO2 etc
Analyser output
H2 concentration
UV
Reaction
HCl, O2, CO2 etc

23
MEASUREMENT
FROM REACTION ATTACHMENT

SAMPLE GAS MINUS HYDROGEN
DIFFERENCE IN THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
HYDROGEN CONCENTRATION

24
H2 IN Cl2 ANALYSER
SAMPLE CONDITIONING
PRESSURE CONTROL
SAMPLE STREAM PRESSURE
OPERATING PRESSURE FOR ANALYSER
FLOW CONTROL
SAMPLE STREAM FLOWRATE
FLOWRATE FOR ANALYSER
- 2.5 BAR
- 0.36 - 1.45 PSI
(0.02 - 0.099 BAR)
- 30 - 60 L/HR
TEMPERATURE CONTROL
SAMPLE STREAM TEMPERATURE
TEMPERATURE FOR ANALYSER
- - 39deg C
- 5 - 50 deg C

25
H2 IN Cl2 ANALYSER
SAMPLE CONDITIONING
REMOVAL OF OTHER COMPONENTS

- FILTER
- DRIER

26
SAMPLING SYSTEM

27
SAMPLE DISPOSAL
BACK PRESSURE SENSITIVE - ANALYSER
LIMITS
- 150 mmWC to
VENTS
BYPASS STREAM & ANALYSER VENT
50 mmWC
SEPARATE LINES
RELEASING TO ATMOSPHERE
VENDOR PREFERENCE
STATUATORY REQUIREMENT
TREATMENT BEFORE DISPOSAL
WASTE AIR HEADER - BLEACH LYE UNIT

28
SAMPLE DISPOSAL
VENT
WASTE AIR HEADER
PROVIDE
LIQUID SEAL

29
ENCLOSURE
CABINET MOUNTING
ANALYSER & SAMPLE HANDLING SYSTEM
PURGING OF PANEL
CORROSSIVE ATMOSPHERE

30
CALIBRATION OF ANALYSER
PRIMARY CALIBRATION
BY ACTUAL COMPOSITION - MIN , NOR & MAX
CALIBRATION GRAPH
- EMBEDDED IN MICRO-PROCESSOR
SECONDARY CALIBRATION - SPAN GAS

CALIBRATION GAS
- H2 IN N2
FREQUENCY OF CALIBRATION - ONCE IN AWEEK
ZERO GAS
PURE N2

31
ATTENTION
FeCl2 FORMATION DURING START UP

FILTER CHOCKING
REMEDY
SAMPLE LINE SHALL SLOPE UP FIRST
PROVIDE A DRAIN AT THE LOWEST POINT
CHLORINE LEAK
SEPARATE OUT SAMPLE HANDLING AND ANALYSER MOUNTING

PROVIDE CHLORINE DETECTORS IN THE CABINET
ISOLATE THE INLET AND OUTLET LINES AUTOMATICALLY
FLOWSWITCHES ON SAMPLE , REFERENCE& VENT LINES. WIRE THEM
TO MONITORING SYSTEM
MERCURY VAPOUR LAMP
LIFE
- 10-12 MONTHS

32
GASIFIER UNIT
CO2 ,CO & CH4 ANALYSIS
PURPOSE OF ANALYSIS
QUALITY OF THE PRODUCT

33
COMPOSITION
SR.NO
COMPONENT
MIN.
NOR. %
CO
22.89
CO2
2.27
H2
22.93
COS
0.002
CH4
0.2
N2
0.118
Ar
0.183
H2O
51.23
H2S
0.08
10
NH3
0.069
MAX.

34
GASIFICATION PROCESS BY TEXACO
SYNTHESIS GAS (CO , H2)
Partial oxidation
2 C n H m + n O2
2n CO + m H2
( Moderator )
Partial oxidation
Complete oxidation
>
1290 0 c - 1400 0 c
1400 0 c
Water gas shift reaction:

2 C n H m + n H 2O
2n CO + (m+2n) H2

35
GASIFICATION PROCESS BY TEXACO
SYNTHESIS GAS (CO , H2)
Crack Reaction :
CmHn
n / 4 CH 4 + m - n / 4 C
Water gas shift equilibrium:
CO + H2O
CO2 + H2

36
PROPERTY OF THE COMPONENTS
ABSORPTION OF IR RADIATION

37

38
PHOTOMETRY ( SPECTROMETRY)
IT IS THE QUANTITIVE MEASUREMENT OF CONCENTRATION OF A

SUBSTANCE BASED UPON THE PROPERTY OF SUBSTANCE FOR ABSORBING
ELECTRO MAGNETIC RADIATION & EXISTANCE OF A METHOD FOR THE
MEASUREMENT OF THE QUANTITY OF RADIATION ABSORBED.

39
PHOTOMETRY
BEER - LAMBERT LAW
A
A
b
c
= bc
- Absorbance
- Molar Absorptivity
- Thickness of the light absorbing medium
- Concentration of the Absorbing species

40
PHOTOMETRY
BEER - LAMBERT LAW
In the Process Stream ;
A
= 1 b c1 + 2 b c2 + 3 b c3 + .
A
- Absorbance
1 2 3 - Molar Absorptivities
b
- Thickness of the light absorbing medium
c1 2 3 - Concentrations of the Absorbing species
Remedy : Measurement & reference wave lengths

41
PHOTOMETRY
INFRARED PHOTOMETRY
ULTROVIOLET & VISIBLE PHOMETRY
IR
- Vibrational & rotational motion of molecules

- Fundamental frequency
UV & Visible
- Excitation of electrons

42
COMPONENTS
SOURCE
MONOCHROMATOR
SAMPLE CELL
DETECTOR
TRANSMITTER

43
SOURCE
SOURCE
IR RADIATION
: Heat
Sources : Quarts Iodine Lamp

Tungsten Filament
Nichrome wire

44
MONOCHROMATOR
DISPERSIVE TYPE : Prism

Breaks the electromagnetic spectrum into separate wavelengths
NON -DISPERSIVE TYPE (NDIR) : Interference filter

Excludes all but few bands of radiation by destructive interference.

45
SAMPLE CELL
The Component which brings the conditioned sample to the optical path of the
Instrument.
CELL BODY - Extn of sample Conditioning
system
SAMPLE CELL
CELL WINDOWS - Part of optical system

46
DETECTORS
Thermocouple
Luft / Microphone
Micro-flow Sensor
Pyro- electric

47
LUFT / MICROPHONE
Capacitance change
Double beam

48
MICRO- FLOW
Change in flow
Double beam

49
PHOTO METRIC ANALYSER GEOMETRY

SINGLE BEAM IN SPACE
SINGLE BEAM
SINGLE BEAM IN TIME
DOBLE BEAM IN SPACE
DOUBLE BEAM
DOUBLE BEAM IN TIME

50
PHOTO METRIC ANALYSER
REFERENCE WAVE LENGTH
MEASUREMENT WAVE LENGTH

51
SINGLE BEAM IN SPACE

52
SINGLE BEAM IN TIME

53
DOBLE BEAM IN SPACE

54
DOUBLE BEAM IN TIME

55
MEASUREMENT
= log ( I0 / I ) = b c
I0 - Radiation intensity entering the sample

I - Radiation intensity leaving the sample
A - Absorbance
- Molar Absorptivity
b sample path length
c absorber concentration

56
MULTICOMPONENT ANALYSER
SAMPLE CONDITIONING
PRESSURE CONTROL
SAMPLE STREAM PRESSURE
- 79 . 4 BAR G
OPERATING PRESSURE FOR ANALYSER - 16 -250 hPa
(0.016 - 0.25 BAR)
FLOW CONTROL
SAMPLE STREAM FLOWRATE
FLOWRATE FOR ANALYSER
- 10 -100 L/HR
TEMPERATURE CONTROL
SAMPLE STREAM TEMPERATURE
- 245 deg C
TEMPERATURE FOR ANALYSER
- 0 to 45 deg C
MEASURING CHAMBER IS MAINTAINED AT A
TEMPERATURE ABOVE AMBIENT.

57
REFERENCE GAS
STATIONARY (SEALED) REFERENCE GAS
INERT GAS FILLED ( N2)

58
MULTICOMPONENT ANALYSER
SAMPLE CONDITIONING
REMOVAL OF OTHER COMPONENTS

- MOISTURE
- DUST / SOLID PARTICLES

59
SAMPLE CONDITIONING

60
ENCLOSURE
ANALYSER HOUSE
ANALYSER
VENTILLATION FOR THE ANLYSER HOUSE

INTERNAL HAZARD
CO DETECTORS

61
CALIBRATION OF ANALYSER
CALIBRATION - SPAN GAS

CO /CO2/CH4 IN N2 CALIBRATION GAS
FREQUENCY OF CALIBRATION - EVERY SHIFT
ZERO GAS
PURE N2

62
SAMPLE DISPOSAL
BACK PRESSURE SENSITIVE - ANALYSER

LIMITS
- 1300 hPa (1.3 BAR)
VENTS
BYPASS STREAM & ANALYSER VENT
SEPARATE LINES
RELEASING TO ATMOSPHERE ?

63
REFERENCES
ON-LINE PROCESS STREAM ANALYSERS
- SHELL GROUP :1970
PROCESS ANALYSERS
- API 555: 1995
SAMPLING SYSTEM FOR PROCESS ANALYSERS
- D.C.CORNISH
ON-LINE PROCESS ANALYSERS
- GARY D. NICHOLS
INSTRUMENTATION &CONTROL ( VOL2 - ISSUE 1)
ON-LINE PROCESS ANALYSERS
- D.J.HUSKINS

64
FLOW VELOCITIES
TYPICAL FLOW VELOCITIES ARE

5 TO 10 FEET/SECOND FOR LIQUIDS
20 TO 40 FEET/SECOND FOR GASES

65

Anal&Samp (h2 in Cl2, Co, Co2, Methane)

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Anal&Samp (h2 in Cl2, Co, Co2, Methane)

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Доступные форматы

TOPICS

HYDROGEN IN CHLORINE ANALYSER

ANALYSER -WORKING PRINCIPLE

SAMPLE HANDLING SYSTEM

Analysers & Sampling Systems

CO,CO2 & METHANE ANALYSER

ANALYSER -WORKING PRINCIPLE

SAMPLE HANDLING SYSTEM

Analysers & Sampling Systems

CAUSTIC / CHLORINE PLANTS

HYDROGEN IN CHLORINE ANALYSER

SAFETY OF THE PLANT

Analysers & Sampling Systems

Analysers & Sampling Systems

IF THE PURPOSE IS TO MEASURE ONE COMPONENT IN THE PRESENCE

ANOTHER ,IT IS NECESSARY THEN TO LOOK FOR THE UNIQUE PROPERTY

OF THE MATERIAL TO BE MEASURED.

Analysers & Sampling Systems

UNIQUE PROPERTY OF THE COMPONENT

Analysers & Sampling Systems

ALTERNATE METHOD OF ANALYSIS

Analysers & Sampling Systems

Analysers & Sampling Systems

Analysers & Sampling Systems

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY DETECTOR

Analysers & Sampling Systems

Analysers & Sampling Systems

STATIONARY (SEALED) REFERENCE GAS

Analysers & Sampling Systems

MEASURING CELL CASE - PURGING

Analysers & Sampling Systems

SAMPLE HANDLING SYSTEM

SAMPLE TAKE-OFF POINT

Analysers & Sampling Systems

Analysers & Sampling Systems

1. IMPROVE DETECTABILITY OF THE COMPONENT OF INTEREST

2. ELIMINATE THE EFFECT OF GASES THAT LEAD TO INCORRECT RESULTS

Analysers & Sampling Systems

CHEMICAL REACTION ( AUXILLIARY REACTION )

REACTION TUBE - QUARTZ

LOW PRESSURE MERCURY VAPOUR LAMP

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF 2HCl = CL2

Analysers & Sampling Systems

TUBING MATERIAL - VITON

DOUBLE WALLED QUARTZ WITH REFLECTOR

- FIBRE REINFORCED POLYESTER

OPTIMUM UTILISATION OF UV RADIATION

Analysers & Sampling Systems

- FIBRE REINFORCED POLYESTER

Analysers & Sampling Systems

Analysers & Sampling Systems

Analysers & Sampling Systems

SAMPLE GAS COMPOSITION

TEMP. 800 deg. C

Analysers & Sampling Systems

Cl2, H2, O2, CO2 etc

Analysers & Sampling Systems

FROM REACTION ATTACHMENT

DIFFERENCE IN THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Analysers & Sampling Systems

Analysers & Sampling Systems

REMOVAL OF OTHER COMPONENTS

Analysers & Sampling Systems