Hypothalamic neurohormones that stimulate or inhibit release Primary action in mammals Regulation” Stimulates ACTH release Stimulates GH release Stimulates release of FSH and LIL Stimulates TSH release and prolactin release Inhibits MSH release Inhibits prolactin release Table 9-2 of adenohypophyseal hormones Hormone Structure Stimulatory Conticotropin-releasing Peptide hormone (GRH) GH-releasing hormone (GRH) Peptide Gonadotropin-releasing Peptide hormone (GnRI) ‘T$H-releasing hormone Peptide (rRH) Inhibitory MSHinbibiting hormone Peptide (wy Prolactin-inhibiting Amine hormone (PIE) Somatostatin (GH-inhibiting Peptide 1) Inhibits release of GH and many other hormones (e.g., TSH, insulin, glucagon) ‘Stressfl neuronal input ACTH inhibits secretion Hypoglycemia stimulates secretion In male, low blood testosterone levels stin input and decreased estrogen levels stimulate seeretion; high blood FSH or LI inhibits seeretion secretion; in female, neuronal Low body temperatures induce secretions thyroid hormone inhibits seeretion Melatonin stimulates secretion High levels of prolactin increase secretions estrogen, testosterone, and newronal stimuli (suckling) inhibit secretion Exercise induces secretion; hormone is rapidly inactivated in body tissues "AGTH = alemscotcotrope: hormones PSH = foise-stinalating hormone; GH oem, TS hyo stimulating hormone growth hormone, LH = veining honnone, MSHY= melaase-stinulatingTable 9-3 Tropic hormones of the anterior pituitary gland Hormone Structure ‘Target tissue Primary action in mammals Regulation® Adrenocorticotropic Peptide ‘Adrenal cortex Increases synthesis and rtical-releasing hormone (ACTH) secretion of hormone (CRE) steroid hormones stimulates releases by adrenal cortex ACTH slows release of CRH Folliclestimulating Glycoprotein Ovarian follicles.__In female, stimulates GnRH stimulates release; hormone (FSH) (female): maturation of ovarian inhibin and steroid sex seminiferons follicles; in male, hormones inhibit tubules increases sperm release (male) production Lateinizing hormone Glycoprotein. Ovarian interstitial In female, induces final cua) cells (female); maturation of ovarian follicles, testicular estrogen secretion, ovulation, interstitial corpus luteum formation, and cells (male) progesterone secretion; in male, increases synthesis, and secretion of androgens ‘Thyroid-stimulating Glycoprotein Thyroid gland Increases synthesis and ‘TRH induces secretion; hormone (TSH) secretion of thyroid hormones thyroid hormones and somatostatin slow release "See Table 9-2 for key to abbreviations,Table 9-4 Variant forms of neurohypophyseal nonapeptide hormones Positions of amino acid residues? Peptide T 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Animal group Lysine vasopressin Cys— Ty Gln—Asn—Cys—Pro—Q—Cly— (NH) Arginine vasopressin Cys—Tyr—@§B—Gln—Asn—Cys—Pro——Gly—(NH) Oxytocin Cys—Tyr— lle. —Gin—Asn—Cys— Pro Gly— (NH) Arginine vasotocin—Cys—'Tyr—lle. Gln —Asn—Cys—ProARB— Gly (Ny) Teotocin Ox Tye B-Asn—Cys— Pro Ch— (NH) ‘Mesotocin Cys—Tyr— lle. —Gln—Asn—Cys— Pro Cly— (NH) mitocin Cys Tyr—lle_ $$8R—Asn—Cys—Pro— GD Gly— (NH) Pigs and relatives, Mammals Mammals Reptiles, fishes, and birds Some teleosts Reptiles, amphibians, and lungfishes Some elasmobranchs “The eysteine residues in positions 1 and 6 of each peptide are bridged by a disulfide bond. Source: Frieden and Lipner, 1971.Table 9-5 Comparison of lipid-soluble and lipid-insoluble hormones Lipid-soluble Lipid-insoluble Property Steroids Thyroid hormones Peptides and proteins Catecholamines Feedback regulation of Yes Yes Yes Yes synthesis, Binding to carrier Yes Yes Rarely No proteins Lifetime in blood Hours Days Minutes Seconds plasma ‘Time course of action Hours to days Days Minutes to hours Seconds or less Receptor location Cytosolic or Nuclear Plasma membrane Plasma membrane nuclear Mechanism of action Receptor-hormone Hormone binding triggers Hormone binding causes complex stimulates second-messenger or change in membrane or inhibits gene activates intrinsic potential or triggers expression catalytic activity second-messenger pathway Source: Adapted from Smith et al., 1983, p. 358. Used with permission of McGraw-HillTable 9-9 Important mammalian reproductive hormones Hormone ‘Tissue of origin. Structure Target tissue Primary action Regulation Primary sex hormones Estradiol ITB Ovarian foliele, Steroid Most tissues Promotes development and Inereased! FSH and LH (estrogens) comps Inteun, maintenance of female levels stimulate secretion adrenal cortex charactersties and behavior, ‘cocyte maturation, and uterine proliferation Progesterone Compus luteum, Steroid Maintains uterine secretion; reroased LH and prolactin adrenal cortex stimulates mammary levels stimulate seeretion duct formation, ‘Testosterone Testes Steroid Most tissues Promotes development and Inereased LH level stimulates (androgens) (Lei eels), maintenance of male secretion adrenal cortex characteristics and behavior and spermatogenesis Other Hormones Oxytoei Posterior pituitary Nonapeptide Uterus, Promotes smooth muscle Cervical distention and suckling ammary ‘contraction and milk ejection ate release; high lands progesterone inhibits release Prolactin (PL) Anterior pituitary Peptide Mammary glands Inereases synthesis of milk (alveolar cell) proteins and growth of mammary glands; elicits maternal behavior rereased estrogen and decreased PIH secretion permit releaseTable 9-11 Insect developmental hormones sie of origin Structure Target tissue Regulation Bursicon adysone (molting hormone) Eclosion hormone Juwenile hormone gp Prothoracicotropin (erty) Neuroseeretory cells cord Prothoracie glands, ‘ovarian follicle Neurosceretory cells in brain Corps allan Neuroseeretory cells in brain Protein (MW ~10,000) Steroid Peptide Fatty acid derivative Small protein (MW ~sn00) Epidermis piers, fat body, imaginal disks Nervous system Epidermi, follicles, sex lands, fat only Prothoracie gland Promotes entcle levelopuent tanning of euticle of nowy molted adults Increases synthesis of RNA, protein, mitochondria, and endoplasmic rtieuh promotes secre of new eutile Induees emergence of adult from pupariam In larva, promotes synthesis of larval structures and inhibits metamorphosis; ‘nad, stimulates synthesis of yolk protein, sctvates ovarian folicles and sex accessory glands ‘Stimulates eedyyone release ‘Stim assowiated with nolting stimulate secretion PITH stimulates secretion Endogenous “clock bitory and latory fuctors| from the brain control secretion ‘Various environmental tnd internal enes (es, photoperiod, temperature, crowding, ablominal stretch) stinvulate release; JH hibits release i some species