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Like china, India influenced it's area. The coming of Islam also heavily influenced India. The sultanate of Delhi was the first Islamic state established in northern India. In the south, The Chola kingdom ruled Coromandel coast from 850 to 1267 c.e.
Like china, India influenced it's area. The coming of Islam also heavily influenced India. The sultanate of Delhi was the first Islamic state established in northern India. In the south, The Chola kingdom ruled Coromandel coast from 850 to 1267 c.e.
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Like china, India influenced it's area. The coming of Islam also heavily influenced India. The sultanate of Delhi was the first Islamic state established in northern India. In the south, The Chola kingdom ruled Coromandel coast from 850 to 1267 c.e.
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A Persian shipmaster, Buzurg ibn Shahriyar, compiled a book called Book of
the Wonders of India. In it are many tall tales but many true things too. Like China, India influenced it’s area. The coming of Islam also heavily influenced India. Islamic and Hindu kingdoms: When the Gupta felled to the White Huns, India became politically divided and till Turkish Mughals came. • The quest for centralized imperial rule o North India: Turbulent and almost chaotic Tension among regional kingdoms and intermittent war Nomadic Turks became absorbed into Indian society Fitted into the caste system but caused disruption o Harsha (reigned 606-648 C.E.) temporarily restored unified rule in north India Reputation for piety, liberality and scholarship; Buddhist Local rulers too powerful and Harsha fell to assassin and left no heir • Introduction of Islam to northern India o The Sind were conquered by Arab Muslims and passed to Abbasids Stood on fringe of Islamic world so many religions in it Sheltered unorthodox Islamic movements; local political elites had opportunity to assert Hindu control o Muslim merchants formed small communities in all major cities of coastal India; Cambay (Gujarat region) o Turkish migrants and Islam: Turks convert to Islam in tenth century Some moved to Afghanistan and established an Islamic state, Byzantine or Abbasid realm Mahmud of Ghazni, Turk leader in Afghanistan, made expeditions to northern India o The sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526 C.E.) Mahmud's successors conquered north India, 1206 Established an Islamic state known as the sultanate of Delhi; capital at strategic site of Delhi Sultans' authority did not extend far beyond the capital at Delhi Islam began to have a place in India • The Hindu kingdoms of southern India: Small, loosely admins o The south: politically divided but relatively peaceful o The Chola kingdom (850-1267 C.E.) was a larger kingdom; ruled Coromandel coast At its high point, conquered Ceylon and parts of southeast Asia Navy dominated waters from South China Sea to Arabian Sea Not a tightly centralized state; local autonomy was strong Began to decline by the twelfth century due to revolts • The kingdom of Vijayanagar (1336-1565 C.E.) o Established by two Indian brothers (Harihara and Bukka) sent by Turkish forces of Delhi o They renounced Islam in 1336 and returned to their Hindu faith o Dominant state till 1565 when Mughal conquered them Production and trade in the Indian Ocean basin: Increase in agriculture prompted higher trade volume and cultural exchange. Merchants gained more prominence but the caste system is still very strong • Agriculture in the monsoon world o The monsoons (rains in spring and summer); need irrigation in the off months o Irrigation systems were needed for dry months No big river in south India; waterworks included dams, reservoirs, canals, wells Stored rainwater in large reservoirs connected to canals One reservoir constructed during the eleventh century covered 250 square miles o Population growth: 53 million in 600 C.E. to 105 million in 1500 C.E. o Urbanization took place in Delhi and other large port cities • Trade and economic development of southern India: Political separation did not hinder trade o Internal trade Self-sufficient in staple food Metals, spices, special crops found only in certain regions Iron from Ganges river, copper from Deccan, salt coastal, pepper from S. India Through trade, south India and Ceylon experienced rapid economic growth due to conflict in N. o Temples and society in south India Hindu temples served as economic and social centers Possessed large tracts of land, hundreds of employees Temple administrators were to maintain order, deliver taxes Basic schooling for boys of community (maybe advance) Served as banks; engaged in business ventures • Cross-cultural trade in Indian Ocean basin o Dhows and junks--large ships involved in maritime trade in Indian Ocean Impossible to conduct trade without waiting month so they conduct the trade in stages o Emporia, Indian port cities, were clearinghouses of trade and cosmopolitan centers o Trade goods Silk and porcelain from China Spices from southeast Asia Pepper, gems, pearls, and cotton from India Incense and horses from Arabia and southwest Asia Gold, ivory, and slaves from east Africa o Specialized production Production of high-quality cotton textiles thrived Built thriving industries around it Other specialized industries: sugar, leather, stone, carpets, iron and steel (high carbon steel) o The kingdom of Axum was a Christian empire centered in Ethiopia; replaced Kush as power S. of Egypt Resisted pressures of Islam; stayed prosperous through trade Controlled Adulis, most prominent port on Red Sea • Caste and society: caste provided guidance in absence of centralized political authority; can be changed o Caste helped to integrate immigrants (Turks, Muslim merchants) into Indian society o Caste and social change: guilds and subcastes (jatis) Guilds help merchants gain political prominences o Expansion of caste system, especially to southern India The meeting of Hindu and Islamic traditions: Jainism and Buddhism lost much following. Polytheistic Hindu in South, monotheistic Islam in North • The development of Hinduism o Hinduism predominated in southern India, Islam in the north o Vishnu and Shiva Decline of Buddhism benefited Hinduism Invasions, attraction of other religion The growth of Vishnu and Shiva cults (and other gods associated with them) Vishnu – Preserver of world, Shiva – fertility and destruction o Devotional cults: to achieve mystic union with gods as a way of salvation Became especially popular in S. India where they associated with particular region feature Chola kings took Shiva as family god and thus spread popularity Gradually N. India, cults became popular o Shankara and Ramanuja took Upanishads as a point of departure for subtle reasoning and sophisticated metaphysics o Shankara (devotee of Shiva): philosopher (ninth century) who preferred disciplined logical reasoning (wanted a single, consistent system of thought; much like Plato: Physical world a reality) o Ramanuja (devotee of Vishnu): philosopher (eleventh and twelfth centuries) believed that understanding of ultimate reality was less important than devotion • Islam and its appeal: Won gradual acceptance in merchant communities. Conquerors offered little incentive to convert to Islam o Conversion to Islam occurred in a slow and gradual way Some converted for improving their lower social statuses Wanted to escape discrimination by converting to a faith that recognized equality of all believers Often an entire caste or subcaste adopted Islam en masse; rarely improved social standings by converting By 1500, about 25 million Indian Muslims (1/4 of population) o Sufis The most effective missionaries, they had a devotional approach to Islam Permitted followers to observe old rituals and venerate old spirits Emphasized piety and devotion o The Bhakti movement Sought to erase distinction between Hinduism and Islam Guru Kabir (1440-1518), important bhakti teacher, taught that Shiva, Vishnu, and Allah were one deity The influence of Indian society in southeast Asia: Like China, India served as the principal source of political and cultural traditions of SE Asia. • The states of southeast Asia o Indian influence in southeast Asia – Merchants visited islands as early as 500BCE, so thus they became familiar faces Indian merchants brought their faiths to southeast Asia Ruling elite of southeast Asia adapted some Indian political traditions The states sponsored Hinduism and Buddhism Showed no interest in Indian caste system o Funan (first to sixth century C.E.) in the lower reaches of Mekong River (Cambodia/Vietnam) Drew enormous wealth by controlling trade Adopted Sanskrit as official language Decline of Funan in sixth century o Srivijaya (670-1025 C.E.) was established on Sumatra after the fall of Funan Maintained sea trade between China and India by navy Chola kingdom of south India eclipsed Srivijaya in the eleventh century o Angkor (889-1431 C.E.) Kingdom built by Khmers at Angkor Thom, later Angkor Wat The city was a microcosmic reflection of Hindu world order Turned to Buddhism during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries Thais invaded the capital in 1431, and Khmers abandoned it o Other states: Singosari (1222-1292 C.E.) and Majapahit (1293-1520 C.E.) • The arrival of Islam in southeast Asia o Conversion to Islam was slow and quiet Ruling elite converted in cities while rural residents retained their traditions Islam was not an exclusive faith in southeast Asia Sufis appealed to a large public in these countries o Melaka was powerful Islamic state during fifteenth century 27/10/2007 09:56:00 27/10/2007 09:56:00
Ancient India: A Captivating Guide to Ancient Indian History, Starting from the Beginning of the Indus Valley Civilization Through the Invasion of Alexander the Great to the Mauryan Empire