-12

-12

..

.. , ..

-12

-12

-12

-12

-12

-12

-12

-12

2009

-12

-12

-12

-12

-12

-12

9.1.
. .
.
.

. 9.1

, O , Oz .
xOz S (. 9.2), .
S

d
M

M1

-12

-12

M2

L
. 9.2

-12

80

-12

-12

9.1. , L ( ),
, L (. 9.1).

-12

-12

. . . . . . . .
.

-12

 . xOz , M (x; y; z)
M 0 (x; y/k; z), k > 0. k . k > 1
, , xOz, , .. .
0 < k < 1 .
Oxyz Q
F (x, y, z) = 0. xOz k Q0
F (x, ky, z) = 0. , (x; y; z)
Q0 , (x; ky; z) Q.

9.2.

a
b
x2 + y 2
+
a2

z2
b2

= 1 . ,
Oz
x2 y 2 z 2
+
+
= 1.
a2 a2 b 2

(9.2)

-12

, Oz ,
xOz (. 9.4).
p
x2 z 2
+
=
1.

x2 + y 2 (. 9.1),
2
2

. 9.3

-12

, , (. 9.3).

-12

(9.1) , S = {(x; z): (x, z) = 0}, xOz.

S (9.1) x
p
2
2
x +y .

-12

-12

(9.1)

M , M
p
( x2 + y 2 , z) = 0.

-12

, S xOz (x, z) p
= 0. M (x; y; z). Oz d = x2 + y 2 .
M , M1 (x1 ; 0; z), M2 (x2 ; 0; z)
z, M , x1 = d, x2 = d S.
p
p
0 = (x1 , z) = (d, z) = ( x2 + y 2 , z), 0 = (x2 , z) = (d, z) = ( x2 + y 2 , z)

-12

81

-12

-12

-12

-12

-12
9.

-12

82
-12

-12

-12
9.

y

O
x

x2
k2 y2
z2
+
+
= 1, , ,
a2
a2
b2

x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 + 2 = 1.
a2
b
c

(9.3) . . a, b c, (. 9.5). ,
.
z
y

. 9.5

- (, , (9.2))
( ). (a =
= b = c = r), r,
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = r 2 .

-12

, . .
,
().
(. 9.6). ee
(. 9.7). .
, , ,
Oz, xOz
.

9.3.

-12

-12

-12

-12

-12

(9.3)

-12

-12

xOz,
. k ,

. 9.4

-12
9.

83

. 9.6

-12

-12

-12

. 9.7

(9.5)

.
xOz . k
x2 k 2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 2 = 1
a2
a
b

x2 k 2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 2 = 1.
a2
a
b

(. 9.8)
x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 2 = 1
(9.6)
a2
b
c
(. 9.9)
(9.7)

(9.6), (9.7), .

(. 9.10). , , Oz
xOz .
x2 = 2pz, p > 0.
p x x2 + y 2 (. 9.1): 2pz = x2 + y 2 .

-12

9.4.

x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 2 = 1.
a2
b
c

-12

-12

x2 y 2 z 2
+
2 =1
a2 a2
b

-12

p
x2
z2

=
1.

x2 + y 2 ,
a2
b2

-12

(9.4)

-12

x2 y 2 z 2
+
2 = 1.
a2 a2
b

-12

-12

p
z2
x2

=
1.

x2 + y 2 (. 9.1),
a2
b2

-12

84
-12

-12

-12
9.

z

c
y

O
x

. 9.8

. 9.9

-12

-12

xOz k ,
2pz = x2 + k 2 y 2 .

x2 y 2
+ 2 = 2z.
a2
b

(9.8)

, . a = b
.

9.5.

x2
y2
z2
+ 2 = 2.
2
a
a
c

-12

L, , (. 9.11).
, .
, , Oz , . Ox
, L xOz
z = k1 x. p

x2 + y 2 (. 9.1).
p
z = k1 x2 + y 2 . , z 2 = k12 (x2 + y 2 ), 2 = k12 a2 ,

-12

-12

-12

. 9.10

-12

-12

-12

-12
9.

85

-12

-12

. 9.11

xOz -

z2

9.6.

. 9.12

. 9.13

, , .
, Oz. ,
xOy (. 9.14).

-12

-12

-12

-12

-12

, , , (. 9.12).
,
, (. 9.13).
, , (. . 9.13). ,
, .
.

-12

k2 y2

k . 2 + 2 = 2 , ,
a
a
c
,
x2 y 2
z2
(9.9)
+
=
.
a2
b2
c2
(9.9) . a = b ,
.

-12

-12

x2


-12

. 9.14

-12

, (, ) ,
(, ) .

xOy (x, y) = 0 . M (x; y; z) ,

( N (x; y; 0) xOy) .
(x, y) = 0 ,
x, y z. :
, , .
, .
, , , .

Ax2 + 2Bxy + Cy 2 + 2Dx + 2Ey + F = 0, A2 + B 2 + C 2 6= 0.
.

(. 8.3).
:
x2 y 2
(. 9.15, ) 2 + 2 = 1;
a
b
x2 y 2
(. 9.15, ) 2 2 = 1;
a
b
y 2 = 2px (. 9.15, ).

-12

-12

86

-12

-12

-12

-12
9.

O
x

. 9.15

-12

-12

-12

-12

(x, y, z) = 0

(9.10)

. , ,
z = c, c . c

(
(x, y, z) = 0,
(9.11)
z=c
. M (x; y; z) : ) z = c; ) x y
xOy, .. N (x; y; 0),
(x, y, c) = 0.

(9.12)

9.1. (9.8)
2
+ yb2 = 2z .
x2

y2

z = c 2 + 2 = 2c.
a
b
c < 0 , c = 0 Oxyz,
c > 0

x2
y2

+
= 1.
(a 2)2
(b 2)2

c , (. 9.16, ). ,
z

y
x

. 9.16

-12

-12

-12

-12

-12

x2
a2

, .. (9.12), . ,
,

.

(9.12). ,
xOy (9.11). ,
O0 Oz , O0 x O0 y,
Ox Oy Oxyz. (9.12)
(9.11) .

-12

-12

9.7.

-12

87

-12

-12

-12

-12
9.


88

.
x = c (. 9.16, ),
2

y2

x2

y = c (. 9.16, ) 2 + 2 = 2z 2 + b2 = 2z .
a
b
a
(
c).
. P1 , y = 0, P2 x = 0 (. 9.17, ). P2
, :
P2 P1 ;
P2 P1 ;
P2 P1 .

-12

-12

-12

-12
9.

P1
z
P1

P2

P2

. 9.17

.
P1 P2 , .. P1 , P2
. #

x2 c2

= 2z.
a2 b 2

x2 y 2
2 = 2z
(9.13)
a2
b
(9.8)
. ,
(9.13) .
. y = c c :

-12

-12

-12

-12

c2
y2

= 2z.
a2
b2
P1 , y = 0, P2
x = 0. , , P2 P1 (. . 9.17, ),
.

-12

-12

-12

-12

x = c c :

 :
, .

9.8.

:
Ax2 + By 2 + Cz 2 + Dxy + Exz + F yz + Gx + Hy + Kz + L = 0,

y0 =

H
,
2B

z0 =

K
,
2C

L0 = L +

G2 H 2 K 2
+
+
.
4A 4B 4C

(9.15) L0 6= 0. , a2 = |L0 | / |A|,

b2 = |L0 | / |B|, c2 = |L0 | / |C|,
. (9.15)

(x x0 )2 (y y0 )2 (z z0 )2
+
+
= 1,
(9.16)
a2
b2
c2

-12

G
,
2A

-12

-12

-12

(9.14)

,
,
,
.
(9.14)
, (. 8.3).
.
1. (9.14) .
x ( G 6= 0), y ( H 6= 0) z ( K 6= 0)
(9.14)
A(x x0 )2 + B(y y0 )2 + C(z z0 )2 = L0 ,
(9.15)

x0 =

, A F , .
, ,
, .
,
.. :

x2 y 2
2 = 0.
a2
b

-12

-12

z = c c 6= 0
x2 y 2
2 = 2c,
a2
b
c = 0

Ax2 + By 2 + Cz 2 + Gx + Hy + Kz + L = 0.

-12

-12

89

-12

-12

-12

-12
9.

-12

90

(x x0 )2 (y y0 )2 (z z0 )2
(x x0 )2 (y y0 )2 (z z0 )2
+

=
1,

+
= 1,
a2
b2
c2
a2
b2
c2
(x x0 )2 (y y0 )2 (z z0 )2

= 1,
a2
b2
c2

(9.17)

-12

-12

-12
9.

(x x0 )2 (y y0 )2 (z z0 )2
(x x0 )2 (y y0 )2 (z z0 )2
+

=
1,

= 1,
a2
b2
c2
a2
b2
c2
(x x0 )2 (y y0 )2 (z z0 )2

+
= 1
a2
b2
c2

(9.18)

(x x0 )2
(y y0 )2
(z z0 )2
+
+
= 0.
a2
b2
c2

9.1.
x0 = x x0 ,

y 0 = y y0 ,

z 0 = z z0

-12

2. (9.14) . :
) A 6= 0, B 6= 0, C = 0;
) A 6= 0, B = 0, C 6= 0;
) A = 0, B 6= 0, C 6= 0.
.
, , .

O0 (x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) (9.16) (9.17)(9.19)

, (9.17)(9.19)
. , ,
O0 x0 y0 z0 ,
( . 9.18 ).
O0 x0 y0 z0 , .
, .

-12

-12

(9.19)

-12

(x x0 )2 (y y0 )2 (z z0 )2
(x x0 )2 (y y0 )2 (z z0 )2
+

= 0,

+
= 0,
a2
b2
c2
a2
b2
c2
(x x0 )2 (y y0 )2 (z z0 )2

=0
a2
b2
c2

-12

, ,
.
L0 = 0, , a2 = 1/ |A|, b2 = 1/ |B|, c2 = 1/ |C|,
.
(9.15)

-12

(x x0 )2 (y y0 )2 (z z0 )2
+
+
= 1,
a2
b2
c2

-12

-12

y
O

. 9.18

A 6= 0, B 6= 0, C = 0, K = 0 z
(9.14), .
xOy (. 8.3).
K 6= 0 x ( G 6= 0) y ( H 6= 0)
(9.14)
A(x x0 )2 + B(y y0 )2 = K(z z0 ),
(9.20)

-12

-12

91

-12

-12

-12

-12
9.

H
,
2B

z0 =

L0
,
K

L0 = L +

G2 H 2
+
.
4A 4B

a2 = 1/ |A|, b2 = 1/ |B|, p = |K| /2, . (9.20),

(x x0 )2 (y y0 )2
+
= 2p(z z0 ),
a2
b2

(x x0 )2 (y y0 )2
+
= 2p(z z0 ),
a2
b2

(9.21)

(x x0 )2 (y y0 )2

= 2p(z z0 ).
a2
b2

(9.22)

(x x0 )2 (y y0 )2

= 2p(z z0 ),
a2
b2

3. (9.14) .
( x, y, z). A 6= 0. y ,
z, ,
.
, , , x2 +y +2z = 0,
.

4(x2 2x + 1 1) + 9(y 2 4y + 4 4) + 36(z 2 + 2z + 1 1) + 40 = 0,

(x 1)2 (y 2)2
+
+ (z + 1)2 = 1.
32
22

-12

4(x 1)2 + 9(y 2)2 + 36(z + 1)2 = 36,

-12

9.2. 4x2 + 9y 2 + 36z 2 8x 36y + 72z + 40 = 0

.
.
:

-12

-12

y0 =

G
,
2A

-12

-12

x0 =

92

O0 (1; 2; 1)
a = 3, b = 2, c = 1.
x0 = x 1, y 0 = y 2, z 0 = z + 1
(x0 )2 (y 0 )2
+ 2 + (z 0 )2 = 1.
32
2
9.3. ,
x2 y 2 + z 2 2x + 4y 2z 3 = 0.
9.2, :
(x2 2x + 1 1) (y 2 4y + 4 4) + (z 2 2z + 1 1) 3 = 0,

z'
y'

z'
y'

x'

O'

-12

O0 (1; 2; 1). x0 = x 1, y 0 = y 2,
z 0 = z 1 (x0 )2 (y 0 )2 + (z 0 )2 = 1.
- . O0 y0
(. 9.19, ).

-12

-12

-12

-12

-12
9.

O'
x'

.
x0 = x, y 0 = y 1, z 0 = z 1 O0 (0; 1; 1),
(x0 )2
(z 0 )2 = 2y 0 ,
22
(. 9.19, ).

-12

9.2. ( ) . , ,
9.2, ,
. 9.3, 9.4 (. . 9.19, , ) ,
.

-12

-12

x2 4(z 2 2z + 1 1) + 8y 12 = 0, x2 4(z 1)2 + 8y 8 = 0,

x2
(z 1)2 = 2(y 1).
x2 4(z 1)2 = 8(y 1),
22

-12

9.4. , x2 4z 2 +
+ 8y + 8z 12 = 0. x y .
z:

-12

-12

. 9.19

-12

. . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

. . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .

80
80
81
82
83
84
85
87
89

-12

-12

-12

-12

. . . . . . . . .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-12

9.
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.4.
9.5.
9.6.
9.7.
9.8.

-12

93

-12

-12

-12

-12

-12