Name _____________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 4 use with ap chem. Only ppt

LO 3.1: Students can translate among macroscopic observations of change, chemical equations, and
particle views. (Sec 4.4-4.9)
Section4.1 Water the common solvent
Watch video
Explain how water dissolves a substance (solid)

Section 4.2The Nature of aqueous solutions:

Strong and Weak electrolytes.
Learning Objectives
LO 2.8: The student can draw and/or interpret representations of solutions that show the interactions
between the solute and solvent.
LO 2.9: The student is able to create or interpret representations that link the concept of molarity with
particle views of solutions.
LO 3.10: The student is able to evaluate the classification of a process as a physical change, chemical
change, or ambiguous change based on both macroscopic observations and the distinction between
rearrangement of covalent interactions and noncovalent interactions.
Additional AP References
LO 3.10 (see APEC #9, Actions, Reactions, and Interactions)
Nature of Aqueous Solutions
__________________________________ substance being dissolved.
_________________________________ liquid water.
__________________________________ substance that when dissolved in water produces a solution
that can conduct electricity.
Electrolytes
_______________________________________________ conduct current very efficiently (bulb shines
brightly). Completely ionized in water.
_______________________________________________ conduct only a small current (bulb glows
dimly). A small degree of ionization in water.
______________________________________________ no current flows (bulb remains unlit).
Dissolves but does not produce any ions.

Electrolyte behavior (video)

Watch video and give examples of the three types of electrolytes.
Strong Electrolytes _____________________
Weak Electrolytes ______________________
Nonelectrolytes ________________________

Name _____________________________________________________________________
Section 4.3 Composition of Solutions
Learning Objectives
LO 1.4: The student is able to connect the number of particles, moles, mass, and volume of substances to
one another, both qualitatively and quantitatively.
LO 2.8: The student can draw and/or interpret representations of solutions that show the interactions
between the solute and solvent.
LO 2.9: The student is able to create or interpret representations that link the concept of molarity with
particle views of solutions.
LO 3.10: The student is able to evaluate the classification of a process as a physical change, chemical
change, or ambiguous change based on both macroscopic observations and the distinction between
rearrangement of covalent interactions and noncovalent interactions.
Chemical Reactions of Solutions
We must know:
a.
b.
Molarity
_______________________ = moles of solute per volume of solution in liters:

= =

6 moles of HCl
3 M HCl =
2 liters of solution

EXERCISE!
A 500.0-g sample of potassium phosphate is dissolved in enough water to make 1.50 L of solution. What
is the molarity of the solution? Show work:

CONCEPT CHECK!
Which of the following solutions contains the greatest number of ions?
400.0 mL of 0.10 M NaCl.
300.0 mL of 0.10 M CaCl2.
200.0 mL of 0.10 M FeCl3.
800.0 mL of 0.10 M sucrose.
Notice:
The solution with the greatest number of ions is not necessarily the one in which:

Name _____________________________________________________________________
Dilution:
M1V1 = M2V2
Define:

M1________________________________________________________________
V1__________________________________________________________________
M2_________________________________________________________________
V2__________________________________________________________________

CONCEPT CHECK!
A 0.50 M solution of sodium chloride in an open beaker sits on a lab bench. Which of the following
would decrease the concentration of the salt solution?
a) Add water to the solution.
b) Pour some of the solution down the sink drain.
c) Add more sodium chloride to the solution.
d) Let the solution sit out in the open air for a couple of days.
e) At least two of the above would decrease the concentration of the salt solution.
EXERCISE!
What is the minimum volume of a 2.00 M NaOH solution needed to make 150.0 mL of a 0.800 M NaOH
solution? Show work below.
M1V1 = M2V2

= 60.0 mL
Section 4.4 Types of Chemical Reactions
Learning Objectives
LO 3.1: Students can translate among macroscopic observations of change, chemical equations, and
particle views.
LO 3.10: The student is able to evaluate the classification of a process as a physical change, chemical
change, or ambiguous change based on both macroscopic observations and the distinction between
rearrangement of covalent interactions and noncovalent interactions.
What are the three types of reactions we will be working with:
1.
2.
3.
Section 4.5 Precipitation Reactions
Learning Objectives
LO 1.17: The student is able to express the law of conservation of mass quantitatively and qualitatively
using symbolic representations and particulate drawings.
LO 1.18: The student is able to apply conservation of atoms to the rearrangement of atoms in various
processes.
LO 3.1: Students can translate among macroscopic observations of change, chemical equations, and
particle views.
LO 3.2: The student can translate an observed chemical change into a balanced chemical equation and
justify the choice of equation type (molecular, ionic, or net ionic) in terms of utility for the given
circumstances.

Name _____________________________________________________________________
LO 3.10: The student is able to evaluate the classification of a process as a physical change, chemical
change, or ambiguous change based on both macroscopic observations and the distinction between
rearrangement of covalent interactions and noncovalent interactions.
Simple Rules for Solubility

List the rules for solubility: Note the CB says students do not need to memorize
these however I dont know how you would solve some of the problems without memorizing them.
Most nitrate (NO3-) salts are ______________________.
Most alkali metal (group 1A) salts and NH4+ are _____________________.
Most Cl-, Br-, and I- salts are ________________________ (___________________ Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+).
Most sulfate salts are __________________________ (_____________ BaSO4, PbSO4, Hg2SO4, CaSO4).
Most OH- are only slightly ___________________________________ (NaOH, KOH are soluble,
Ba(OH)2, Ca(OH)2 are marginally soluble).
Most S2-, CO32-, CrO42-, PO43- salts are only slightly ___________________________, except for those
containing the cations in Rule 2.
CONCEPT CHECK!
Which of the following ions form compounds with Pb2+ that are generally soluble in water?
Note how would you be able to answer this type of question on a test if you did not have a good
understanding (memorize) of the concept of solubility.
a) S2
b) Cl
c) NO3
d) SO42
e) Na+

Section 4.6 Describing Reactions in Solution

Learning Objectives
LO 3.1: Students can translate among macroscopic observations of change, chemical equations, and
particle views.
LO 3.2: The student can translate an observed chemical change into a balanced chemical equation and
justify the choice of equation type (molecular, ionic, or net ionic) in terms of utility for the given
circumstances.
LO 3.10: The student is able to evaluate the classification of a process as a physical change, chemical
change, or ambiguous change based on both macroscopic observations and the distinction between
rearrangement of covalent interactions and noncovalent interactions.

Name _____________________________________________________________________

Formula Equation (Molecular Equation)

Write the molecular equation:

Complete Ionic Equation

Write the ionic equation:

Net Ionic Equation

Write the Net ionic equation:

What is the difference between the three equations?

What are Spectator ions?

are not included (ions that do not participate directly in the reaction).
Na+ and NO3- are spectator ions.

CONCEPT CHECK!
Write the correct formula equation, complete ionic equation, and net ionic equation for the reaction
between cobalt(II) chloride and sodium hydroxide.
Formula Equation: (Molecular Equation)
CoCl2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)
____________ + _____________________
Complete Ionic Equation:
Co2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2OH-(aq)_____________+___________________+_____________
Net Ionic Equation:
Co2+(aq) + 2Cl-(aq)

____________________

Section 4.7 Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions

Learning Objectives
LO 3.1: Students can translate among macroscopic observations of change, chemical equations, and
particle views.
LO 3.2: The student can translate an observed chemical change into a balanced chemical equation and
justify the choice of equation type (molecular, ionic, or net ionic) in terms of utility for the given
circumstances.
LO 3.10: The student is able to evaluate the classification of a process as a physical change, chemical
change, or ambiguous change based on both macroscopic observations and the distinction between
rearrangement of covalent interactions and noncovalent interactions.

Name _____________________________________________________________________

Solving Stoichiometry Problems for Reactions in Solution

1. Identify the species present in the combined solution, and determine what reaction occurs.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
CONCEPT CHECK! Part 1
10.0 mL of a 0.30 M sodium phosphate solution reacts with 20.0 mL of a 0.20 M lead(II) nitrate solution
(assume no volume change).
Rewrite ppt
Balance chemical equation:
2Na3PO4(aq) + 3Pb(NO3)2(aq) _______________________+ ______________________.

Write the balanced net ionic equation for the reaction.

(Note you will need to determine the solid formed)
2PO4(aq) + 3Pb(aq) ____________________.
Calculate the moles of reactants.
0.0030 mol Na3PO4 present to start and 0.0040 mol Pb(NO3)2 present to start.

0.0030 mol Na3PO4 x 1 mole Pb3(PO4)2 = ________ moles Pb3(PO4)2

2 mol Na3PO4
0.0040
molreactant
Pb(NO
)2 x 1 mole Pb3(PO4)2
Determine
which
is 3limiting.
3mol Pb(NO3)2
Pb(NO3)2 is the limiting

= _________ moles Pb3(PO4)2

Calculate the moles of product(s), as required.

_____________ mol of Pb3(PO4)2 is produced
Convert to grams or other units, as required.

0.0013 mol Pb3(PO4)2 x

811.54 g Pb3(PO4)2 = _________ g Pb3(PO4)2

1mol Pb3(PO4)2

molar mass of Pb3(PO4)2 is 811.54 g/mol, 1.1 g of Pb3(PO4)2 will form.

0.0030 mol Na3PO4 present to start and 0.0040 mol Pb(NO3)2 present to start. Pb(NO3)2 is the limiting
reactant, therefore 0.0013 mol of Pb3(PO4)2 is produced. Since the molar mass of Pb3(PO4)2 is 811.54
g/mol, 1.1 g of Pb3(PO4)2 will form.
What precipitate will form?

Name _____________________________________________________________________
What mass of precipitate will form?
___________g Pb3(PO4)2
CONCEPT CHECK! Part II
10.0 mL of a 0.30 M sodium phosphate solution reacts with 20.0 mL of a 0.20 M lead(II) nitrate solution
(assume no volume change).
What is the concentration of nitrate ions left in solution after the reaction is complete?
.003 liters
2Na3PO4(aq) + 3Pb(NO3)2(aq) _______________________+ ______________________.

0.0040 mol (NO3)2 x 1 mole Pb3(PO4)2

3mol Pb(NO3)2
???????????

= _________ moles Pb3(PO4)2

0.27 M

CONCEPT CHECK! Part III

10.0 mL of a 0.30 M sodium phosphate solution reacts with 20.0 mL of a 0.20 M lead(II) nitrate solution
(assume no volume change).
What is the concentration of phosphate ions left in solution after the reaction is complete?

Section 4.8 AcidBase Reactions

Learning Objectives
LO 3.1: Students can translate among macroscopic observations of change, chemical equations, and
particle views.
LO 3.2: The student can translate an observed chemical change into a balanced chemical equation and
justify the choice of equation type (molecular, ionic, or net ionic) in terms of utility for the given
circumstances.
LO 3.3: The student is able to use stoichiometric calculations to predict the results of performing a
reaction in the laboratory and/or to analyze deviations from the expected results.
LO 3.4: The student is able to relate quantities (measured mass of substances, volumes of solutions, or
volumes and pressures of gases) to identify stoichiometric relationships for a reaction, including
situations involving limiting reactants and situations in which the reaction has not gone to completion.
LO 3.10: The student is able to evaluate the classification of a process as a physical change, chemical
change, or ambiguous change based on both macroscopic observations and the distinction between
rearrangement of covalent interactions and noncovalent interactions.

Name _____________________________________________________________________

AcidBase Reactions (BrnstedLowry)

_________________proton donor
___________________proton acceptor
For a strong acid and base reaction:
H+(aq) + OH(aq)

__________________

Neutralization of a Strong Acid by a Strong Base(movie)

What is the acid? _________________________________________
What is the base?____
__________
What are the spectator ions___
________
Performing Calculations for AcidBase Reactions
1) List the species present in the combined solution _____________________________________,
and decide what reaction will occur.
2) Write the balanced _________________________________________ equation for this reaction.
3) Calculate ____________________________________________ of reactants.
4) Determine the ________________________________________reactant, where appropriate.
5) Calculate the moles of the required ___________________ or ______________________.
6) Convert to grams or volume (of solution), as ____________________________________.
AcidBase Titrations
_________________________________________ delivery of a measured volume of a solution of
known concentration (the titrant) into a solution containing the substance being analyzed (the analyte).
_____________________________________ enough titrant added to react exactly with the analyte.
__________________________________ the indicator changes color so you can tell the equivalence
point has been reached.
CONCEPT CHECK!
For the titration of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), how many moles of sodium
hydroxide would be required to react with 1.00 L of 0.500 M sulfuric acid to reach the endpoint?
List the species present in the combined solution before any reaction occurs, and decide what reaction
will occur.

Write the balanced net ionic equation for this reaction

Calculate moles of reactants.

0.500 mol (H2SO4) x 2 mole NaOH

1mol (H2SO4)

= _________ moles NaOH

Name _____________________________________________________________________

Section 4.9 OxidationReduction Reactions

Learning Objectives
LO 1.18: The student is able to apply conservation of atoms to the rearrangement of atoms in various
processes.
LO 3.1: Students can translate among macroscopic observations of change, chemical equations, and
particle views.
LO 3.2: The student can translate an observed chemical change into a balanced chemical equation and
justify the choice of equation type (molecular, ionic, or net ionic) in terms of utility for the given
circumstances.
LO 3.8: The student is able to identify redox reactions and justify the identification in terms of electron
transfer.
LO 3.9: The student is able to design and/or interpret the results of an experiment involving a redox
titration.
LO 3.10: The student is able to evaluate the classification of a process as a physical change, chemical
change, or ambiguous change based on both macroscopic observations and the distinction between
rearrangement of covalent interactions and noncovalent interactions.
Redox Reactions
Reactions in which: one or more electrons are transferred.
Rules for Assigning Oxidation States:
Oxidation state of an atom in an element = ___________________
Oxidation state of monatomic ion = _________________________
Oxygen = _____________ in covalent compounds (except in peroxides where it = _______________)
Hydrogen = ____________________ in covalent compounds
Fluorine = __________________ in compounds
Sum of oxidation states = ____________________ in compounds
Sum of oxidation states = ____________________________
EXERCISE!
Find the oxidation states for each of the elements in each of the following compounds:
Note why is Cr +6
K2Cr2O7
K = ____; Cr = ____; O = 2
CO32-

C = _____; O = _____

MnO2

Mn = ____; O = ____

PCl5
SF4

P = ____; Cl = _____
S = ____; F =___________

Redox Characteristics:
Transfer of electrons
Transfer may occur to form ions
Oxidation increase in oxidation state
(__________________________________________); reducing agent
Reduction decrease in oxidation state
(__________________________________________); oxidizing agent

Name _____________________________________________________________________

LEO GER
CONCEPT CHECK!
Which of the following are oxidation-reduction reactions? Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing
agent.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) _____________________________
Cr2O72-(aq) + 2OH-(aq) 2CrO42-(aq) + H2O(l)___________________________
2CuCl(aq)

CuCl2(aq) + Cu(s)______________________________________

________________________ reducing agent; ______________________ oxidizing agent

_________________________acts as the reducing and oxidizing agent
Section 4.10 Balancing OxidationReduction Reactions
Learning Objectives
LO 3.9: The student is able to design and/or interpret the results of an experiment involving a redox
titration.
LO 3.10: The student is able to evaluate the classification of a process as a physical change, chemical
change, or ambiguous change based on both macroscopic observations and the distinction between
rearrangement of covalent interactions and noncovalent interactions.
Additional AP References
LO 3.9 (see APEC #8, Analysis by Oxidation-Reduction Titration)
LO 3.9 (see Appendix 7.1 Simple Oxidation-Reduction Titrations)
Balancing OxidationReduction Reactions by Oxidation States:
1. Write the ______________________equation.
2. Determine the _______________________ states of all atoms in the reactants and products.
3. Show electrons __________________ and ____________________ using tie lines.
4. Use _________________________________ to equalize the electrons gained and lost.
5. _________________________________the rest of the equation by inspection.
6. Add appropriate ________________________.
Balance the reaction between solid zinc and aqueous hydrochloric acid to produce aqueous zinc(II)
chloride and hydrogen gas.
What is the unbalanced equation?
Zn(s) + HCl(aq) - ____________+ ____________ + ____________
What are the oxidation states for each atom?
Zn(s) + HCl(aq)
Zn2+(aq) + Cl(aq) + H2(g)
0
+1 1
+2
1
0
How are electrons gained and lost?
1 e gained (each atom)
Zn(s) + HCl(aq)
0
+1 1

Zn2+(aq) + Cl(aq) + H2(g)

+2
1
0

2 e lost

Name _____________________________________________________________________
The oxidation state of chlorine remains unchanged.
What coefficients are needed to equalize the electrons gained and lost?
_____________gained (each atom) 2
What coefficients are needed to balance the remaining elements? Write the balance equation
Zn(s) +
HCl(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cl(aq) + H2(g

Name _____________________________________________________________________

Homework:
Section4.1 Water the common solvent
Section 4.2The Nature of aqueous solutions:
23.
a. NaBr(s) Na+(aq) + Br-(aq)

Your drawing should show equal

number of Na+ and Br- ions.

c.

b. MgCl2(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2 Cl(aq)

Your drawing should show twice the

number of Cl ions as Mg2+ ions.

Al(NO3)3(s) Al3+(aq) + 3 NO3(aq)

d. (NH4)2SO4(s) 2 NH4+(aq) + SO42(aq)

For e-i, your drawings should show equal numbers of the cations and anions present because each salt is a
1 : 1 salt. The ions present are listed in the following dissolution reactions.

Name _____________________________________________________________________

Section 4.3 Composition of Solutions

27.
a.

b.
M=

6.275 10 4 mol
500.0 10 3 L

= 1.255 10 3 M K2Cr2O7

c.
M=

1.613 10 3 mol Cu 2
200.0 mL

1000 mL
=
L

Section 4.4 Types of Chemical Reactions

Section 4.5 Precipitation Reactions
43.
The solubility rules referenced in the following answers are outlined in Table 4.1 of the text.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Section 4.7 Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions
45. In these reactions, soluble ionic compounds are mixed together. To predict the precipitate, switch the
anions and cations in the two reactant compounds to predict possible products; then use the solubility
rules in Table 4.1 to predict if any of these possible products are insoluble (are the precipitate). Note that
the phrase slightly soluble in Table 4.1 is interpreted to mean insoluble, and the phrase marginally
soluble is interpreted to mean soluble.
a.
b.
c.
d.

Possible products =
Possible products =
Possible products =
Possible products =

Name _____________________________________________________________________
47.
For the following answers, the balanced formula equation is first, followed by the complete ionic
equation, then the net ionic equation.
a.
b.

c.

d.

51.

a. (NH4)2SO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq) 2 NH4NO3(aq) + BaSO4(s)

b. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 NaCl(aq)

c. Potassium phosphate and sodium nitrate are both soluble in water. ??????
d. No reaction occurs because ________________________________________.
e. CuCl2(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq)

Name _____________________________________________________________________
Section 4.8 AcidBase Reactions
65.
All the bases in this problem are ionic compounds containing OH -. The acids are either strong or
weak electrolytes. The best way to determine if an acid is a strong or weak electrolyte is to memorize all
the strong electrolytes (strong acids). Any other acid you encounter that is not a strong acid will be a
weak electrolyte (a weak acid), and the formula should be left unaltered in the complete ionic and net
ionic equations. The strong acids to recognize are HCl, HBr, HI, HNO 3, HClO4, and H2SO4. For the
following answers, the order of the equations are formula, complete ionic, and net ionic.
a. 2 HClO4(aq) + Mg(OH)2(s)

b. HCN(aq) + NaOH(aq)

c. HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)

Name _____________________________________________________________________
Section 4.9 OxidationReduction Reactions
79.
Apply the rules in Table 4.2.
a. KMnO4 is composed of K+ and MnO4 ions.
b.
c.

d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.

O, 2; C, +2
j.

83.
To determine if the reaction is an oxidation-reduction reaction, assign oxidation states. If the
oxidation states change for some elements, then the reaction is a redox reaction. If the oxidation states do
not change, then the reaction is not a redox reaction. In redox reactions, the species oxidized (called the
reducing agent) shows an increase in oxidation states, and the species reduced (called the oxidizing agent)
shows a decrease in oxidation states.
Redox?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Oxidizing
Agent

Reducing
Agent

Substance
Oxidized

Substance
Reduced

Name _____________________________________________________________________

Section 4.10 Balancing OxidationReduction Reactions

87.
a. The first step is to assign oxidation states to all atoms (see numbers above the atoms).
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

b. The oxidation state of magnesium changes from 0 to +2, an increase of 2. The oxidation state
of hydrogen changes from +1 to 0, a decrease of 1. We need 2 H atoms for every Mg atom in
order to balance the electrons transferred. The balanced equation is:

c. The oxidation state of nickel increases by 2 (0 to +2), and the oxidation state of cobalt
decreases by 1 (+3 to +2). We need 2 Co 3+ ions for every Ni atom in order to balance electron
gain with electron loss. The balanced equation is:

d. The equation is balanced (mass and charge balanced). Each hydrogen atom gains one
electron (+1 0), and each zinc atom loses two electrons (0 +2). We need 2 H atoms for
every Zn atom in order to balance the electrons transferred. This is the ratio in the given
equation:

Name _____________________________________________________________________

88.

a. The first step is to assign oxidation states to all atoms (see numbers above the atoms).
Cl2 + Al Al3+ + Cl
Each aluminum atom changes in oxidation state from 0 to +3, an increase of 3. Each
chlorine atom changes from 0 to 1, a decrease of 1. We need 3 Cl atoms for every Al atom
in the balanced equation in order to balance electron gain with electron

b. O2 + H2O + Pb Pb(OH)2
From the oxidation states written above the elements, lead is oxidized, and oxygen in O 2 is
reduced. Each lead atom changes from 0 to +2, an increase of 2, and each O atom in O 2
changes from 0 to 2, a decrease of 2. We need 1 Pb atom for each O atom in O 2 to balance
the electrons transferred. Balancing the electrons:
O2 + H2O + 2 Pb 2 Pb(OH)2
The last step is to balance the rest of the equation by inspection. In this reaction, when the H
atoms become balanced, the entire equation is balanced. The balanced overall equation is:

c. H+ + MnO4 + Fe2+ Mn2+ + Fe3+ + H2O

From the oxidation states written above each element, manganese is reduced (goes from +7 to
+3), and Fe is oxidized (goes from +2 to +3). In order to balance the electrons transferred,
we need 5 Fe atoms for every Mn atom. Balancing the electrons gives:

Balancing the O atoms, then the H atoms by inspection, leads to the following overall
balanced equation.

Name _____________________________________________________________________
8 H+(aq) + MnO4(aq) + 5 Fe2+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 5 Fe3+(aq) + 4 H2O(l)