a) state problems faced by mangrove plant and explain adaptive characteristics to overcome the

problems.
Answer : One of the problems faced by mangrove plant is support problem due to soft and muddy
soil. Other than that , mangrove plant has low level of oxygen due to waterlogged condition.
Besides , they are exposed to a high intensity of sunlight . However , there are several adaptive
characteristics to overcome the problems. One of them are mangrove trees such as Avicennia sp.
have long underground cable roots that support them in the soft and muddy soil. Mangrove plant
also have pneumatophores which grow mud. Gaseous exchange takes place through the pores in
pneumatophores. Lastly , they have succulent leaves to store water. Leaves with thick cuticle to
reduce water loss.
b) why mangrove ecosystem should be preserved.
Answer : Mangroves help in preventing soil erosion and also act as a catalyst in reclaiming land
from seas. Mangrove trees are also used for house building , furniture and certain household
items. Mangrove trees have been the source of firewood in India since ancient time such as
Rhizophora sp. Avicennia sp. are used for human consumption and as cattle feed.

nael