NHNG IU CN BIT

CNG TC PHNG CHY, CHA CHY TRONG VN

CHUYN, BO QUN V S DNG GAS
Kh du m ha lng vit tt l LPG hay cn gi nm na l gas. Gas l mt
ngnh hng, mt hng thit yu trong i sng x hi ca mi quc gia. Gas c mt
t thnh th n nng thn gn lin vi cc hot ng hng ngy ca ngi dn.
Hin nay, vi c tnh l ngun nhin liu sch v thn thin vi mi trng. Trong x
hi hin i, gas dn khng nh c v tr quan trng trong i sng ca chng ta v
gp phn to nn s vn minh ca x hi. Li ch ca gas l rt tch cc. Song, vn t
ra l vic s dng gas phc v kinh doanh, sinh hot nh th no m bo an ton
PCCC tht s ang tr thnh vn bc thit ng lu tm ca ton x hi.

I. THNH PHN, TNH CHT NGUY HIM CHY, N CA GAS

1. Thnh phn v tnh cht l, ha ca gas
- Tn y ca gas l kh t ha lng, vit tt l LPG (Liqid Petrolium gas).
Gas l hn hp ca cc cht Hydrocacbon, trong thnh phn ch yu l kh
Propane (C3H8), Butane (C4H10) v mt s thnh phn khc. LPG tn ti trong thin
nhin cc ging du hoc ging gas v cng c th sn xut cc nh my lc du. LPG
c nhng c tnh c bn:

+ Khng mu.
+ Khng mi.
+ D chy.
+ Nng hn khng kh.
+ Khng cha cht c nhng c th gy ngt th.
- Gas c nn vo bnh tr thnh th lng, khi thot ra ngoi li chuyn thnh
th kh (1kg gas th lng trong bnh, khi thot ra ngoi to thnh 250 lt th kh).
- Gas trng thi nguyn cht khng c mi, khng c mu. S d trong thc t
gas c mi l do nh sn xut pha trn thm cht to mi c trng gip pht
hin hi gas khi xy ra s c r r.
- Nhit ca gas khi chy rt ln, c th t t 1900oC n 1950oC.
2. Tnh cht nguy him chy, n ca gas
- Khi thot ra khi thit b cha, gas chuyn thnh th kh nn rt kh bo qun.
Mt khc, do khng c mi, khng c mu nn gas thot ra thit b cha rt kh
pht hin, do nh sn xut phi a thm vo hn hp gas cht to ra mi bp
ci thi d pht hin gas b r r.
- T trng ca gas nng hn khng kh (Propan gp 1,55 ln; Butan gp 2,07 ln)
nn khi thot khi thit b cha, gas tch t nhng ch trng trn mt t v to
thnh hn hp nguy him chy n.
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- Do nhit ngn la ca gas khi b chy rt cao (1900 oC n 1950oC) nn d

gy bng cho ngi v gia sc ng thi gy chy lan, kh khn cho vic cha
chy (vn tc chy lan ca Butan l 0,38m/s ca Propan l 0,46m/s).
- Khong gii hn nng nguy him chy, n ca gas rt rng c tnh theo
phn trm th tch nh sau:
Gii hn nng thp
Gii hn nng cao
Thnh phn
(%)
(%)
Butan ( C4H10 )
1,86
8,41
Propan ( l C3H8)
2,37
9,50
II. NHNG NGUY C CHY, N GAS
1. Trong bo qun, kinh doanh
- Ni bo qun kinh doanh b tr lin k vi ni c ngun la, ngun nhit.
- S dng ngun la, ngun nhit khng an ton, ngun la, ngun nhit pht
sinh t h thng in, tnh in, st nh.
- Thit b cha gas b r r, xp bnh gas khng ng quy nh gy va p bc
v, gas thot ra ngoi gp ngun la, ngun nhit gy chy.
- Khng thng xuyn thc hin ch v sinh cng nghip, gas thot ra tch t
lu ngy thnh hn hp nguy him chy, n.
- C s kinh doanh gas sang np tri php: a im khng m bo; thit b san
np khng an ton; khng c loi gas ng t l (5% Propan v 95% Butan) np
vo bnh gas mini, mt khc bnh gas mini ch c s dng 1 ln v khng c
php sang np li.
2. Trong vn chuyn bng phng tin giao thng c gii
- Phng tin vn chuyn khng m bo tiu chun an ton phng chy v cha
chy.
- Phng tin vn chuyn dng, nhng ni c ngun la, ngun nhit, ni
ng ngi.
- Phng tin vn chuyn b tai nn giao thng.
- Xp bnh gas khng ng quy nh gy va p, n bnh hoc b r r gas thot
ra ngoi.
3. Trong s dng un nu
- Bp un, dy dn, van x kh, bnh gas khng m bo tiu chun an ton
phng chy v cha chy.
- Cc khp ni lin kt gia bp, dy dn, van x kh khng kn, dy dn gas b
chut cn, gas thot ra ngoi to thnh hn hp chy, n gp ngun nhit s bt
chy, n.
- un nu khng trng coi tt la bp trong khi van x kh vn m.
- ang un nu thay bnh gas m khng tt la bp.
- Khng thng xuyn v sinh bp.
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- t bp gn vt chy, la t bp bn chy gy ra chy lan, n bnh.

- un nng du n, m xo hoc rn gy bng chy v chy lan.
- cc vt chy st vi bp hoc t chng ln king bp va un nng xong.
- S dng bnh gas c sang np li tri php khng m bo tiu chun an
ton phng chy v cha chy.
III. BIN PHP PCCC
1. Trong bo qun, kinh doanh gas
- i vi cc kho cha hng:
+ Ni bo qun bnh gas phi m bo thng thong, khng c bo qun
nhng ni thp hn mt bng xung quanh, trong hm cha, trong tng hm;
+ Kho phi c t nht c hai li ra vo, cnh ca m ra pha ngoi;
+ Nn kho: bng phng, cng, chc chnkhng c cng rnh, ng nc thi
trn sn kho;
+ To l thng hi trn tng, mi nh. V tr y l thng hi tng khng
c cao hn sn nh 150mm;
+ Din tch l thng hi chim t nht 2.5% din tch tng v mi nhng khng
t hn 12.5% tng din tch tng;
+ Trng hp kho khng m bo thng gi t nhin th phi thit k h thng
gi cng bc (nhn to). H thng thng gi phi m bo kh thi ra mi trng
thp hn nng an ton cho php. H thng thng gi l h thng an ton phng
chy, n;
+ V tr cha bnh gas phi thng thong, m bo gas khng tch t thnh hn
hp nguy him chy, n;
+ Xp ring cc bnh gas vi v bnh, khng c ln vi cc mt hng kinh
doanh khc;
+ Trong phm vi khong cch an ton khng c vt liu d chy. Phi tho
b bao gi (bc ngoi v bnh hoc nm bc) khi cn thit;
+ Khng s dng la v cc hnh thc sinh la, sinh nhit khc trong kho v
trong khong cch an ton;
+ Khng c bo qun cc cht xy ha cng vi cc bnh gas;
+ Nim yt ni quy phng chy v cha chy, bin cm la, cm ht thuc, tiu
lnh cha chy ti v tr d thy trc ca kho;
+ Lp t h thng in an ton phng chng chy, n;
+ Trang b phng tin cha chy, ngun nc cha chy theo quy nh;
+ Ngi lm vic trong kho phi c hun luyn nghip v phng chy v cha
chy v phi thnh lp i phng chy v cha chy c s, c duy tr hot ng
thng xuyn, c phng n cha chy c t chc thc tp nh k.
- i vi ca hng kinh doanh gas:
+ Ch bn cc loi LPG chai p ng iu kin lu thng trn th trng quy
nh ti iu 21 Ngh nh 107/2009/N-CP ngy ngy 26 thng 11 nm 2009 ca
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Chnh ph; nghim cm bn LPG chai mini np li (i vi chai mini ch s dng

mt ln, khng c php np li).
+ S dng, vn chuyn, tng tr, kinh doanh LPG chai khng m bo cht
lng v chai LPG khng c php lu hnh.
+ S dng chai LPG mini khng c php np li trong c s kinh doanh dch
v n ung, qun n, qun bia, nh hng, khch sn.
+ Ca hng chuyn kinh doanh v khng chuyn kinh doanh kh t ha lng
phi cch ni c ngun la t nht 3m v pha khng c tng chu la;
+ Nn nh:
Bng phng, cng chc chn, m bo an ton khi mua bn v di chuyn hng
ha;
Cao hn mt bng xung quanh, khng c b tr ng ng, cng thot nc
ti nn nh;
+ Hm h, cng, rnh phi nm cch ca hng t nht 2m. Nu nht thit phi c
rnh nc hoc mng mng th phi c np y kn gas khng th tch t thnh
hn hp nguy him chy, n trong h thng cng, rnh;
+ Ca nh v ca thng gi phi m bo yu cu sau:
Ca ra vo phi m bo i li v di chuyn hng ha d dng, trnh chen
chc;
Ngoi ca chnh phi c t nht 01 li thot d phng, cnh ca m ra pha
ngoi.
+ Phi c h thng chiu sng s c;
+ Cc thit b in trong ca hng phi lp t cch ni bnh gas ti thiu
1,5m v phi lp t h thng an ton phng chng chy, n;
+ Nim yt bin cm la, cm ht thuc, tiu lnh, cha chy ti v tr d thy;
+ Nhn vin ca hng phi c hun luyn nghip v v phng chy v cha
chy;
+ Vic xp d bnh gas phi c tin hnh th t theo tng l, tng dy;
+ Cc bnh gas c th c xp chng ln nhau t th thng ng, vng chc.
cao ti a mi chng l 1,5m. Khi xp chng bnh gas c loi kch thc khc
nhau, th xp theo nguyn tc lp bnh nh xp chng ln lp bnh ln hn gia 2
lp bnh xp chng ln nhau c 1 lp vn lt. Khong cch gia cc dy khng nh
hn 1,5m;
+ Lng gas ti ca hng trong mi trng hp khng c vt qu 1.000kg;
+ Ch trng by lu di trn quy hoc trn cc gi qung co v bnh gas hoc
bnh m phng;
+ Khi tn cha cng nh khi by bn, van bnh lun c vn cht;
+ Khng bnh gas ca ra vo, ni thng xuyn c ngi qua li;
+ Cm tin hnh vic sa cha, bo qun bnh gas ti ca hng. Cc bnh h
hng cn sa cha phi c chuyn n b phn chc nng;
+ Cm mi hnh thc chit np bnh gas ti cc ca hng;
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+ Trang b phng tin cha chy theo quy nh sau:

01 bnh cha chy bng kh CO2 loi 5kg;

02 bnh cha chy bng bt loi 8kg;

02 bao ti gai hoc chn chin;

01 thng nc 20 lt;

01 chu nc x phng 2 lt.

2. Trong vn chuyn bng phng tin giao thng c gii
- Xe vn chuyn bnh gas phi c sn bng vt liu khng chy v khng pht
la do ma st hoc c lt bng vt liu trn.
- Xe phi c thng chc chn, c th c mui hoc bt che m vn m bo thng
thong tt.
- Cc loi xe th s ch c php ch cc bnh gas c dung tch cha n 100
lt, vi s lng ti a l:
+ 01 bnh dung tch cha n 50 lt i vi xe hai bnh v phi c neo buc
chc chn;
+ 02 bnh i vi xe xch l v phi c neo buc chc chn;
+ 04 bnh i vi xe ba gc.
- Xe phi c du hiu quy nh chuyn ch chai cha kh t ha lng.
- Khi c phng tin vn chuyn ca khch hng n nhn hng ti ca hng
bn gas, nhn vin bn hng phi c trch nhim kim tra tnh trng k thut xe, an
ton v hng ha trc khi cp hng.
- Trc khi xp bnh gas ln xe, ch hng v ngi ph trch phng tin vn
chuyn phi cng kim tra li iu kin an ton ca phng tin vn chuyn. Ch
c xp bnh ln phng tin vn chuyn khi c tiu chun an ton phng chy
v cha chy, phng n.
- Bnh gas c dung tch cha trn 100 lt ch c xp ng mt lp. Bnh c
dung tch cha n 100 lt, c th chng ng 2 4 lp, nhng khng c vt
qu chiu cao thng xe v chiu cao quy nh trong giao thng, phi c neo buc
chc chn, v c gia 02 lp phi c 01 lp vn lt.
- Khi vn chuyn, bnh phi lun t th thng ng, van trn, m van phi
ng cho ti khi lp t cho ngi tiu dng.
- Trong qu trnh xp d, giao nhn gas khng c ko l, vt, va p mnh,
lm bnh.
- Cm xe ni nng gt, gn ngun nhit, ni c nhiu ngi v xe c qua
li. Trng hp xe tm ln xung hng phi xe ni an ton cho ngi v
cc phng tin giao thng khc.
- Tuyt i khng c chuyn ch cc bnh gas trn cc phng tin giao
thng cng cng cng vi gia sc, ngi v cc loi hng ha khc.
- Li xe, nhn vin p ti, giao nhn khng c ht thuc khi ang lm nhim
v.
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- Li xe c gii, nhn vin p ti phi c hun luyn nghip v phng chy v

cha chy.
- Xe ch gas phi c trang b:
+ 01 bnh bt cha chy loi 2kg t trong bung li;
+ 02 bnh bt loi 4kg thng (thnh) xe.
3. Trong s dng gas
- i vi h gia nh v c s s dng bp gas:
+ i vi h gia nh s dng bp gas:

T tm hiu hc tp nm vng kin thc phng chy v cha chy,

tinh cht nguy him chy, n ca gas v cc bin php phng;

Nim yt quy trnh s dng bp gas v thc hin ng quy trnh; nm

vng v thc hin ng quy trnh x l gas b r r, quy trnh x l s c chy, n
gas;

Hc tp s dng thnh tho cc phng tin cha chy c

trang b.
+ i vi c s s dng bp gas :

Ban hnh v t chc thc hin quy nh an ton phng chy v cha
chy khu vc bp gas;

Nim yt ni quy phng chy v cha chy, quy trnh s dng v quy
trnh x l khi xy ra chy, n;

T chc hun luyn nghip v phng chy v cha chy cho ngi lao
ng lm vic trong khu bp;

Thng xuyn kim tra an ton phng chy cha chy khu vc bp;

D kin tnh hung xy ra chy bp gas v t chc thc tp x l tnh

hung t nht 01 ln/nm.
- B tr ni un nu:
+ i vi bp n h gia nh:

C phng bp ring c ngn cch bng vt liu khng chy vi cc

phng khc.Phng bp c ca i, ca s v ca thng gi;

Khoang t bnh gas c ngn cch vi v tr t bp bng vt liu

khng chy;

Bnh gas c t trn nn nh bng phng vng chc, c tng ngn

cch chng va p lm , x dch bnh, hng hoc tut van x kh;

Mi bp un ch b tr 1 bnh loi 12 hoc 13 kg gas, khng bnh

d tr hoc v bnh trong bp un.
+ i vi bp n tp th:

B tr phng t bnh gas ring bit vi phng bp;

Phng t bnh gas v phng bp c xy dng bng vt liu khng

chy, c ca i, ca s v ca thng gi;
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Bnh gas c t trn nn nh bng phng, chc chn, c h thng
gi chng bnh;

t bnh gas cch ca i, ca thng gi, ca ht khi ti thiu 1m ;

cch ca s ti thiu 0.5m;

Mi bp un ch c b tr ti a 2 bnh gas c dung tch 25 lt.

Khng bnh gas d tr hoc bnh s dng trong phng t bnh gas;

Trng hp phi s dng s lng bnh nhiu hn th phi c cc gii

php m bo an ton phng chy v cha chy, phng n v phi c c quan
cnh st phng chy v cha chy thm duyt v phng chy v cha chy;

Nim yt ni quy phng chy v cha chy, quy trnh s dng bp

gas, quy trnh x l khi pht hin gas r r, quy trnh x l khi xy ra chy.
- Trang b, lp t bp:
+ Trang b bp un m bo cht lng, tiu chun an ton phng chy v cha
chy; van x kh phi t ng ng trng hp la bp b tt, cng tc bp vn
m; dy dn gas chc chn, m bo kn;
+ Cc khp ni lin kt gia bp, dy dn, van x bnh gas phi c lp ng
k thut, chc chn v m bo knh chng r r gas;
+ Dy dn gas c lp t v tr trnh tip xc vi nhit cao, c lp bo v
chng chut cn. i vi dy dn gas ca cc bp n tp th phi lun vo ng
cng, bt cht vo tng, khng c bt chng ln hoc ct ngang dy dn in.
- Tng cng kim tra, pht hin v khc phc nhng s h, thiu st:
+ Phi thng xuyn kim tra cht lng cc b phn ca bp gas, nu pht hin
b phn no khng m bo an ton th phi yu cu ca hng cung cp thit b
khc phc ngay ;
+ Cn phi kim tra v kha van bnh gas trc khi ng v trc khi ra khi
nh.
- Trang b phng tin, dng c cha chy:
+ i vi bp n tp th, ca hng n ung c s dng gas cn phi trang b 3
bnh bt cha chy loi 4kg, 02 bnh kh cha chy loi 3kg, 02 chn si v 01
thng nc cha chy dung tch 100 lt;
+ i vi cc h gia nh cn phi trang b cc dng c cha chy cn thit nh
chn chin hoc bao ti, thng d tr nc, 1 bnh cha chy bng bt loi 4kg.
- Pht hin v x l bnh gas khi b r r:
+ Phi thng xuyn kim tra pht hin r r. Khi pht hin mi gas, hoc
thit b bo ng pht tn hiu, phi nhanh chng xc nh v tr b r r. Dng
nc x phng bi ln nhng ni nghi b r r xc nh c b r r hay khng.
Tuyt i khng c dng ngn la tm ch r r;
+ nh du bnh v v tr b r r;
+ Phi loi tr ngay cc ngun la, ngun nhit gn khu vc cha bnh gas;

+ Phi m ca s, ca ra vo hi gas thot ra ngoi; tuyt i khng c bt

hoc tt cng tc in, cng tc qut, iu ha, rt hoc cm phch in v s to tia
la in trong cng tc, cm gy n kh gas.
+ Bt cht ch r r li v kp thi di chuyn bnh b r r ra ngoi, t xa ngun
la v ni ng ngi;
+ Phi thng bo cm cc ngun la, ngun nhit gy chy;
+ Khng c tho b hoc sa van chai b h hng, m chuyn cho c s
np x l;
+ Khoanh vng xp t cc bnh b r r, treo bin cm ngi qua li thng bo
ngay s c cho c s cung cp gas.
- Quy trnh s dng bp gas:
+ Kim tra an ton, kn ca van x, dy dn gas, cc khp ni gia van
x, dy dn gas v bp;
+ M van x gas;
+ Bt b phn nh la bp;
+ iu chnh ngn la theo yu cu;
+ Khi un nu xong:

ng van x gas;

Tt bp;

V sinh bp.
IV. CHA CHY GAS
- Khi xy ra chy gas phi bo ng cho mi ngi bit, bo cho lc lng cha
chy.
- S dng cc phng tin cha chy c trang b dp tt m chy, phun
nc ln cc bnh gas lm mt. Trong khi cha chy cn ch cc bin php an
ton phng bnh gas n.
- Nu hi kh t ha lng x qua van chai b bt chy phi lp tc ng van
chai, nu c th th di chuyn cc bnh gas ra ni an ton.
- Thc hin cc bc quy nh trong phng n cha chy.
- Khi lc lng cha chy n phi thng bo chnh xc ni c chy, v tr tn
cha cc bnh v cc vt liu khc.
PHNG T PHP QUN TN BNH