1

p
0

|z|

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0
4.0

.5000
.4602
.4207
.3821
.3446
.3085
.2743
.2420
.2119
.1841
.1587
.1357
.1151
.0968
.0808
.
.0668
.0548
.0446
.0359
.0287
.0228
.0179
.0139
.0107
.0082
.0062
.0047
.0035
.0026
.0019
.00135
.00097
.00069
.00048
.00034
.00023
.00016
.00011
.00007
.00005
.000032

.4960
.4562
.4168
.3783
.3409
.3050
.2709
.2389
.2090
.1814
.1562
.1335
.1131
.0951
.0793
.0655
.0537
.0436
.0351
.0281
.0222
.0174
.0136
.0104
.0080
.0060
.0045
.0034
.0025
.0018
.00131
.00094
.00066
.00047
.00032
.00022
.00015
.00010
.00007
.00005

.4920
.4522
.4129
.3745
.3372
.3015
.2676
.2358
.2061
.1788
.1539
.1314
.1112
.0934
.0778
.0643
.0526
.0427
.0344
.0274
.0217
.0170
.0132
.0102
.0078
.0059
.0044
.0033
.0024
.0018
.00126
.00090
.00064
.00045
.00031
.00022
.00015
.00010
.00007
.00004

.4880
.4483
.4090
.3707
.3336
.2981
.2643
.2327
.2033
.1762
.1515
.1292
.1093
.0918
.0764
.0630
.0516
.0418
.0336
.0268
.0212
.0166
.0129
.0099
.0075
.0057
.0043
.0032
.0023
.0017
.00122
.00087
.00062
.00043
.00030
.00021
.00014
.00010
.00006
.00004

.4840
.4443
.4052
.3669
.3300
.2946
.2611
.2296
.2005
.1736
.1492
.1271
.1075
.0901
.0749
.0618
.0505
.0409
.0329
.0262
.0207
.0162
.0125
.0096
.0073
.0055
.0041
.0031
.0023
.0016
.00118
.00084
.00060
.00042
.00029
.00020
.00014
.00009
.00006
.00004

.4801
.4404
.4013
.3632
.3264
.2912
.2578
.2266
.1977
.1711
.1469
.1251
.1056
.0885
.0735
.0606
.0495
.0401
.0322
.0256
.0202
.0158
.0122
.0094
.0071
.0054
.0040
.0030
.0022
.0016
.00114
.00082
.00058
.00040
.00028
.00019
.00013
.00009
.00006
.00004

.4761
.4364
.3974
.3594
.3228
.2877
.2546
.2236
.1949
.1685
.1446
.1230
.1038
.0869
.0721
.0594
.0485
.0392
.0314
.0250
.0197
.0154
.0119
.0091
.0069
.0052
.0039
.0029
.0021
.0015
.00111
.00079
.00056
.00039
.00027
.00019
.00013
.00008
.00006
.00004

.4721
.4325
.3936
.3557
.3192
.2843
.2514
.2206
.1922
.1660
.1423
.1210
.1020
.0853
.0708
.0582
.0475
.0384
.0307
.0244
.0192
.0150
.0116
.0089
.0068
.0051
.0038
.0028
.0021
.0015
.00107
.00076
.00054
.00038
.00026
.00018
.00012
.00008
.00005
.00004

.4681
.4286
.3897
.3520
.3156
.2810
.2483
.2177
.1894
.1635
.1401
.1190
.1003
.0838
.0694
.0571
.0465
.0375
.0301
.0239
.0188
.0146
.0113
.0087
.0066
.0049
.0037
.0027
.0020
.0014
.00104
.00074
.00052
.00036
.00025
.00017
.00012
.00008
.00005
.00003

.4641
.4247
.3859
.3483
.3121
.2776
.2451
.2148
.1867
.1611
.1379
.1170
.0985
.0823
.0681
.0559
.0455
.0367
.0294
.0233
.0183
.0143
.0110
.0084
.0064
.0048
.0036
.0026
.0019
.0014
.00100
.00071
.00050
.00035
.00024
.00017
.00011
.00008
.00005
.00003

Standard Normal Probabilities: Single tail areas corresponding to z-values for the standardised normal curve

2
Two-tailed

One-tailed

p/2

p/2
-t

Two-tailed

0.0005

0.001

0.002

0.005

0.01

0.02

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.5

One-tailed

0.00025 0.0005

0.001

0.0025

0.005

0.01

0.025

0.05

0.1

0.25

1
2
3
4

1273
44.70
16.33
10.31

636.6
31.60
12.92
318.3
8.610

318.3
22.33
10.22
7.173

127.3
14.09
7.453
5.598

63.66
9.925
5.841
4.604

31.82
6.965
4.541
3.747

12.71
4.303
3.182
2.776

6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132

3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533

1.000
0.816
0.765
0.741

5
6
7
8
9

7.976
6.788
6.082
5.617
5.291

127.3
6.869
5.959
63.66
5.408
31.82
5.041
4.781
12.71

5.893
5.208
4.785
4.501
4.297

4.773
4.317
4.029
3.833
3.690

4.032
3.707
3.499
3.355
3.250

3.365
3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821

2.571
2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262

2.015
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833

1.476
1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383

0.727
0.718
0.711
0.706
0.703

10
11
12
13
14

5.049
4.863
4.716
4.597
4.499

4.587
4.437
4.318
4.221
4.140

4.144
4.025
3.930
3.852
3.787

3.581
3.497
3.428
3.372
3.326

3.169
3.106
3.055
3.012
2.977

2.764
2.718
2.681
2.650
2.624

2.228
2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145

1.812
1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761

1.372
1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345

0.700
0.697
0.696
0.694
0.692

15
16
17
18
19

4.417
4.346
4.286
4.233
4.187

4.073
4.015
3.965
3.922
3.883

3.733
3.686
3.646
3.610
3.579

3.286
3.252
3.222
3.197
3.174

2.947
2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861

2.602
2.583
2.567
2.552
2.539

2.131
2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093

1.753
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729

1.341
1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328

0.691
0.690
0.689
0.688
0.688

20
21
22
23
24

4.146
4.110
4.077
4.047
4.021

3.850
3.819
3.792
3.768
3.745

3.552
3.527
3.505
3.485
3.467

3.153
3.135
3.119
3.104
3.091

2.845
2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797

2.528
2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492

2.086
2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064

1.725
1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711

1.325
1.323
1.321
1.319
1.318

0.687
0.686
0.686
0.685
0.685

25
26
27
28
29

3.996
3.974
3.954
3.935
3.918

3.725
3.707
3.690
3.674
3.659

3.450
3.435
3.421
3.408
3.396

3.078
3.067
3.057
3.047
3.038

2.787
2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756

2.485
2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462

2.060
2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045

1.708
1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699

1.316
1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311

0.684
0.684
0.684
0.683
0.683

30
35
40
45
50

3.902
3.836
3.788
3.752
3.723

3.646
3.591
3.551
3.520
3.496

3.385
3.340
3.307
3.281
3.261

3.030
2.996
2.971
2.952
2.937

2.750
2.724
2.704
2.690
2.678

2.457
2.438
2.423
2.412
2.403

2.042
2.030
2.021
2.014
2.009

1.697
1.690
1.684
1.679
1.676

1.310
1.306
1.303
1.301
1.299

0.683
0.682
0.681
0.680
0.679

60
70
80
90
100

3.681
3.651
3.629
3.612
3.598
3.481

3.460
3.435
3.416
3.402
3.390
3.291

3.232
3.211
3.195
3.183
3.174
3.090

2.915
2.899
2.887
2.879
2.871
2.807

2.660
2.648
2.639
2.632
2.626
2.576

2.390
2.381
2.374
2.368
2.364
2.326

2.000
1.994
1.990
1.987
1.984
1.960

1.671
1.667
1.664
1.662
1.660
1.645

1.296
1.294
1.292
1.291
1.290
1.282

0.679
0.678
0.678
0.677
0.676
0.674

4.0

t-Distribution: Values of |t| corresponding to two-tailed and one-tailed p-values for Student's t- distribution

p
0

.0005

0.001

0.002

0.005

0.01

0.02

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.5

1
2
3
4

12.12
15.20
17.73
20.00

10.83
13.82
16.27
18.47

9.550
12.43
14.80
16.92

7.879
10.60
12.84
14.86

6.635
9.210
11.34
13.28

5.412
7.824
9.837
11.67

3.842
5.992
7.815
9.488

2.706
4.605
6.251
7.779

1.642
3.219
4.642
5.989

5
6
7
8
9

22.11
24.10
26.02
27.87
29.67

20.52
22.46
24.32
26.12
27.88

18.91
20.79
22.60
24.35
26.06

16.75
18.55
20.28
21.95
23.59

15.09
16.81
18.48
20.09
21.67

13.39
15.03
16.62
18.17
19.68

11.07
12.59
14.07
15.51
16.92

9.236
10.64
12.02
13.36
14.68

7.289
8.558
9.803
11.03
12.24

10
11
12
13
14

31.42
33.14
34.82
36.48
38.11

29.59
31.26
32.91
34.53
36.12

27.72
29.35
30.96
32.54
34.09

25.19
26.76
28.30
29.82
31.32

23.21
24.72
26.22
27.69
29.14

21.16
22.62
24.05
25.47
26.87

18.31
19.68
21.03
22.36
23.68

15.99
17.28
18.55
19.81
21.06

13.44
14.63
15.81
16.98
18.15

0.455
1.386
0.0.41
2.366
1.386
55
3.357
2.366
30.454
3.356
094.352
75.348
1.386
6.346
3
7.344
8.343
2.366
9.342
010.34

15
16
17
18
19

39.72
41.31
42.88
44.43
45.97

37.70
39.25
40.79
42.31
43.82

35.63
37.15
38.65
40.14
41.61

32.80
34.27
35.72
37.16
38.58

30.58
32.00
33.41
34.81
36.19

28.26
29.63
31.00
32.35
33.69

25.00
26.30
27.59
28.87
30.14

22.31
23.54
24.77
25.99
27.20

19.31
20.47
21.61
22.76
23.90

11.34
3.356
12.34
70.45
13.34
49
14.34
15.34
16.34
17.34
18.34

20
21
22
23
24

47.50
49.01
50.51
52.00
53.48

45.31
46.80
48.27
49.73
51.18

43.07
44.52
45.96
47.39
48.81

40.00
41.40
42.80
44.18
45.56

37.57
38.93
40.29
41.64
42.98

35.02
36.34
37.66
39.97
40.27

31.41
32.67
33.92
35.17
36.42

28.41
29.62
30.81
32.01
33.20

25.04
26.17
27.30
28.43
29.55

19.34
20.34
21.34
22.34
23.34

25
26
27
28
29

54.95
56.41
57.86
59.30
60.73

52.62
54.05
55.48
56.89
58.30

50.22
51.63
53.02
54.41
55.79

46.93
48.29
49.64
50.99
52.34

44.31
45.64
46.96
48.28
49.59

41.57
42.86
44.14
45.42
46.69

37.65
38.89
40.11
41.34
42.56

34.38
35.56
36.74
37.92
39.09

30.68
31.79
32.91
34.03
35.14

24.34
25.34
26.34
27.34
28.34

30
35
40
45
50

62.16
69.20
76.09
82.88
89.56

59.70
66.62
73.40
80.08
86.66

57.17
63.95
70.62
77.18
83.66

53.67
60.27
66.77
73.17
79.49

50.89
57.34
63.69
69.96
76.15

47.96
54.24
60.44
66.56
72.61

43.77
49.80
55.76
61.66
67.50

40.26
46.06
51.81
57.51
63.17

36.25
41.78
47.27
52.73
58.16

29.34
34.34
39.34
44.34
49.33

60
70
80
90
100

102.7
115.6
128.3
140.8
153.2

99.61
112.3
124.8
137.2
149.4

96.40
108.9
121.3
133.5
145.6
133

91.95
104.2
116.3
128.3
140.2

88.38
100.4
112.3
124.1
135.8

84.58
96.39
108.1
119.6
131.1

79.08
90.53
101.8
113.1
124.3

74.40
85.53
96.58
107.6
118.5

68.97
79.71
90.41
101.0
111.7

59.33
69.33
79.33
89.33
99.33

4.0

2 Distribution: Values of 2 corresponding to p-values for the chi-squared distribution

Statistical Formulas
z

z
t

t
t

(df: = n1)

s/ n

yd 0

, ( = nd 1)

sd / n
y1 y 2

s22

x1 x 2
,
n1 n2

, p

p 1 p 1 1
n1 n 2

(x x)(y y)
(x x)
i

SXX = (nx - 1)sx2

2
S XY
r =
= 1
S XX S YY
2

j1

p(1 p)
n

95% CI: y t

95% CI: y d t

sd
n

95% CI: ( y1 y 2 ) t

, df () will be given

p1 p 2

p(1 p)
n

s12 s 22

n1 n2

n2

y i = a + b xi

95% CI: p 1.96

0 (1 0) / n

s12

95% CI: y 1.96

p 0

(for sample proportion)

(1 ) / n

estimated se of p =

/ n

y 0

estimated se of y =

y 0

n1

/ n

(1 )
,
n

se of p =

(for sample mean)

,
n

standard error (se) of y =

(O j E j ) 2
Ej

S XY
,
S XX

2
2

SXX SYY

( = c1)

i 1
2

xynx y

SXY

95% CI: b tn-2 se (b)

a y bx
S XY

SYY = (ny - 1)sy2

( y y )
( y y)

p1 1 p1 p 2 1 p 2

n1
n2

95% CI: ( p1 p 2 ) 1.96

c
j1

t =

b
, ( = n 2)
se(b)

(x x)(y y)
( x x ) ( y y)
i

(O ij E ij ) 2
E ij

( = (r1)(c1) )