1 Turanov H T Bondarenko A N Vlasova N V Kreplenie Gruzov V Va - pdf1

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Khabibulla TURANOV, Anatoliy BONDARENKO,

Natalia VLASOVA
FASTENING CARGOS IN WAGONS
Yekaterinburg
2006
UDC 656.212
90
T u r a n o v Kh. T., B o n d a r e n k o A.N., V l a s o v a N.V. Fastening
cargoes in wagons / Edited by of prof. Kh. Turanov. Yekaterinburg: USURT,
2006. p 321
ISBN 5 94614 024 8
Guideline consists from introduction and eight topics which are cover of cargoes
fastening open rolling-stock. In guideline given bases of rolling-stock and cargofastening device depending on origin, configuration and weight of cargo;
computation of cargo weight in wagon and option of rational scheme its allocation in
wagon; base of option of allocation of lining along the cargo length and checking
computation of bending moment on carriage under frame; determination of forces,
forcing of cargo; checking of wagon stability with cargo and cargo in wagon;
subsequence of computations and basis of option cargo fastening. At this formula for
computation at elements of cargo fastening in wagon given for convenient application
of computational environment, and it meets to requirements of modern technology of
studies disciplines in universities. All given in guideline computations are necessary
for performance of course or diploma work.
In guideline content chapter Fastening cargoes in wagons of Cargoes
science discipline in accordance with calendar plan of lectures and practice works,
which are readable for student of second year of day form of study and fourth year of
instruction by correspondence forms of study in specialty 190701 Transportation
organization and management on transport (Railway transport).
Intended for students of day and instruction by correspondence forms of study
on specialty 190701 Transportation organization and management on transport
(railroad transport). Guideline is quite useful for consignor of goods and engineertechnical workers who are involved in computation of cargo fastening.
ISBN 5 94614 024 8
Turanov Kh.., Bondarenko A.N., Vlasova N.V., 2006

Yekaterinburgs state university of railway communications (USURT), 2006
9
14
I.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
21
21
24
50
54
II.
2.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
57
57
57
58
58
3.
3.1.
3.2. 10 11
3.3.
3.4.
60
60
4.

4.1.
4.2. 13 14
4.3.
4.4.

5. ,
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
5. 6. ,

66
76
77
78
78
80
85
93
95
95
97
98
100
100
101
6.
6.1.
6.2.
104
104
109
7.
7.1.
128
128
8.

8.1.
8.2.

8.3.

8.4.
9.
10. .
.

11.
12.
12.1.
12.2.
12.3.
12.4.
12.5.
162
162
164
174
181
194
196
201
235
235
238
240
242
245
249
265
305
306
307
CONTENTS
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
9
14
I. BASIC FORMULAE OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED

MECHANICS
1.1. Basic formula of elementary mathematics
1.2. Basic notions and formula of Physics and Theoretical Mechanics
1.3. Basic formula of strength of materials
1.4. Determinations static and indeterminations static bodies system
21
21
24
50
54
II. THEORY OF ALLOCATION AND FASTERNING CARGOES IN

WAGONS
57
2. Selection of the rolling-stock and load hand fixture

2.1. Selection of the rolling-stock
2.2. Selection of the load fixture
2.3. Preparation of a wagon and cargoes for transportation
3. Allocation of cargoes in a wagon
3.1. Technical requirements of allocation of cargoes in a wagon
3.2. Results of statistic data processing from tables 10 and 11 Specs.
3.3. Preparation of initial data
3.4. Allocation of cargoes in a wagon
4. Allocation of supports along the length of cargo, execution of testing
calculation of bending moment in the truck frame
4.1. About the allocation of supports in and outside the limits of truck
wheelbase
4.2. Results of statistic data processing from tables 13 and 14 Specs.
4.3. Testing alculation of bending moment in the truck frame
4.4. About permissible loads on transverse beam and on surfaces of on
open wagon
5. Determination of forces acting on cargo
5.1. Longitudinal dynamic force
5.2. Transverse dynamic force
5.3. Vertical dynamic force
5.4. Wind load
5.5. Frictional force
5. 6. Calculation of longitudinal and transverse force of inertia, wind loads
and frictional force
6. Stability of a wagon with cargo and cargo a wagon
6.1. Testing of stability of a wagon with cargo
6.2. Testing of stability of cargo in a wagon
57
57
58
58
60
60
66
76
77
78
78
80
85
93
95
95
97
98
100
100
101
104
104
109
7. Calculation and selection of cargo fastening

7.1. Sequence of alculation and selection of cargo fastening
8. Elaboration of specified method of alculation the flexible elements of
cargo fastenings with plat bas with its symmetrical allocation concerning axis of symmetry of a wagon
8.1. Grounding the necessity of improvement the method of alculation
cargoes fastenings with plat bas
8.2. Mathematical modeling of exertions in flexible elements of cargo fastenings with plat bas
8.3. Results of experiments for calculation flexible elements of cargo fastening and their analysis
8.4. Program of exertion calculation in flexible elements of cargo fastening
9. Calculation the strength of support
10. Permissible loads on the elements of wagons construction. Requirements to the fastening methods. Characteristic of fastening elements
and cargo
11. Fastenings of cargoes of cylindrical form and cargoes on wheels
12. Overall and oversize cargoes in a wagon
12.1. General points
12.2. Conditions and procedures of oversize cargos transportations
12.3. Degree and area determination of oversize cargoes
12.4. Determination analysis of oversize cargoes
12.4. Analysis of oversize loadings
128
128
Conclusion
Tasks for a course paper
Test questions for examination
Bibliographical list
Vocabulary
249
265
305
306
307
162
162
164
174
181
194
196
201
235
235
238
240
242
245
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Dedicated to the 50th Anniversary of

Ural State university of Railway Communications
P R E F A C E4
The discipline you are going to study will supply you with the basic knowledge
every specialist working in cargo handling entity in commercial services needs to
know. This knowledge will help you greatly in your future work that is why you
should study hard.
Safety traffic is the main terms of railway operation, passenger and cargo transportation. All technical and organized measures on railway should meet demands of
safe and regular train traffic. Safety traffic depends not only on railway buildings in
good condition, tracks, rolling-stock, all electric interlocking devices in order, but
also due to safety fastening of cargoes.
This manual is dedicated to the theory, methods and practical calculation of rational allocation and fastening of freight in a wagon to assure safety of freight train
traffic and of cargo transportation in open rolling-stock and reliability of rolling-stock
elements during their operation.
All the aspects mentioned above and some other problems influencing the choice
of more rational cargo fastenings are the subject of studying chapter Fastening cargoes in wagons of Cargoes science discipline.
In this manual it is taken in to consideration that the text-books5 being written
before are a bit outdated and dont meet the demands of teaching in a higher educational establishments. Besides they dont show the methods of calculation of cargo
fastening described in technical specification of allocation and cargo fastening in
wagons and containers (Spec.)6.
The manual is not intended to replace new technical specifications (Spec.) and
other normative documents concerning fastening of cargoes, but it completes and
makes the sphere of their application wider. All the gaps and misprints which unfortunately were in points 6 and 10 chapter 1 Spec. are removed from the manual. There
are given several formulae interesting not only for users of the manual but also for
consignors.
According to the syllabus the manual Cargoes science presents the main theoretical points of cargo preparation for transportation, and also the practical examples
and the solutions of the most interesting applied problems, taking into consideration
.
5
Cargoes science, safety and cargo fastening / Edited of by of A.A. Smekhova Moscow: Transport, 1989. - 247 pages.
6
Technical conditions of allocation and cargo fastening in wagons and containers. Moscow: Yurtrans, 2003. - 544 pages.
4
12
the specific features of cargo during each step of transportation process using calculating machines.
To stimulate the students individual activity during practical classes the manual
has several topics of more difficult tasks and some recommendations for their solution. All the formulae for calculating elements of cargo fastening presented in the
manual are very handy for future computer processing. Therefore this manual is in
compliance with the modern requirements of the training procedure in higher educational establishments. In the manual there are given some pictures showing the consequences of breaking the main requirement standards of Spec. for allocation and
cargo fastening in wagons endangering the safety of safety of train operation.
All the examples and the normative statements for rational and cargo fastening
in a wagon, the calculation of elements of fastening in a wagon are necessary for
course and diploma papers, and they are also very useful for post-graduate students
and teachers working in transport higher educational institutions, for consignors and
technical engineers making calculations of cargo fastenings.
The subject Cargoes science described in this manual is written in accordance
with the syllabus which consists of lectures and practical classes, conducted for students of all forms of studying on specialty 190701 Organization of Transportation
and Management on Transport (Railway Transport). In this essay a student should
reflect the following problems: methods of cargo preparation for transportation,
preparation of rolling-stock transportation, cargo allocation in a wagon, calculation of
freight weight in a wagon, some measures to assure safe keeping of cargo, consumers characteristic of cargo and ways of its getting.
The practical part of Cargoes science also consists of writing a course paper
on freight allocation and its fastening in a wagon. Everything in the manual that is
printed in small letters is additional for profound studying of the subject.
That is why this information may be missed during the 1st reading.
The authors made their efforts to automate the calculation of forces for cargo
fastening, thus making consignors free from routine work, connected with manual
calculation and sometimes with recalculation. The incontestable advantage of the
method given to determine the forces of cargo fastening in comparison with the previous methods of technical specifications (Spec.) and to facilitate the process of
studying this subject. But it is obvious that nobody will manage to teach you by force.
The authors also understand that everything mentioned above i. e. the problems
of cargo transportation in wagons, rational allocation and fastening of freight in wagons and containers, etc., can not be showed to the full in a single manual. In this connection the authors will be grateful to everybody who express their wishes, opinions
and ideas to make this manual better. The authors will appreciate all the opinions and
will try to take them into consideration in the following course of studying the subject
matte and possible next editions.
Authors
13

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Cargo is special prepared for transportation on railroad or other types of transport
production of different areas of industry and agriculture. More particular cargo object of railroad transportation (manufacture, items, minerals, materials and etc.), accepted by railways in given order to transportation, for timely delivery and safety of
which railways are bears provided by regulations of railroads transport responsibility.

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Introduction7
To avoid precarious cases of transportation safety of freight trains on open rolling-stock (platforms, open wagon and conveyers) of diverse type of cargoes with flat
base (for example, bulky or heavyweight) also significant sense has its rational allocation and reliable fastening on this vehicles.
Cargo fastening disorder even at insignificant distances of transportation, in consequence of loading wagon over stated norm, irregular cargo loading and its incorrect
preparement to transportation, and because of it often happens damages of cargo fastening elements and rolling-stock under force of dynamic loadings at transportation.
All of it is the evidence of loading cargo technological process violation (as human
factor), also acting Specifications (Specs.) [2].
In this connection, one of the important component chapter Fasterning cargoes
in wagons of Cargoes science discipline contents which are directly affects on
safety loading of cargoes in wagon, provides safety its transportations and avoid
menace of safety of train operation are:
basis of rolling-stock and cargo fastening device selection depending on type,
configuration and cargo weight;
computation performance of cargo weight in wagon and its rational scheme of
allocation in wagon;
check out performance of overall dimension loading cargoes;
basis of selection of allocation of supports on length of cargo and controlling
computation of bending moment on carriage under frame;
determination of forces, acting on cargo;
checking of wagon stability with cargo and cargo inside the wagon;
computation performance and basis of cargo fastening selection;
definition of requirements to ways of fastening and characteristics of elements
fastening and cargo.
The manual consists of introduction and 12 chapters. In the introduction it is
given the notion of transport characteristic and its connection with technology and
technical elements of the process of transportation.
In the fist chapter Basic formulae of Mathematics and Applied Mechanics
there are given basic formulae and notions from Elementary Mathematics, Physics
and Applied Mechanics (Theoretical Mechanics and Strength of Materials), which can
be successfully used in the future studying suck subject as Cargo Science and Cargoes Fastening.
In the second chapter Selection of the rolling-stock and load fixture there have
been distinguished selections of the rolling-stock and handling device and also preparation of a wagon and cargo for transportation on example of utilization of heavyweight cargo.
.
18
In the third chapter Allocation of cargoes in the wagon there are given technical requirements of allocation of cargoes in the wagon and results of regression analysis of longitudinal and transverse displacement of centre of gravity, using data from
tables 10 and 11 of Specifications (Spec.).
In the fourth chapter Allocation of supports along the length of cargo, execution
of testing calculation of bending moment in the truck frame, there are given sequence of selection the places of setting supports along the length of cargo and results
of regression analysis of requirements of allocation of cargoes in the wagon and results of regression analysis of allocation of supports allocated in and outside the limits
of truck wheelbase, using data from tables 13 and 14 of Spec. In this chapter there is
also executed the testing calculation of the bending moment in the truck frame, using
main regulations of points 6.4; 6.5 of chapter 1 of Spec.
In the fifth chapter Determination of forces acting on cargo, there are given
formulae for determination, transverse and vertical dynamic forcers, wind load, frictional force with some remarks about their derivations.
In the sixth chapter Stability of a wagon with cargo and cargo a wagon, there
are distinguished in details the sequence of testing the stability of a wagon with cargo
and cargo in the wagon, including the formulae for tipping over the wagon length
wide and transverse from exertions in fastenings with their derivations.
In the seventh chapter Calculation and selection of cargo fastening there are
given derivations of formulae to calculate exertions in fastening of cargo using
method of Spec. and some useful remarks to them and also results of calculation on
the concrete example. Besides on can find here results of specified calculation of exertions in cargos fastenings, according to the points 1 and 2 P.8 of Spec. and some
other remarks to the derivation of formulae used in this method.
In the manual analytically and practically is proved that:
- formulae (34)and (35) of Spec. have been derivated from equation of flat system of balance in the simplified formulation. According to this exertions in all flexible
elements of fastenings do not depend on their physical and geometrical parameters,
that is not right;
- formulae 14 P.8 of Spec. can not be used to calculate exertions in tension
members and bindings, allocated perpendicular to the side surface of cargo from acting of transverse forces;
- exertions in flexible elements of fastenings (bindings) calculated with the help
of formulae 1 and 3 P.8 of Spec. are always more than calculated with formulae 34
and 35 P.8 of Spec. and some of them are more than permissible value. And cargo
should be fixed with extra elements of fastening, if you use formulae 1 and 3 P.8 of
Spec.
Thus, there is a great difference between the results of calculations of formulae
(34), (35) of Spec. and 3 P.8 of Spec., make us decline the formulae (34), (35) of
Spec.
In the eighth chapter Elaboration of Specified method of calculation the flexible
elements of cargo fastenings with flat base and its symmetrical allocation concerning
the axis of symmetry of wagon, determination of exertions in the flexible elements
19
of fastening cargo has been realized on the basis of considering the mechanical system
cargo-fastening-wagon as problems indeterminations static.
Such approach permitted us to find not only exertions in flexible elements of fastening, but also the displace of cargo long wide and transverse concerning to the axis
of symmetry of a wagon. This permitted use to determinate places of fixing persistent
bars, as the extra elements of cargo fastenings. In this connection there have been distinguished (in this manual) theory, method, program and results of calculation exertions in flexible elements of fastenings of cargoes with flat base, taking into consideration climatic conditions of transportation and simultaneous acting of longitudinal,
transverse and vertical forces, and using abilities of MathCAD.
In the manual it is taken into consideration, that the consigner is only a user of
the program of calculating exertions in not interested in the theoretical provision. So
this program has been developed program the consigner has only to insert such data as
mass, geometrical parameters of concrete cargo and also projections of flexible elements of fastening on the long wide, transverse and vertical axis. Then pushing the
button Control + End on a keyboard of a computer he can get the most value of
exertions in the flexible elements of fastenings axes and its possible rotation around
the vertical axis.
So, the calculation of exertions in the flexible elements fastenings of cargoes is
full automatic and a consigner becomes free from difficult calculations. It proves the
incontestable profit of this method.
In the ninth chapter Calculation of strength of supports there is given the consequence of the testing calculation of strength of the supports and given the concrete
example.
In the tenth chapter Permissible loads on the elements of wagons construction
on can find requirements to the ways of fastening, characteristics of elements of fastening and cargo regulating values on permissible loads on elements of wagon construction (by Specs.) and results of calculation of weld in devices, used for fastening
cargoes. There are also distinguished requirements to the ways of fastening and of
cargo using Specs. for allocation and fastenings cargoes in wagons and containers.
In the eleventh chapter Fastening cargoes of cylindrical form and cargoes on
wheels there are formulae to calculate the fastening of cargoes of cylindrical form
and cargoes on wheels with their next derivations. There are also given some remarks
about derivation of final analytical formulae in Specs.
In the twelfth chapter Overall and oversize cargoes in a wagon there are general points, conditions and procedures of oversize cargos transportations, degree and
area determination of oversize cargoes. There are also given determination analysis of
oversize cargoes.
Thus, in the manual there are distinguished specific properties of cargoes and
wagons for transportation and modern theory solving a wide range of tasks of rational
allocation and the consequence of calculating flexible elements of cargoes fastening.
20
I.
BASIC FORMULAE OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED
MECHANICS
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23
- (.1.2,) S = ah/2;
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Basic notions and formula of Physics and Theoretical Mechanics
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7. , - () () (.1.12).
. 1.12. , -
-
RAx RAy (.1.12,),
. RB
(.1.12,), .
, , -
(Rx, Ry Rz), . -
RB, .
8. , () (.1.13). Rx, Rz
My (.1.13,), .
. 1.13. ,
, , (Rx, Ry, Rz Mx, My, Mz ),

.
9. ( ) (.1.14).
31
( ) (B K), (B) (K)

Az, .
. 1.14.
B K
Az. .
R ,
, . . . ( ) R.

( ) ( K)
(.1.15).
.1.15. :
1 - ; 2. 3 - ;
4 6 - ; 5 - ,
; 7 - ,

9. (.1.16).
. 1.16.
32
, , .
. , R
.
, .
. , R xyz.

.
1.2.3.1.
Principle clear constraints
, , .
, ,
() ,
. , (
), (),
. , , .
, , :
( ). , . , , ,
.
3. , , , , . .
4. Ri
( i = 1, n , n )
( ) N,
xN N, ( ) F F
, c .
, N Ri
( i = 1, n ) ( ) . (.1.17).
33
.1.17.
N R
: G;
F; F; Ri ( i = 1, n , n ); N xN N; F
F.
,
.1.9,1, 1, 1; 1.101.13, . 1.18 (. .1.15).
.1.18.
R ( ) R6 ( 6)
.1.18 R ( ) R6 ( 6).
1.2.4.
Resolution of force into third components

, .
34
(
) , (,
).
()
, .
, , (.1.19).
: a, b h, V
, ,
( ) ,

().
,
,
.
.1.19 :
, ;
A , ;
A0 ;
A01 A02 A V W ,
;
35
.1.19.
()
, ;
, A01,
A0A01, ;
, A02,
W A0A02, ;
R , M
, , (. , .25), ;
,
;
Rx, Ry Rz - ;
RH, RV Rw - , V W R.
x, y z
.1.1 .
1.18:
R x = R H cos ;
R y = R H sin ;
R z = R sin , (1.10)
RH - ( ) :
RH = R cos
(1.11)
(1.11) (1.10), :
36
R x = R cos cos ; R y = R cos sin .
R z = R sin .
(1.12)
(1.1), (1.4) (1.5),
x,
y z (
):
Rx =
a
l
R;
Ry =
R ; .
Rz =
h
l
R .
(1.13)
RV RW R :
RV = R cos ; RW = R cos ,
(1.14)
cos =
lV
l
cos =
lW
l
(1.15)
, lv lw :
lW = 2 + h 2
lV = a 2 + h 2 ,
.
,
:
R ( );
R ;
Rz ( ).
, ,
.
1.2.5.
Moment of a force relatively point
F1 F2, (.1.20). ,
O. F1 F2
.
37
,
.
- . ,
,
.
.1.20.

, , . .
, , . 30.
( ), ( )
( ), (., ,
.1 ).
( ) :
mO ( F ) = Fh ,
(1.16)
F , ;
h F .
F1 F2, :
mO ( F2 ) = F2 h2 .
mO ( F1 ) = F1h1 ,
(1.17)
, O.
, , ( ).
, , , .
(1.16), , , , .
,
, , , .
38
1.2.6.
Moment of a force around the ummobility axes

.
,
, ,
.
(
) ( ). ,
.
,

.
,
, , (. .1.2.4)

( ).
.
1. , , .
2. , , .
, , () /
R, Rx, Ry
Rz , .1.21.
, .
Rx, Ry Rz. Rx, Ry Rz

,
.
.1.21.

39
() R, (. Resultant force), Rx, Ry Rz , .1.21.

, Rx, Ry Rz. Rx, Ry Rz .
, Rx, Ry Rz
.
.
Rx ,
.
Rx Oz
, :
mz (Rx ) = Rx hy ,
(1.18)
hy = 1 Rx z .
Oy
, :
m y ( Rx ) = Rx hz ,
hz = 12 Rx y .
, Ry Oz ,
:
m z ( R y ) = R y hx ,
(1.19)
hx = 2 Ry z .
Rz z,
. Rz
:
mx (Rz ) = Rz hy ,
m y ( R z ) = R z hx ,
(1.20)
hy = 1 Rz ;
hx = 2 Rz .
1.2.7.
Notions of a frictional force
, , , . .
40
(. Frictional Force )
, , .
.
.
, .

( , ).
,
, , .
. .
, ,
. ,
...
1.2.7.1.
Static Friction
( ) ( ).
,
,
(. - Static Friction ) F.
, , , (. Sliding Friction ) F.
F.
.
.
F
Rt, N
. () RA
: R A = F + N .
RA
(.1.22).
.1.22.
41
1.2.7.1.1. 10
Laws of a Colon
1. (
) F, . , . .
0 F F.
F ,

.
2. F
( ) ( ), . .
F. = f0 N,
(1.21)
f0 - (. - static coefficient friction)
( ). ( , ,
), .
N - ,
( ) (). , N = Q.
3. F
( ) .
, , , ,
, ,
, .

(1663 1705), (1736 1806) .
, , , .10.3.2 11.
,
F F
F f0N,
10
(1.22)
.. . .: . ., 1998. 416
11
. .: , 2003. 544 .
42
, F (. Limiting
friction) (1.22) , ,
, , F, . . F F.
,
.
, , F
(. . F = F), .

. : f0 =
0.76; f0 = 0.55, ( ) f0 =
0.62, ( ) f0 = 0.54; f0 = 0.4;
f0 = 0.15 - 0.25; 0.027.
,
() ( ) . ,
() .
, - .
() . () , .
,
.
.
, ,
F = fN,
(1.23)
f , .
f f0 (. . f < f0),
,
.
, .
.10

, ( ) . , ,
, ,
, .
(. - angle of friction) -
RA N (. .1.21).
43
tg =
F
N
= .
: 1. , . ,
, .
, , , ()
. , .
2. ,
, (1.23).
3. ,

. , : xN
= 0, F = 0 N = Q.
, .1.9, xN
, :
m ( F ) = Fz F + QxC Nx N = 0 .

xN = (F zF + Q xC)/ N,
(1.24)
zF F ;
xC ;
N = Q z.
(1.24) :
xN = (F/Q) zF + xC.
.1.23.

N, , , (1.24), , , AB.
4. , () R (.1.24), N xN :
44
Z = 0 : R
Q + N = 0;
m ( F ) = 0 : Rx z Rx QxC + NxN = 0 ,
:
N = Ry + Q;
xN =
R x z Rx QxC
N
(1.25)
(1.26)
.1.24.

Rx = R coscos Ry = R sin , .
1.2.7.1.2. 12
( )
F , F,
( ).
(, ),
(, ) (.1.25). : F ; G
(); F - ( ); N
.
.1.25.

0 F Fmax F (.1.26,). ( )
() F F ,
12
.. . .: - , 1963. 230 .
45
, Fmin
, F F .
.1.26.

F = Fmin = Fmax
.
. , F, ( ),
(.. F max ), (.1.26,).

, :

.
F F
. 1.26.
1.2.7.2.
Equilibrium if there is friction
, , , F
F.
1. ()
(.1.27,).
F f0N (.
(1.21)). .
46
.1.27.
:
tg 0 =
F
N
tg 0 = f 0 .
R
0. , R 0
, , F,
(.1.27,), ,
Fsin F = f0N = f0Fcos ( -
). Fsin > f0Fcos, f 0 = tg 0 ,

tg > tg0, . . > 0. , , , 0, . .
2. , , . . F F,
, f0 . , , F = F = f0N. F < f0N. , ,
F = kN, k < f0. k = 0 ( f0 = 0) ,
, ().
, ,
, F = f0Q,
, , , .
.10.5.3 (. .43)
(34) (35).
47
3. ,
F, F F, ,
.
1.2.7.3.
Rolling Friction
, ,
,
, (, ,
.) .
(. Rolling Friction) ,
.
(
Q = 6 ) ( ).
F, , ,
, (.
1.27).
, F .
F Q . ( ) ( )
N , , F,
F, . F
()
.
.1.27.

, F.
(F, F) ,
.

( , ) , , , - ( ) . A ( , ), .1.28. -
48
F AB < AD, . . , , D.

, F
, .
N, ( ), a
(.1.29).
.1.28.

(Q, N)
(F, F) .
(Q, N)
M = N ,
(1.27)
.
(1.27) (1.22)
a ,
.
,
Mmax.
.1.29.

Mmax

, , , N:
Mmax = f N,
(1.28)
f , .

: 0.50.8, 0.05, 0.30.04, - 0.005,
0.001.
, .1.29, :
F = F;
X = 0:
Y = 0 :
(F ) = 0 :
49
N = Q;
F h = N a,
(1.29)
h - .
, (1.22)
(1.29), :
F fN = f Q.
, (1.29), :
F f Q.
(1.30)
, (1.26) (M = N a)
Mmax = f N, ..
a f.
:
F h f N
F h f Q.
f
Q.
(1.31)
h
(1.31) fk/h f. ,
, , , (, , . .).
, F (1.30) (1.31).

.
F
1.3.
Basic formula of strength of materials

, 15 16 .6.5 [4].

(.1.301.34).

:
-
(.1.30);
50
.1.30.
-
, .. lc > 0 bc = 0 (.1.31);
.1.31.
- (.. ) (.1.32);
.1.32.
- (.. ) (.1.33);
.1.33.
- (.1.34);
51
.1.34.
- (.1.35).
.1.35.
, . 1.30, = :
-
R A = P ; RB = P ;
-
M max = P(0.5l a ) .
(1.32)
, . 1.31, < :
P
R A = (l + a ) ; R B = R A 2 P ;
l
M max =
Pab
.
l
(1.33)
, . 1.32,:
-
R A = 0.5 P ; R B = 0.5P ;
M max =
Pl
4
(1.34)
, . 1.32,:
-
R A = 0.5ql ; R B = 0.5ql ;
M max =
52
ql 2
8
(4a + l ) .
(1.35)
, . 1.33:
-
R A = 0.5ql ; RB = 0.5ql ;
-
M max
ql 2
=
8
(1.36)
, . 1.34:
-
P1
(l a) ; RB
l
RA =
= R A P1 P2 ;
P1a
(l a) .
(1.37)
l
, , () ( C E) D
. , , , .
, . 1.35,

. ,
, ,
POLUPROM, .
M max = R A a =
1.4.
Determinations static and indeterminations static bodies system

53
. ,
,
.
, ,
, .
,
, . ,
, .
, , , , (), -
.
, , (.1.36),
, RA RB
Fy = 0 M0(F)= 0.
.1.36.
,
, , , (), .
.
, , (.1.37),
,
RA, RB R Fy = 0 M0(F)= 0. .
54
.1.37.
( ) Si ( i = 1, n )
, ,
n S0i, (.1.38).

8,
4 24 . , ,
6. :
, 4 24 Si ( i = 1, n , n );
F F,
(2 );
N xN yN (3 );
.1.38.
55
x y,
(3 ).
,
.
(
) ( ).
,
, , .
.

.
() .

.
13 - ,
.
.. . .: , 1976. 608 .
.. . .I. .:
., 1975. 832 .
13
56
II.
THEORY OF ALLOCATION AND FASTERNING CARGOES IN
WAGONS
, [2],

--.
, :
-
, ,
,
, 10, 11, 13, 14 15
, ;
-
.
, , ,
.
2.
SELECTION OF THE ROLLING-STOCK AND LOAD HAND FIXTURE

.
2.1.
Selection of the rolling-stock
: () (, ) (, ). , , . ,
13-4012 : 71 , Q = 21.4 ,
14620 , l = 9720 ( , ),
2770 , 13380 ;
() 1310 , 800 [2].
57
2.2.
Selection of the load fixture

()
, . .
, .
, (. 2.1).
,
, , , ,
.
.2.1. () ()
: 1 - , 2 - , 3 .
,
().
2.3.
Preparation of a wagon and cargoes for transportation
.3 1 , - .5 1
.
, , ,
. .
.
58
.

(. . ).
, , , , , , . . ( -14).

. , ,
, :
- ;
- ;
- .
59
3.
ALLOCATION OF CARGOES IN A WAGON

. 10 11
.6.16.3 1 [2].
3.1.
Technical requirements of allocation of cargoes in a wagon
3.1 .6 1 [2].
3.1.1. .
3.1.2.
400 .
3.1.3. ()

.
,
, , ,
, , , ..., ..
14:
======================================================================
(1932 ..) , ..., , , (
), ,
,
. ,
.
150 , 4
, 3 , 2 5 . 9 1 .
=======================================================================
14
.. . . .
. . . . - .: , 1988. 608 .
60
3.1.3.1.
lc ( )
. 10 .
10
,
lc,
lc,
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
3000
2480
2230
2070
1970
1890
1840
1800
50
55
60
62
67
70
>70
1700
1330
860
690
300
110
100
3.1.3.2.
bc ( )

() . 11 .
11
10
30
50
- bc,

,
1200
1500
2000
1200
1500
2000
2300
1200
1500
2000
2300
620
550
410
550
450
350
290
350
280
250
200
55
67
>67
61
bc,
1500
2000
2300
1500
2000
2300
220
170
150
180
140
120
2300
100
. , . 10 11 ,
.
3.1.4.
(.3.1) :
.3.1.

l = 0.5L l O
,
(3.1)
L (, 13400 );
lc - ,
( ),
l =
Q1l1 + Q 2 l 2 + ... + Qnl n

Q1 + Q 2 + ... + Qn
(3.2)
, Q1, Q2,Qni - ;
l1, l2,, ln -
;

b = 0.5B b
(3.3)
B (, 2770 );
bc -
,
( ),
62
b =
Q1b1 + Q 2b2 + ... + Qb

Q1 + Q 2 + ... + Q
(3.4)
, b1, b2, ..., bn - .

(0.513.4 = 6.7 )
(0.52.77 = 1.385 )
. ,
() () . ,
,
(. . 3.1).

.
=======================================================================
3.1.4.1. - .
:
63
.
(6.494 ), (0.513.4 = 6.7 ), 0.206 .
:
64
(1.171 ), (0.52.77 = 1.385 ), 0.214 .

=======================================================================
, , :
( ).
(. ) 9720 , 18-100.
, :
1) : , , ,
(. ).
2) (. 1). 510 2400 .
480 (.17).
(.17) (.1) .
(.1) (. 17) II .
, , . 10 ,
,
. , , , .
10
MathCAD
[26, 27].
65
3.2.
10 11 15
Results of statistic data processing from tables 10 and 11 Specs.
3.2.1. 10
:
, . .
: .
,
;
k ()
;
,
( )
.
. , , lc(Q) , 6-
l = a0 + a1Q + a2Q2 + a3Q3 + a4Q4 + a5Q5 + a6Q6 ,
(3.5)
a0, a1, a2 - , , /, /2, /3, /4, /5, /6;
Q .
-. - a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 a6 coeffts0,
coeffts1, coeffts2, coeffts3, coeffts4, coeffts5 coeffts6.
.
3.2.2. MathCAD
[26]
( 10 ), -
k = 6 .
15
... .. .. ..
66
10
k = 6 coeffs , .
0.99895389, 1, k = 6.
. 10 (. 3.2).
67
.3.2.
, , , ,
.
coeffs
Q 10 72 Q = 1.0 :
.
lc= f(Q):
(3.6)
coeffs0, coeffs1, . oeffs6 - , , /, /2, /3, /4,
/5, /6.
lc = f(Q) . 3.3.
68
.3.3. lc = f(Q)
lc(Q), Q, 10
,

============================================================
3.2.2.1. , .7.1.4.1,
0.206 = 206 . 56 1260 . , (206 ) ,
(1260 ), -:
69
=========================================================
lc(Q), bc(),
, 11
. .
10 :
30 :
70
50 :
55 :
67 :
71

.3.3,,.
72
. 3.3.

lc(Q),
bc(Q),
Q,
H, 11 . .
1200 :
73
1500 :
2000 :
2300 :
74
3.2.2.2. , .7.1.4.1,
0.214 = 214 .
1200 56 264 . , (214 ) , (264 ), -:
=========================================================

.3.4,,.
75
. 3.4.

3.3.
Preparation of initial data

V, /3 m ,
Q .
, .
, : m = V, : Q = mg (g = 9.81 , /2); : Q1 = 0.1 Q.
76
3.4.
Allocation of cargoes in a wagon
(. 3.5).
.3.5
. 3.5 118 ; l () ,
; b
,
( ); h (
).
77
4.

ALLOCATION OF SUPPORTS ALONG THE LENGTH OF CARGO,
EXECUTION OF TESTING CALCULATION OF BENDING MOMENT
IN THE TRUCK FRAME

.6.4, 6.5 1 [24].
4.1.

About the allocation of supports in
and outside the limits of truck wheelbase
4.1.1. ,
, .

(.30 )
B = b + 1.35 h0,
(4.1)
b ;
h0 .
===================================================================
- :
===================================================================
4.1.2. (.8.1) (.4.2), . 13, . 14 [2].
78
.4.1.

20
22
25
27
30
33
36
13
()
()
880
1780
2700
550
325
0
650
750
500
1200
1100
900
1425
1350
1200
1675
1650
1450
2075
1885
1850
3100
2900
2400
.4.2.
14
()
, ()
880
1780
2700
12.5
6250
6350
6400
15
6000
6050
6150
20
5600
5650
57500
25
5400
5450
5550
30
5370
5420
5520
33
5350
5400
5500
36
5330
5380
5500
79

() .
.6.4 (.
4.3). COSMOS/M
, 100 / 350 .
. 4.3.

4.2.
13 14 16
Results of statistic data processing from tables 13 and 14 Specs.
4.2.1. MathCAD
, ( . 13 ), - .
. 13 , k = 6, coeffs, , , .
16
... .. ..
80
. 13
k = 6 coeffs , .
0.9998, 1, k =
6.
. 13 (. 4.4).
.4.4.
81
coeffs
R 20 36 R =
1.0 :
.
coeffs
- , - , R , .
a = f(R)
(4.2)
coeffs0, coeffs1, . oeffs6 - , , /, /2, /3, /4,
/5, /6.
a = f(R) . 4.5.
.4.5. a = f(R)

a(R) , ,
13 :
82

a(R) , ,
R .4.6.
. 4.6.
R

4.2.2.
, a (. .4.2.1), , ,
R
83
, . 14 . :

a(R) ,
, R
.4.7.
. 4.7.
R

84
4.3. 17
Testing alculation of bending moment in the truck frame

(1.32),, (1.37) .6.5 .
(. .1.3).
[]
( []*
)
. 15 .
15
880
1780
2700
91
99
110
[],

01.01.
01.01.
1974 .
1974 .
40
46
44
56.6
50
57.5
. [] .
=======================================================================

, . 1.15 .1.3 1 , (. (1.31)):
M max = P(0.5l a ) ,
(. .8.1)
P0.5lb M
.
(4.3)
P
-

(. .8.1)
a=
17
... ..
..
85
, (. .4.1)
, , 1123 .
==================================================================
[]

. 15 .
4.3.1.
15
Results of statistic data processing from table 15 Specs.
4.3.1.1. MathCAD

[] () () ( . 15 ), -
.
86
. 15 , k = 2, coeffs, , , .
1.0,
k = 2.
. 15
(. 4.8).
.4.8.
87
coeffs,
880 2700
= 10 , :
coeffs0, coeffs1, oeffs2 - ,

; /; /2.
[] = () = f() . 4.9.
.4.9. [] = f()

[] = f()
, . 15 .
88
89
4.3.1.2. (.8.3.1.1) [] () , . 15 . .
90
91
,
.
, . .2.2 2.3.
92
4.4.

About permissible loads on transverse beam and on surfaces
of on open wagon
4.4.1.
. 16 ( 01.01.1974 .).
16
,
1400 2100 2700 1400 2100 2700 1400 2100 2700 1400 2100 2700
17.5 18.7 20.7 24.3 27.3
31
0.5Q 0.5Q 0.5Q
22
24.1 26.3
*
*
Q , .
4.4.2. (.6.6 1, .32 ):

2
2525
368 (36.8 /2 3.68 /2);

60 (6 ).
.6.6 1
(.8.10).
. 4.10,, ( 11.4 )
, ,
,
(.6.6 1 );
,
1250 ,
700 , 60
(6 );
,
, , ,
83 (8.3 ). , 120 (12 ) [4].
93
.4.10,.
( )
.4.10,. ( )
94
5. , 18
DETERMINATION OF FORCES ACTING ON CARGO
5.1.
Longitudinal dynamic force

F = Q,
[(3), ]
Q , ;
=============================================================
, ..., ..
= a m ,
(5.1)
2
a (/ ),
m , .
(5.1)
= a
Q
g
a
g
(5.2)

, ( ).
============================================================
1
, / (. . )
a = a 22
Q (a 22 a94 )
72
[(4), ]
, 22 94 (
(. 17 ))
: 22 94 ; - 44 188 ; Q , . , 22 = 1.2 94 = 0.97, 44 = 1.2 188 = 0.86, - 22 = 1.9 94 = 1.67, 44 =
1.9 188 = 1.56.
18
..., ..
95
=============================================================
(1942 . .)
1964 .
(1972), (1975).
(, -),
(, , -), ( , ), ( ).
170 ,
, , 5
( )
, .
=============================================================
, .. ,
,
, .
. ,
, , .
, . , (3), (4) , ,
.
-

a =
r
m2 m2
2m m
aC ,
(5.3)
a ,
( - ). .
, ,
.
17 ,
( , ).
(4) .
17 , ,
(4) , , , - , . ( , .
. 5.1),
96
a = a22
(Q Q22 )
Q94 Q22
(a22 a94 ) .
(5.4)
(5.4) (10.4)
, Q22 , Q Q22
Q , Q94 Q22 = 72, .

.5.1.
5.2.
Transverse dynamic force

F = Q,
[(6), ]
1
, / (. . ):
a = 0.33 +
0.44
l ,
l
[(7), ]
, l , (l =9720 ); l = l
() , , ( (. .5.2) . , ,
l ( l ) ).
, ,
= 0.40 /.
=============================================================
, ..
. ,
,
, , .
.
97
(. )
, ,
,
, .
, ,
, , ,
. , , . 9.2.
,
(.
. 5.1).
. 5.2.

,
1.5
1.5
- 2.84
3.2
0.330
0.413
5.1
4.856
6.075
, .
5.3.
Vertical dynamic force

F = Q,
[(8), ]
1 , / (. . )
a = 0.25 + kl +
2.14
Q ,
[(9), ]
, k = 510-6, - k = 2010-6.
10 Q = 10 .
98
=============================================================
, .. , ,
(). (9) l .
(. 5.3).
. 5.3.
( (9),
.42 ), 100 /)
. 9.3.

a = 0.25 kl +
2.14
Q ,
(5.5)
, (10.5)
. 5.2.
5.2
, -
-
,
,
1.5
- 2.84
0.450
6.619
1.5
3.2
0.480
7.063
, , , (,
).
=============================================================
5.4.
Wind load

W = 0.05 A,
[(10), ]
0.05 /2
( 38 /);
A (. - Area) ( ,
, ) 2.
99
, ,
.
, , 19
F = 0.5cAv 2 ,
(5.6)
( 0.55 1.2);
, /3 ( 1.26 1.29);
A , , 2 (. [(10), ]);
v , / ( 38 /).
, v=v , , , v = v
.
5.5.
Frictional force
(. ), ,

F = Q,
[(11), ]
( ), ,
=0.55, - 0.45, - 0.4, - 0.3, - 0.38, , 0.37, - 0.21, () () 0.61 (. .42 );

F = Q(1 - ).
19
[(12), ]
.., .. . : , 2004. 296 .
100
=======================================================================
, .. (11 [(12) . .11.2
11.3 ,
( ) ,
. , - ,
(.
(12) ), .
() ,
.
1942 . .
() 1965 .
(1984), (1986).
, , ;

.
200 , 5 , 22
3 .
4 , . . . 3 28.3 . .
30 5
.
, ,
, .
=============================================================
5. 6. ,

Calculation of longitudinal and transverse force of inertia,
wind loads and frictional force
-,
,
.
101
102
=============================================================
103
6.
STABILITY OF A WAGON WITH CARGO AND CARGO A WAGON
, .10.4 1 [2],
,
.
.
6.1.
Testing of stability of a wagon with cargo
6.1.1. , [2], , (H)
() 2300 , () () , ,
50 2, . ., :
H > 2300 + > 50 2,
, 2 ( 12 2, 7 2;
76 3 - 34 2, 83 3 - 37 2).
, H < 2300 + < 50 2, .
==================================================================
- :
- . 2, .
104
==================================================================
6.1.2. , ( ),
(. 6.1)
Q1h1 + Q 2 h 2 + ... + Q H
Q + Q
[(19), ]
h1, h2 h ;
H ( 800 ,
1130 );
105
Q1,, Q1 ;
Q ;
Q (, 22 ).
.6.1.

=======================================================================
- :
- . , .
106
==================================================================
6.1.3. H > 2300 + > 50 2,

, [2]
107
P + P
P
0.55,
[(20), ]
(P + P)
;
P .
:

Q + Q
P =
,
n
[(21), ]
n .;

P =
1
n
Q
+
Q
(
1
) ,
[(22), ]
S 1520 (S =790 );
( )
P =
2
n
Q
l
+
Q
(
0
.
5
) ;
2
l

[(23), ]
(
)
P =
2 Q
l
b
(
0
.
5
)(
1
).
+
Q
S
n 2
l
[(24), ]
P + P =
0.075(Q + Q ) H
+ Wh + 1000 p ,
n S
[(25), ]
W , , (. (10) );
108
h ;
p , (
)
(. 18
p = 3.34 p = 5.61).
6.2.
Testing of stability of cargo in a wagon
6.2.1.
[2]:

h h
[(26), ]
l
(.6.2,);
h ;
h
.
.6.2.
Q b
F (h h ) + W (h h )
[(27), ]
b
(.6.2,);
h
;
h .

, 1.25, . .
> 1.25 > 1.25, - ( ) = 2.
109
=============================================================
(26) (27) , ,
20.
1)
(. ..6.2,)
(F ) = 0 : F (h h ) Ql = 0 ,
(6.1)
Q F
:
Ql = M F (h h ) = M .
(6.2)

M = M .
(6.3)
()
M > M .
(6.4)
, , :
M
M
(6.5)
.
, = 1, > 1. < 1, , , .
(6.5) (6.2),

Q l
F (h h
)
20
(6.6)
.., .. . . I. . . : . ., 1977. 368 .

110
(26) .
F = Q.
(3) F = a Q ( a
1 , /; Q , ) , , .
2)
(. ..6.2,)
(F ) = 0 : F (h h ) + W (h h ) Q b = 0 .
(6.7)

Q F, W
Qb = M F (h h ) + W (h h ) = M . (6.8)
(6.5) (6.8),
Q b
F (h h ) + W (h
h )
.
=============================================================
6.2.2. ( ) < 1.25, [4]:
, 0.8, ,
1.25, ( (.6.3), ),
;
111
.6.3.
0.8
1.0 ,

( () ).
,
,

(.. );
.4.1 1, .11, :
- ,
,
.
- ,
.
1.1
1.25 , ( ), ,
(.6.4).
112
.6.4.
===================================================================
6.2.2.1. -, .
113
======================================================================
6.2.3. () , ,
(
):
(.6.5)
R =
nF (h h ) Q l
n
( h cos cos + l sin )
[(28), ]
.6.5.

(.6.6)
R =
nF (h h ) + W (h h ) Q b
n (h cos cos + b sin )
114
[(29), ]
.6.6.

n , : n =
1 n ( n) = 11.25; n = 1.25 n ( n) < 1; .; ( ) .; l b (. . ) ,
(. .6.5 6.6); l b
(. .6.2,,); h (. .
) () ; h h ; n n
, .
(28) (29) (1.1)(1.5), .1.1 (. .1.1).
=======================================================================
1. (28) . -,
. -, .33 , . , .33 , , .
.
(28) .
, ( . 6.5 ),
(F ) = 0 ;
o
nF (h h ) Q l
n
Rzi l =
= n
Rxi (h i h ),
115
(6.9)
Rxi Rzi ,
R xi = R i cos i cos i ;
Rzi = R i sin i .
(6.10)
(6.10) (6.9), :
o
nF (h h ) Q l
R i sin i l =
= n
R i cos i cos i ( h i h ).
:
o
nF (h h ) Q l
=
= n
R i (cos i cos i ( h i h ) sin i l )
, Ri Ri, :
o
nF (h h ) Ql
n
(cos i cos i ( h i h ) sin i l )
(6.11)
h, (6.11) (28) , .
2. (22) . , ( . 6.6
), :
(F ) = 0 ;
nF (h h ) + W (h
h ) Q
n Rzi = n R yi (h i h ),
(6.12)
Ri Rzi ,
R i = R i cos i cos i ;
Rzi = R i sin i .
116
(6.13)
(6.13) (6.12), Ri Ri
,
R =
nF (h h ) + W (h h ) Q
n (cos i cos i (h i h ) sin i )
(6.14)
h, (6.6) (29) , .
=======================================================================
6.2.3.1. (1.1), (1.4), (6.3) (6.6):

R =
o
nF ( h h ) Ql
(cos 1 cos 1 (h 1 h ) sin 1l ) +
+
(cos
cos
(
h
h
)
sin
l
)
+
2
2
2
2
2
+
(cos
cos
(
h
h
)
sin
l
)
+
3
3
3
+ (cos 4 cos 4 ( h 4 h ) sin 4l )
(6.15)
(1.1) (1.4)
o
nF (h h ) Ql
R =
;
h
a 1
( l (h1 h ) l l ) +
1
1
a2
h 2
l ) +
+ (
(h 2 h )
l
l
2
2
2
+ ( a 3 (h h ) h 3 l ) +
l 3 3
l 3
a
h
4
4
h
h
l
+
(
(
)
)
4
l
l4
4
(6.15,)
(bc = 0 lc > 0)
117
R =
o
nF ( h h ) Q l
(cos 1 cos 1 (h 1 h ) sin 1l ) +
+ (cos 2 cos 2 ( h 2 h ) sin 2l ) +

+
h
h
l
+
(cos
cos
(
sin
)
+
3
3
3
3
+ (cos 4 cos 4 ( h 4 h ) sin 4l )
1
;
(cos 11 cos 11 (h 1 h ) sin 11l ) +
+ (cos 12 cos 12 (h 12 h ) sin 12l ) +

+
+ (cos 13 cos 13 (h 13 h ) sin 13l ) +
(cos
cos
(
)
sin
)
h
h
l
+
14
14
14
14
(1.1) (1.4)
o
nF ( h h ) Ql
R =
h1
a 1
(
(
)
)
+
l
h
h
l
1
1
a2
h 2
(h 2 h )
l ) +
+ (
l
l
2
2
a
+
h
+ ( 3 ( h 3 h ) 3 l ) +
l 3
l3
a
h
+ ( 4 (h h ) 4 l )
4
118
(6.16)
1
h11
a 11
(
(
)
)
+
l
h
h
11
l
l
11
11
a 12
h12
( h12 h )
l ) +
+ (
l
l
12
12
+
a 13
h 13
+ (
(h13 h )
l ) +
l 13
l 13
h
a
+ ( 14 ( h h ) 14 l )
14
l
l
14
14
(6.16,)
(bc = 0 lc > 0)
R =
o
nF (h h ) Q l
(cos 5 cos 5 ( h 5 h ) sin 5l ) +
+ (cos 6 cos 6 ( h 6 h ) sin 6l ) +

+
+
(cos
cos
sin
)
+
h
h
l
7
7
7
+ (cos 8 cos 8 (h 8 h ) sin 8l )
1
(cos 15 cos 15 (h 15 h ) sin 15l ) +
+ (cos 16 cos 16 (h 16 h ) sin 16l ) +

+
+ (cos 17 cos 17 (h 17 h ) sin 17l ) +
+
(cos
cos
(
h
h
)
sin
l
)
18
18
18
18
(1.1) (1.4)
119
(6.17)
o
nF (h h ) Ql
R =
h 5
a 5
h
h
l
(
(
)
+
5
l 5
a 6
h 6
l ) +
( h 6 h )
+ (
l
l
6
6
a
+
+ ( 7 (h 7 h ) 7 l ) +
l 7
l 7
h
a 8
h
h
l
+
(
(
)
8
l 8
8
1
h 15
a 15
(
(
)
)
l
h
+
15
l
l
15
15
a 16
h 16
(h16 h )
l ) +
+ (
l
l
16
16
+
a
h
17
17
+ (
(h17 h )
l ) +
l 17
l 17
a
h
18
18
(
(
)
)
h
h
l
+
18
l
l 18
18
(6.17,)
(bc >
0 lc = =0)
R =
nF ( h h ) + W ( h h ) Q
(cos 1 cos 1 (h 1 h ) sin 1 ) +
+ (cos 2 cos 2 (h 2 h ) sin 2 ) +
+
(cos
cos
(
h
h
)
sin
)
+
3
3
3
+ (cos 4 cos 4 (h 4 h ) sin 4 )
120
1
(cos 5 cos 5 (h 5 h ) sin 5 ) +
(cos
cos
(
h
h
)
sin
)
+
6
6 +
6
6
+
(cos
cos
(
h
h
)
sin
)
+
7
7
7
+ (cos 8 cos 8 (h 8 h ) sin 8 )
(6.18)
(1.1) (1.4)
nF (h h ) + W ( h
h ) Q
R =
h1
1
(
(
h
h
)
)
+
1
1
1
2
h 2
+ (
) +
( h 2 h )
l
l
2
2
h
+ ( 3 (h h ) 3 ) +
l 3 3
l 3
4
4
(
(
h
h
)
)
l4
4
1
h5
5
(
(
)
+
h
h
l
5
5
6
h6
+ (
( h 6 h )
) +
l
l
6
6
+
+ ( 7 ( h h ) h 7 ) +
l 7 7
l 7
8
8
+ ( l ( h 8 h ) l )
8
8
121
(6.18,)
(bc > 0 lc = 0)
R =
nF (h h ) + W (h h ) Q
(cos 11 cos 11 (h 11 h ) sin 11 ) +
+ (cos 12 cos 12 ( h12 h ) sin 12 ) +

+
h
h
+
(cos
cos
(
sin
)
+
13
13
13
13
+ (cos 14 cos 14 ( h14 h ) sin 14 )
1
(cos 15 cos 15 (h 15 h ) sin 15 ) +
+ (cos 16 cos 16 (h 16 h ) sin 16 ) +

+
h
h
+
(cos
cos
(
)
sin
)
17
17
17
17
+ (cos 18 cos 18 (h 18 h ) sin 18 )

(1.1) (1.4)
nF (h h ) + W (h h ) Q
R =
h 11
11
(
(
)
+
h
h
11
11
11
12
h 2
+ (
(h12 h )
) +
l
l
12
12
+

h
+ ( 13 (h h ) 13 ) +
l 13 3
l 13
14
14
+
(
(
)
h
h
l
l 14
14
122
(6.19)
1
h15
15
(
(
)
+
h
h
15
l
15
15
16
h 16
(h 16 h )
) +
+ (
l
l
16
16
+
17
17
+ (
( h17 h )
) +
l 17
l 17
18
18
+
(
(
h
h
18
l 18
18
(6.19,)
( ) Ri Ri (6.16) (6.17), (6.18) (6.19),

Ri, - Ri.
, (6.11), (6.16) (6.17), ( ) Ri, , - l , - h, ..
(l / h) < 1. (6.14), (6.118) (6.19),
Ri, , - b
, , .. (b/h)/< 1. n
, : n = 1
n ( n) = 11.25; n = 1.25 n ( n) < 1 (. .6.2.3).
.6.2.3 (. .6.2.2.1),
( )
.
=======================================================================
6.2.3.2. -, .
123
n n ( n) =
11.25, : n = 1.
6.2.3.3. -, ( )
.
:
124
csa1, csb1 sna1 cos1, cos1 sin1.

( ) (. ,
.6.2.1):
(6.11) (6.15)
, (10.15,)
125
( ) (28) :
(28)
, (6.11) (6.15) (. 1 . 6.2.3).
( ) (. ,
.6.2.1)
(6.14) (6.18) -
, (6.18,)
126
( ) (29) :
(29)
, (6.14) (6.18) (.
2 . 6.2.3).
=======================================================================
127
7.
CALCULATION AND SELECTION OF CARGO FASTENING
,
, . .
,
, 1 2 8
, , . , . , , , 14
4- 8
6 , 8 6- .
7.1.
Sequence of alculation and selection of cargo fastening
, , , , ,
(. . 19 ).
7.1. F F , , :
F = F F;
[(30), ]
F = n(F + W) F,
[(31), ]
n , : n = 1 , n = 1.25 .
=======================================================================
- .
128
=======================================================================
,
(, , ):
F = F + F + F;
F = F + F + F,
[(32), ]
[(33), ]
F, F, F, F, F, F
, , .
7.2. (, ) (. .1.5 .7.1) ( ) :
,
R =
n
i =1
( f sin i + cos i cos i )
[(34), ]
(1.1) (1.4)
.7.1.

129
F
=
;
h i a i
(7.1)
n i ( f
+
)
l i l i
i =1
=======================================================================
(34) .
( , )
() ,
( ) .
- , ,
. , -

,
. (. .1.2.2
.1.4) N > Q,
, xN . N
xN c .

.
, , ,
. .

.
, 21.
-
.
, , ,
(.7.2).
: M - , , x, y
z M Oxyz, l,
Q; R, Rx, Ry Rz x, y z, F
= x , , N
F .
, ,
( ):
X = 0:
Y = 0 :
n n
Rx + F = F ;
(7.2)
N = n n
Rz + Q ,
(7.3)
21
.. . - .: , 1976. 608 .
.. . .I. - .: .,
1975. -832 .
130
nn , .;
Rx Rz
(. (1.12)):
Rx = R cos cos ;
Rz = R sin
(7.4)
. 7.2.
F ( ) (. (1.21)):
F = fN
(7.5)
f -
, R =
(. .42 ).
(7.4) (7.2), (7.5), (7.4) (7.1)
n n
R ( f sin + cos cos ) + Q = F
n n
R ( f sin + cos cos ) = F Q
n n
R ( f sin + cos cos ) = F ,
(7.6)
F - ,
F = F Q .
(7.7)
(7.6) :
R =
,
n n
( f sin + cos cos )
[(34,), ]
131
, .
, (34)
.
(34) . ,
,
, , (
, ) ,
. , , (34) ,
, , ,
.
(. .1.2.7.1, .43), , , .
, . ,
(34) , .
, (34) , ,
. . , - .
,
,
.
(34) , ,
.
, ,
(34) .
======================================================================
, -
R =
F
n i ( f sin i + cos i cos i )
i =1
(1.1) (1.5) :
132
[(35), ]
R =
F
.
h
i
i
+ )
n
i ( f
l
l i
i =1
i
(7.8)
============================================================
(35) . ( , ) ( , )
, ( ) (. 7.3), .. .
: M - , , x, y z
M x, y z,
l,
Q; R, Rx, Ry Rz x, y z, F = ,
, N F
.
. 7.3.

, ,
( ):
X = 0:
n n R y + F = F + W ;
Y = 0 :
N = n n Rz + Q ,
(7.9)
(7.10)
nn nn ,
.;
Ry Rz (. (1.12) (7.4)):
R y = R cos cos ;
Rz = R sin
(7.11)
F ( ) (. (7.4)) ,
R = R f .
:
133
n n R ( f sin + cos cos ) + Q = F + W
n n R ( f sin + cos cos ) = F + W Q ,

n n R ( f sin + cos cos ) = F ,
(7.12)
F - ,
F = F + W Q
(7.13)
(7.12)
R =
F
n ( f sin + cos cos ) ,
n
[(35,), ]
, [(34), ],
.
, (35) , , .
,
. (35) , -,
.
,
.
=======================================================================

() :

R =
F
( f sin 1 + cos 1 cos 1 ) + ( f sin 2 + cos 2 cos 2 ) +
2
+ ( f sin 3 + cos 3 cos 3 ) + ( f sin 4 + cos 4 cos 4 )
134
(7.14)
(1.1) (1.4)
R =
F
h 1 a 1
h 2 a 2
h3 a 3
h 3 a 3
2 ( f
+
)+(f
+
)+(f
+
)+(f
+
)
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
(7.14,)
(bc = 0 lc > 0)
R
=
F
+
(
sin
cos
cos
)
(
sin
cos
cos
)
f
f
3
3
3
4
4
+ ( f sin + cos cos ) + ( f sin + cos cos ) +

11
11
11
12
12
12
(7.15)
(1.1) (1.4)
R =
F
a2
h3 a 3
h 3 a 3
)+(f
)+(f
)+
+
+
+
l 2
l 3 l 3
l 3 l 3
h2
h 1 a 1
(
f
)
(
f
+
+
l 2
l 1 l 1
h
a
h
a
h
a
h
a
+ ( f 11 + 11 ) + ( f 12 + 12 ) + ( f 13 + 13 ) + ( f 14 + 14 )
l 11 l 11
l 12 l 12
l 13 l 13
l 14 l 14
(7.15,)
(bc = 0 lc > 0)
R =
F
+ ( f sin 7 + cos 7 cos 7 ) + ( f sin 8 + cos 8 cos 8 ) +

15
15
15
16
16
16

135
;
(7.16)
(1.1) (1.4)
R =
F
a 6
h 7 a 7
h 8 a 8
+
)+(f
+
)+(f
+
)+
l 6
l 7 l 7
l 8 l 8
h 6
h 5 a 5
f
f
(
+
)
+
(
l
l
l
5
5
6
h 15 a 15
h 16 a 16
h 17 a 17
h 18 a 18
+ ( f
+
)+(f
+
)+(f
+
)+(f
+
)
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
(7.16,)
(bc = 0 lc = 0) (bc > 0 lc = 0) -
R =
F
;
3
3
3
4
4
4
(7.17)
(1.1) (1.5)
R =
F
h 2 2
h3 3
h3 3
h 1 1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
(
f
)
(
f
)
(
f
)
(
f
)
l
l 1
l2 l 2
l 3 l 3
l 3 l 3
1
h5 5
h 6 6
h 7 7
h8 8
+ ( f
+
+
+
+
)+(f
)+( f
)+(f
)
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
(7.17,)
(bc > 0 lc = 0) -
136
R =
F
13
13
13
14
14
14
(
f
sin
cos
cos
)
(
f
sin
cos
cos
)
17
17
17
18
8
18
(7.18)
(1.1) (1.5)
R =
F
h 12 12
h 13 13
h 14 14
h 11 11
(
f
+
)
+
(
f
+
)
+
(
f
+
)
+
(
f
+
)+
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
h 15 15
h 16 16
h 17 17
h 18 18
+ ( f
+
)+(f
+
)+(f
+
)+(f
+
)
l 15 l 15
l 16 l 16
l 17 l 17
l 18 l 18
(7.18,)
lc > 0 bc = 0 R (7.15) (7.16). bc > 0 lc = 0
R
(7.17) (7.18).
=============================================================
7.2.1. . Q = 14.7 , 8 (.7.4, .
8.3 ).

MathCAD. ,
.
137
.7.4.
. 8.3 . , , 1 2 1320 2640
1011 2331 (. . 7.4). ,
.
- , .
:
z, :
138
W, :
- . .
z :
- .

z :
139
- .
:
z:
- .
:
-
.
, :
140
- ,
, (3), (11) (30) :
(34)
(7.14) :
(11.14,) :
141
.
, (2.28 ) ,
, ().
- ,
, (6), (12) (31) :
(35)
(11.17) :
(7.17,) :
.
. , , - . .
20 1 , 6 6
,
6 2 ,
.
=======================================================================
7.3. ,
, : (R +
R) (R + R).
142
R)
(R +
(R + R) . 20 .
20
,
4
4.5
5.5
0.27
0.35
0.43
0.53
0.62
0.44
0.56
0.68
0.84
0.98
0.54
0.70
0.86
1.06
1.24
0.88
1.12
1.36
1.68
1.96
0.81
1.05
1.29
1.59
1.86
1.32
1.68
2.04
2.52
2.94
1.08
1.40
1.72
2.12
2.48
1.76
2.24
2.72
3.36
3.92
=====================================================================
7.3.1. , .10.2.3.3 (. .11.4),
(34) (35)
- :
.
.6.2.3.3 (. .124. 125),
: R = 0.463 R = 0.255 .
143
, ( ), ,
(. .7.3):
(R + R) = 2.537 + 0.463 = 3.0 ;
(R + R) = 0.91 + 0.255 = 1.165 .
(R + R) = 3.0 (R + R) = 1.165 ,
20 , 5.5 8 . , . 3.0 , ([3.36] )
5.5 8 .
(R + R) = 3.0
, ([2.48] ) 0.52 .
(
. .11.7.1).
20 1 , (R + R) = 1.165 6 8 .
, , (R + R) = 1.46 (R + R) = 0.86 , 20 , 6 6 (,
). 1.46
, ([1.86] ) 6 6 .
,
6
8 .
=======================================================================
7.4. .3 8 , , 10 1
( .11.2 11.3 ), ,
. .. , 1 2 8 .
, ,
() Rpi i-
:

R i = Z
n i
cos i cos i
li
(1.4)
144
[(1), 8 ]
ni a pi
,
li l pi
R i = Z
[(1,), 8 ]
Z ,
Z =
F
n n
ni
( f sin i + cos i cos i )cos i cos i
l
i =1
i
[(2), 8
]
(1.1) (1.4)
Z =
F
ni h i a i a i
f
+
l
l
l i l i
i =1
i
i
n n
[(2,),
8 ]

R i = Z
n i
cos i cos i
li
[(3), 8 ]
(1.5)
ni pi
R =Z
,
li l pi
[(3,), 8 ]
Z ,
F
Z = nn
ni
( f sin i + cos i cos i ) cos i cos i
l
i =1
i
]
(1.1) (1.5)
Z =
F
ni h i i i
f
+
l
l
l i l i
i =1 i
i
n
145
[(4), 8
[(4,), 8
Rpi Rpi i- , ;
np np , , ;
li ni () i- .
(34) (35)
(. .7.2 7.3).
.4 8 ,

20 1 .

( (34), (35) (1), (3) 8 ). .
=============================================================
7.4.1. . .. . Q = 14.7 ,
.7.2 (. .7.4, . 8.3 ).

MathCAD.

(1) (2) 8 :
(1,) (2,) 8 :
146
.
(3) (4) 8 :
(3,) (4,) 8
:
.
. , , -
. .
,
, () 2 (4.271 ), (3.92
; 2.48 ) 0.351 ( 1.791 ).
147

( . .11.7.1).
2 (4.271 ) ,
8 (3.334 ) 0.957 - , 2
2331 2640 .
309 (. . 11.2).
, , 1 (1.60 ) 2 (4.271 ) , (34) (2.537 ) (.
1).
, (34)
(1), (3) 8 . , , (34) , - , .
20 1 ,
6 8 .
6
2 , .
,
6 8 .

, :
(. . )
;
, (1) (3) 8 ,
, (34) (35) .
(1) (3) 8 .
=======================================================================
(1)(4), 8 . , ,
.
, (1)(4), 8 , (34) (35) ,
. , . . , -, , ,
( ).
(. .1.2.7.1), , ,
. , ,
. , (1) (3) 8 -
148
, .
, (1)(4), 8
i- , .
, . 8.1 , ,
,
.
, ,
.
, , .
. .
, , (1)(4) 8
, ,
.
=======================================================================
7.5. : (R + R) < [2.48] (R + R) < [2.48]

6 8 (R + R) < [1.86] (R + R) < [1.86]
6 6 .
7.6. , , . (R + R) > [2.48] (R + R) > [2.48] 6 8 (R + R) > [1.86] (R + R) > [1.86] 6 6 , , .
,
, (32) (33) :
F = F - [R];
(7.19)
F = F - [R],
(7.20)
F = F F = F, ,
(. (30) (31) );
[R] [R] - , .
,
:
, , 6 8
149
(7.21)
(7.22)
, , 6 6
, , 6 8 :

(7.23)
(1.1) (1.4)
(7.23,)
(bc = 0 lc > 0)
150
(7.24)
(1.1) (1.4)
(7.24,)
(bc = 0 lc > 0) -
(7.25)
(1.1) (1.4)
(7.25,)
(bc = 0 lc = 0) (bc > 0 lc = 0) -
151
(7.26)
(1.1) (1.5)
(7.26,)
(bc > 0 lc = 0)
(7.27)
(1.1) (1.5)
(7.27,)
bc = 0 lc > 0 [R] (7.24) (7.25). bc > 0 lc = 0
[R]
(7.26) (7.27).
7.6.1. :
152
[(39), ]
-
[(40), ]
2 , , ;
n .
:

(7.28)
(1.1)
(7.28,)

(7.29)
(1.1)
153
(7.29,)
(11.28) (11.29) , F = F
F= F.
=======================================================================
(39) (40) . , (. . = 900, = 00).
,
( .4.1 - , ) , ,
. . (7.14)(7.18).
7.6.1.1. Q =
14.7 , .7.2 (. .7.4, . 8.3 ).

MathCAD.

(7.28,) (7.29,) :
154
.
, R = 5.039 > [1.86], R < [1.86]. , , .
=======================================================================
7.7. , R > [2.48] R > [2.48]

6 8 R > [1.86] R > [1.86]
6 6 , , .
, , :
F = F - [R];
(7.30)
(7.31)
F = F - [R ],
[R] [R] - , .
, :
, , 6 8
(7.32)
, , 6 6
(7.33)
155
(1.1)
(7.33,)
7.7.1.

. :

n =
F
n R
[(37), ]
n =
n R
[(38), ]
n, n ,
. ( n = 1, n = 1);
R ( . 22
6 150200 : R =0.108 .)
22
,
,
,
5
120150
0.075
6
150200
0.108
8
250
0.192
11.7.1.1.
Q = 14.7 , .7.2 (. .7.4, . 8.3 ).
, (),
(7.30) (7.31) (. .7.7) :

(37) (38) .:
156
16 .
=======================================================================
,
,
,

. ,
(.7.5).
.7.5. ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
. 7.67.12 (. . 4.10,,).
157
.7.6.
.7.7. -
. 7.8.
158
. 7.9.
.7.10,, ( ), ,
7 . 200 , ,
. .7.10,, ,
.
.7.10.. 200
159
.7.10,.
.7.11 - 18 , . -,
, . -
, . ,
- (), ,
. () -
, .
6 8 .
() - (.
.7.11). , -,
,
- .
160
.7.11.
-
.7.12 (. . 4.10,,) () ,
, , 20 . ,
. .10.5.3 1
, .
. 7.12. (
), 20 900.
161
8.

22
ELABORATION OF SPECIFIED METHOD OF ALCULATION THE
FLEXIBLE ELEMENTS OF CARGO FASTENINGS WITH PLAT BAS
WITH ITS SYMMETRICAL ALLOCATION CONCERNING AXIS OF
SYMMETRY OF

MathCAD. , . , , ,
. , ,
. ,
MathCAD.
8.1.

Grounding the necessity of improvement the method
of alculation cargoes fastenings with plat bas
, , ,
, .

,
, .

( ) 22
..., .. ...,
.. ..., .. ..
162
MathCAD. , (. I [2])
, ,
, , , , . ,
.
=====================================================================
1976 .
() 1998 .
(2005), .. . 1998 .
().

,
,
.
30 .
=====================================================================
. ,
:
.
, .

. ,
;

, MathCAD,
163
. ( );

, , .
, ,

.
- .
,

.
, ,
.. .
, , , . , Ctrl
+ End, . , ,
.
============================================================
8.2.

Mathematical modeling of exertions in flexible elements
of cargo fastenings with plat bas
8.2.1.
. ( , )
- .
, . . -
164
, ( ,
). ,

, , ,
.
.
MathCAD23 .
, , , . 8.1,,,
, . 8.2.
. 8.1,.
, ,
xe(t), ye(t), ze(t). , ,
ye(t). 24, ( , )
(.. ). ,
23
1. .. MathCAD 2000 Pro. - .: , 2001. - 576 .

2. .. MathCAD 2001: . - .: , - 2001. - 624 .
24
.., .., .. . - .: , 1991. 360 .
165
. 8.1,.
( )
. 8.2.
, .
, , ex , e e .
y
: - x= ex , , , ,
166
- y= e , ; - z= e , .
, ,
(Wy) , (Wx). F,
N xN yN.

Si (,
i=120 ) ( ), N
F ( ), xN yN ( ),
, ,
x y Ox Oy ( )
Oz ( .) -- .
.
, Oxy , , Oz
.
, :
: l (l = 1.6 ), R - (, R = 650 ), h - (, h = 0.12
y
), - , = arctan g (
h
);
l
,
: h (, h =2.1), b (, b=2.0), b0i
Ox (, i =5, 10, 15
20 b0i = 1.0 ), l (, l = 9.1 ), b - , , (, b
= 2.87 ); 1, 2, 3, 4 (,
1 = 0.980, 2 = 1.574, 3 = 1.620, 4 = 1.706 ), 0
(, 0 = 0.5l - (1.53 +4) = 0.414);

Oy Ox :
zC - (, zC = - 1.05 ), zW - Oy (, zW= - 0.914 ), xC -
Ox (, xC = 0.5l), xW - Ox (, xW = 0.5l);
Oz : z1 = - h,
z2 = - h, z3 = - h, z4 = - h, z5 =
- h5 , z6 = - h, z7 = - h, z8 = - h,
z9 = - h, z10 = - h10, z11 = - h, z12 = - h, z13 = - h,
z14 = - h, z15 = - h15, z16 = - h, z17 = - h, z18 = - h, z19 = - h, z20 = - h20 (,
h5= h10= h15= h20=-1.54 );
x , , :
x1 = 0 + 3 + 4 1, x2 = 0 + 3 + 4 2, x3 = 0 + 3, x4 = 0 + 4,
x5 =0, x6 = 0 + 23 + 4 + 6, x7 = 0 + 23 + 4 + 7,
x8 = 0 + 33 + 24 8, x9 = 0 + 33 + 24 9, x10 = 10, x11 = x1,
x12 = x2, x13 = x3, x14 = x4, x15 = x5, x16 = x6, x17 = x7, x18 = x8, x19 = x9, x20 = x10,
167
, , 1= 6=0.395; 2= 7=0.695; 3 = 8 =0.345; 4 =9 =0.275; 5 =15 =2.034; 10=

20= 2.034 ,
, ;
y , , :
y1 = - 0.5 b, y2 = - 0.5 b, y3 = - 0.5 b, y4 = - 0.5 b, y5 = - 0.5 b01, y6 = - 0.5 b,
y7 = - 0.5 b, y8 = - 0.5 b, y9 = - 0.5 b, y10 = - 0.5 b01, y11 = 0.5 b, y12 = 0.5 b,
y13 = 0.5 b, y14 = 0.5 b, y15 = 0.5 b01, y16 = 0.5 b, y17 = 0.5 b, y18 = 0.5 b,
y19 = 0.5b, y20 = 0.5 b01;
z , , :
z1 = 0, z2 = 0, z3 = 0, z4 = 0, z5 = - h - z5, z6 = 0, z7 = 0, z8 = 0, z9 = 0,
z10 = - h z10, z11 = 0, z12 = 0, z13 = 0, z14 = 0, z15 = - h - z15, z16 = 0, z17 = 0,
z18 = 0, z19 = 0, z20 = - h z20;
Ox, , :
x1 = 0 + 3 + 4 - x1,
x2 = 0 + 3 + 4 x2,
x3 = 0 x3, x4 = 0 x4,
x5 = 0 +3 x5,
x6 = 0 + 23 + 4 x6, x7 = 0 + 23 + 4 x7,
x8 = 0 + 33 + 24 x8, x9 = 0 + 33 + 24 x9, x10 = 0 + 23 + 24 x10,
x11 = x1, x12 = x2, x13 = x3, x14 = x4, x15 = x5, x16 = x6,
x17 = x7, x18 = x8, x19 = x9, x20 = x10;
Oy, , :
y1 = - 0.5b - y1, y2 = - 0.5b y2, y3 = - 0.5b y3, y4 = - 0.5b y4,
y5 = - 0.5b y5, y6 = - 0.5b y6, y7 = - 0.5b y7, y8 = - 0.5b y8,
y9 = - 0.5b y9, xy0 = - 0.5b y10, y11 = 0.5b - y11, y12 = 0.5b - y12, y13 = 0.5b y13, y14 = 0.5b - y14, y15 = 0.5b - y15, y16 = 0.5b - y16, y17 = 0.5b - y17, y18 = 0.5b
- y18, y19 = 0.5b - y19, y20 = 0.5b - y20;
, , :
s ( x , y ) = x 2 + y 2 ;
, , :
l1 = s(s1 , z1 ) ,, l 20 = s (s 20 , z 20 ) .
,

, .

, .
, . , , , , .

.
168
8.2.2.

-
,
, -- :
Ox
20
S
i =1
xi
+ x Wx = Tx ;
(8.1)
Ox
Fx = if ( N > 0, if (Tx < fN ,Tx , fN ),0)
(8.2)
(, -- );
Ox
Tx + Fx = 0 ;
(8.3)
Oy
20
yi
+ ( y + + W y ) cos 10 3 Mg sin = T y ;
(8.4)
i =1
Oy
Fy = if ( N > 0, if (T y < fN ,T y , fN ),0)
(8.5)
(,
- );
Oy
T y + Fy = 0 ;
(8.6)
Oz
20
S
i =1
zi
( y + + W y ) sin 10 3 Mg cos + N + z = 0 ;
(8.7)
Ox
20
S
i =1
zi
yi +
yi
i =5 ,10,15, 20
( z i ) ( y + ) zC + W y zW cos +
+ 10 Mg sin zC + W y sin 0.5b1 + Fy h + Ny N = 0;

Oy
169
(8.8)
20
S zi xi +
i =1
xi
i =5 ,10 ,15 , 20
( zi ) + ( y + ) xC + W y xW sin +
(8.9)
+ 10 Mg cos xC + x zC z xC Wx zWx + Fx h Nx N = 0;
Oz:
20
(S
i =1
yi
xi S xi y i ) + ( y + ) xC + W y xW cos 10 3 Mg sin xC +
(8.10)
+ Fy x N Fx y N = 0;

20
20
20 y
20
x i
l
+ (y + xi ) i ] = ( S i S 0i ) i ,
EA
i =1 l i
i =1
i =1 l i
i =1
20
[(x y i )
i =1
(8.11)
Sxi, Syi, Szi

Si (i=120 )
S xi = Si cos i cos i ; S yi = S i cos i sin i ; S zi = Si sin i
cos i cos i =
xi
li
cos i sin i =
zi
y i
sin
=
,
i
li
li ;
(8.12)
(8.13)
S xi = Si
xi
;
li
S yi = S i
yi
li
S zi = S i sin i = S i
z i
li
(8.14)
(8.12) (8.13) -
Oxy Ox . xi , yi, zi
Ox, Oy, Oz ;
h b1 (, 5, 10, 15, 20) ; x, y, Ox, Oy Oz .; li - ;
EA - - ( ) . E , , / 2 ( = 1.104 )25, Ai -
2
d i2
Ai = ni
4
, ni i
.; di ;
xC, xW, zC, zW, zWx , Ox Oz ; N xN, yN
25
.. . - .:
, 1999. - 145 .
170

; , .; xi yi
; S0i - .
(8.12) (8.13) :
ey -
ey = 10 3 Ma ey ,
(8.15)
, ;
a ey - , /2 (,
, .
, /c2: -
a y 1 ( a y 0.102 g ), ay = 11.5 ( ay=0.1020.153)g, ay = 1.63 ( ay=0.1020.153)g, ay = 3.14.5 ( ay =

0.3160.459)g);
ez , :
ez = 10 3 Ma z ,
(8.16)
az ,
(0.46...0.66)g, /2;
- , , :
10 3 Mv 2
=
12.96 R
(8.17)
v - , /; 3.62 = 12.96 /
/; R , .
-
, ,
, .2.1.1, , . , .
, Si (i =120).
(8.12) Ox (8.1)
:
171
S1 cos 1 cos 1 + S 2 cos 21 cos 2 + S 3 cos 3 cos 3 +

+ S 4 cos 4 cos 4 + S 5 cos 5 cos 5 + S 6 cos 6 cos 6 +
+ S 7 cos 7 cos 7 + S 8 cos 8 cos 8 + S 9 cos 9 cos 9 +
+ S10 cos 10 cos 10 + S11 cos 11 cos 11 + S12 cos 12 cos 12 +
(8.18)

+ S19 cos 19 cos 19 + S 20 cos 20 cos 20 + x Wx = Tx .
(8.12) O (8.4)
:
S1 cos 1 sin 1 + S 2 cos 2 sin 2 + S 3 cos 3 sin 3 +
+ S 4 cos 4 sin 4 + S 5 cos 5 sin 5 + S 6 cos 6 sin 6 +

+ S 7 cos 7 sin 7 + S8 cos 8 sin 8 + S 9 cos 9 sin 9 +
+ S10 cos 10 sin 10 + S11 cos 11 sin 11 + S12 cos 12 sin 12 +
(8.19)
+ S19 cos 19 sin 19 + S 20 cos 20 sin 20 +

+ ( y + + W y ) cos 10 3 Mg sin = Ty .
(8.12) Ox
(8.8) :
S1 sin 1 y1 + S 2 sin 2 y 2 + S 3 sin 3 y3 + S 4 sin 4 y 4 +
+ S 6 sin 6 y 6 + S 7 sin 7 y1 + S8 sin 8 y1 + S9 sin 9 y9 +

+ S11 sin 11 y11 + S12 sin 12 y12 + S13 sin 13 y13 + S14 sin 14 y14 +
+ S16 sin 16 y16 + S17 sin 17 y17 + S18 sin 18 y18 + S19 sin 19 y19 +
+ S 5 cos 5 sin 5 ( z5 ) + S10 cos 10 sin 10 ( z10 ) +
+ S15 cos 15 sin 15 ( z15 ) + S 20 cos 20 sin 20 (z 20 )
(8.20)
( y + ) zC + W y zW cos + W y sin 0.5b1 +

10 3 Mg sin zC + Fy h + Ny N = 0.
(8.12) O
(8.9) :
172
( S1 sin 1 x1 + S 2 sin 2 x2 + S 3 sin 3 x3 + S 4 sin 4 x4 +

+ S 6 sin 6 x6 + S 7 sin 7 x1 + S8 sin 8 x1 + S 9 sin 9 x9 +
+ S11 sin 11 x11 + S12 sin 12 x12 + S13 sin 13 x13 + S14 sin 14 x14 +
+ S16 sin 16 x16 + S17 sin 17 x17 + S18 sin 18 x18 + S19 sin 19 x19 ) +
+ S 5 cos 5 cos 5 (z5 ) + S10 cos 10 cos 10 (z10 ) +
(8.21)
+ S15 cos 15 cos 15 ( z15 ) + S 20 cos 20 cos 20 ( z 20 ) +
+ ( y + ) xC + W y xW sin + 10 3 Mg cos xC +
+ x zC z xC Wx zWx + Fx h Nx N = 0.
(8.13) (8.11) :
[( x y1 ) cos 1 + ( y + x1 ) sin 1 ] cos 1 = ( S1 S 01 )
l1
;
EA
[( x y 2 ) cos 2 + (y + x2 ) sin 2 ] cos 2 = ( S 2 S 02 )
(8.22)
l2
; (82.23)
EA
..
..
[(x y19 ) cos 19 + ( y + x19 ) sin 19 ] cos 19 = ( S19 S 019 )

.
l19
;
EA
(8.40)
[( x y 20 ) cos 20 + ( y + x20 ) sin 20 ] cos 20 = ( S 20 S 020 )
l20
.
EA
(8.41)
(8.18)(8.41) (8.2), (8.5) (8.3), (8.6) . MathCAD , ,

, .
, 26
(8.18)(8.41) 26- (8.2), (8.5) (8.3), (8.6), , .
(8.18)(8.41)

,
MathCAD, -
173
, , ,
, .
, , , , .
,
,
, () .
=============================================================
,

,
.
8.3.

Results of experiments for calculation flexible elements
of cargo fastening and their analysis
8.3.1.
,

(. .8.2)
, .
, ,
.
174
, , MatCAD.
, , (. 1)
:
- (- , , , ,
, );
- Si ,
,
.8.2 (8.18)(8.43)

(8.2), (8.5) (8.3), (82.6) MathCAD.
8.3.2.

, , .
8.2.
,
, 110, 1120,
, 1..5 11..15,
, , 610 1620,
- .
.
. : g = 9.81 - , /2; = 1107 -
, /2; b = 2.87-
, ; 1 = 0.98, 2 = 1.574, 3 = 1.62, 4 = 1.704
, .
. ,
:
1) , :
Q = 588.6 ( Q0 = 60 ); h = 2.1, b = 2 l = 9.1 175
, ; b1 = 1 ,
, ; h1 = 1.54 - , , ; t = 0.4 - , ; f = 0.55
-
( ); d = 0.006 n = 8 , ; S0 = 20.1 - , .
2) :
) (, , . . ) a1 = a6 = =0.395, a2 = a7 = =0.695, a3 = a8 =
0.345, a4 = a9 = 0.275, a5 = a10 = 2.034;
) b1 = b2 = =b3
= b4 = b6 = b7 = b8 = b9 = 0.435, b5 = b10= 0.935;
) h1 = h2 =
=h3 = h4 = h6 = h7 = h8 = h9 = 2.1, h5 = h15 = h10 = h20= 1.54.
3) :
v = 100 / ( 27.7 /), R = 800 ; h = 0.12 ; H = 6 .
4) /2: = 0.165g , , () ; y =
0.32g - (
0.1g 0.46g26), z = 0.66g
(
0.46g 0.66g).
5) : 01 = 0.5l - (1.5c3 + c4) =
0.414.
6) x
:
7) z
:
26
.., .., .. . - .:
, 1991. - 360 .
176
8) x :
9) z :
. .
. MathCAD,
,
GivenFind .
.
177
.
. Given-Find (8.2), (8.3)
(8.5), (8.6), (8.18) (8.43).
. . ,
, aex = 0.165g, aey = 0.32g aez =0.66g ,
, 39.2 (3.92 ) [2]. ,

aey aez. , , aey aez
0.001g
. , aez = 0.66g,
.

,
, aez = 0.66g. ,
(.. aez < 0.66g)
.
, ,
, aex > 0.165g aey => 0.32g,
aez = 0.66g
39.2 (3.92 ).
.
. .
:
,
178
h = 0,12; v = 100; Rk = 800; f = 0,55; x = 89,467; y = 154,8;

z = 388,476; = 57,876; Wy = 0,955; Wx = 0,125; Q = 588,6;
F0 = f Q = 323,73; Tx = 91,387; Ty = 151,1; N = 571,6;
F = f N = 314,358; N/Q = 0,971; xC = 4.55; xN = 4,393; yN = - 0,109;
, .
x = 0,002; y = 0,054; 180/ = 0,046;
,
Ox
S4 = 31,914; S3 = 31,915; S6 = 32,74; S7 = 32,34; S10 = 39,13;
S14 = 8,871; S13 = 9,01; S16 = 8,18; S17 = 9,19; S20 = 3,73;
l4 = 2,162;
l3 = 2,172;
l6 = 2,181; l7 = 2,254; l10 = 2,717;
,
Oy
S4 = 31,91; S3 = 31,92; S1 = 31,22; S2 = 30,07, S5 = 33,92;
S9 = 32, 43; S8 = 32,21; S6 = 32,74; S7 = 32,34; S10 = 39,13;
l4 = 2,162; l3 = 2,172; l1 = 2,181; l2 = 2,254; l5 = 2,717.
. .
,

( 0.046 .).
,
- (
2 ), ( 54 ) . ,
.
,
.
, , N =
571.56 (57.2 ) Q = 588.6 (58.86 ) 0.971
. , ,
388.476 (38.85 ),
S0i .
, -

,
. ,
(. . aez < 0.66g) .
179
, (. . =
0.165g, ay = 0.32g az = 0.66g)
xN = 4.393 yN = - 0.109
x = 4.55 y = 0.
, , , , . . (
), .
, , , S10 = 39.13 , S7 = 32.34 S6,
, ,
, S10 > S7 > S6 > S9 > S8. S5, S2, S1,
S3 S4,
, , ,
, S10, S7, S6, S8 S9.

- .
,
, ,
, , , , .
, , , , , .
(. .8.2) (
)
, .
180
27
:
620034. . . . , 66, . 8 843 358 55 28
27
.., .., .., .., ..,

.. ( ) .

2006612566 20.07.06 , 20066111732 26.05.2006.
.., .., .., ..,
.., .. ( )

.
2006612567 20.07.06
,
20066111733 26.05.2006.
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
1. .. MathCAD 2000 Pro. .: , 2001. 576 .

2. .. MathCAD 2001: . .: , 2001. 624 .
3. .. . .:
, 1999. 145 .
4. .., .., .., .. //
. .: , 1989. 5 - . 1417.
5. .., .., .. . .: , 1991.
360 .
6. . .: , 2003. 544 .
193
9.
CALCULATION THE STRENGTH OF SUPPORT
/2
F
[ ],
S0
[(49, )]
F (), , (1 = 10 ):
F = Q + F + 2 Ri sini
[(50, )]
(1.1)
F = Q + F + 2 Ri (
h i
l i
(9.1)
, Q ; F
(. (8) ); Ri ( ) (.
(34) (3));
S0 2:
S0 = 2 b0 b
(9.2)
, 2 , ; b0 - ,
; b - , (.9.1,): b = b1 b2
, . 9.1,;
[] /2 (
1802 = 360 /2 3600 , 23 24 ).
.9.1.
, ,
, . 9.2.
COSMOS/M
,
100 / 350 .
194
. 9.2. ( )
===================================================================
-,
.
, , .
======================================================================
195
10.
. .
PERMISSIBLE LOADS ON THE ELEMENTS OF WAGONS CONSTRUCTION. REQUIREMENTS TO THE FASTENING METHODS.
CHARACTERISTIC OF FASTENING ELEMENTS AND CARGO

, .
[2].
10.1. , , .10.6 1 . ,
, .10.6.1 10.6.3 , , , . 10.1
10.2 ( . 25 28 ).
10.1

:
-
-

:
- 900
450
- 900
450

2.5
5
6.5
9.1
10
14.2
7.5
10.2

(, )
1974
1974
1.5
2.5
2.5
(, )
196
10.2. , 42
, : , 155103
(15500 /2 1550 /2), 95103 (9500 /2 950
/2) [13].
======================================================================
-, .
:
===================================================================
197
10.3. (, , , )
.4.24.4 1 .
10.4. (, , , )
.4.54.15 1 ,
:
4.6. , ,
.
, , 1.5 , .
.
, , ,
300
(.10.1).
, ,
150 (.10.2).
.10.1.
10.5.
, ,
.4.164.17 1 .
10.6.
,
,
.4.184.22 1 .
.10.2.

10.7. .
, :
10.7.1. 3060 4920 (. 16). (.18)
480 .
(2 2 ), . (.18) (.16) . (.16) (. 18)
II II.
198
10.7.2. II (. 5).
810 . (. 5) I. II I (. 5 8).
.
10.3 10.4.
10.3

.
3282-74
6
6
8
8
8
2
400400
80100
50100
100120
3, 4
7
8
9
9
8486-86
1, 12, 16
2, 5, 10
6
15
17, 18
19
-76.1
8486-86
21
22
23
283-75
100100
50100
18271
6
6

. .
8
4
1
6
1
6
6
2
2
2
1
l=2700
l=840
l=1750
l=2550
l=2250
l=1400
l=870
2
2
50
80
l=360
l=700
l=200
l=150
, , ( ),
: (. 19) 1:10.
1) 42 9467-75.
2) 14771-75.
3) 4 .
4) .1 .2.
5) .1 .2 .3.
6) .I .II .4 .5.
199
10.4
.19
.
8240-56
20
20
14
20
.
--0-30
. .
380-94
182100
1
2
4
5
19903-76
3
8486-86
6
2
2
1
1
l=700
l=580
l=1350
l=1400
=10
l=1400
. 10.5.
10.5

2
1050
1320
1320
660
2
1410
1260
930
1500
- - , , ,
,
.
,
200
2
4
1.7
3.4
54.4
,
11.
28
FASTENINGS OF CARGOES OF CYLINDRICAL FORM
AND CARGOES ON WHEELS CONCLUSION
,
.

MathCAD.
11.1.

:
(. 11.1) -
h = 0.5 D (1
1
1 + (1.25a )
),
[(41) ]
D ;
1.25 - ;
1
/, (4) ;
.11.1.

======================================================================
(41) .
, ,
(P) = 0 :
F h Q l
,;
(11.1)
h F :
h = R sin
(11.2)
, R ;
28
..
201
l Q :
l
= R cos ;
(11.3)
F - , (3) , ;
(11.2) (11.3) (11.1),
F R sin Q R cos .
(11.4)
(11.4) (3)
n (n = 1.25),
na Q R sin Q R cos

na ctg .
(11.5)
,
, ,
h = R R sin = R(1 sin ) .
(11.6)
, R = 0.5D ( D , )
sin =
1
1 + ctg 2
(11.7)
(11.6)
h = 0.5 D (1
1
1 + ctg
2
).
(11.5)
h = 0.5 D (1
1
1 + (na )
),
(11.8)
.
=======================================================================
(. 11.2)
h = 0.5 D(1
1
1+
202
),
[(42) ]
a +
=
W
Q
0.8 a
[(43) ]
, W ,
(10) , ; 1 /, (7) (10) ; 0.8 = 1/1.25 (1.25 -
).
. 11.2.

======================================================================
(43) .
, ,
(P ) = 0 : ( F + W )h (Q F )b , ;
(11.9)
F - , (6) , ;
h F W
h = R sin ;
(11.10)
b Q
b = R cos ;
(11.11)
F - , (8) , .
(11.10) (11.11) (11.9),
( F + W ) R sin (Q F ) R cos .
203
(11.12)
(11.12) (6) (8) n (n = 1.25),
n( a Q + W ) R sin (Q a Q ) R cos

n(a +
W
) (1 a )ctg .
Q
(11.13)
, , , (. (11.6))
h = R(1 sin ) .
(11.14)
(11.13) (11.7), (15.14)

, R = 0.5D ( D , ),

h = 0.5 D (1
1+
n(a +
=
),
(11.15)
W
)
Q
1 a
n = 1.25
( a +
=
W
)
Q
0.8(1 a )
(11.16)
(11.16) (43) ,
.
======================================================================
1. .
1.1) .
- Q = 60 ; - Q = Q = 60 ; ,
L = 12, D = 2.9 = 2.9.
1.2) , (11.5), (11.7), (11.9)
(11.3), (11.6), (11.8), (11.10),,(11.12),
MathCAD:
204
1.3) (41) (10.15),

(10.16) - .
1.3.1)
.
, ,
.
1.3.2) .
205
=======================================================================
10.2. () .
:
-
n =
F (1 f k tg)
n R
[(44) ]
fk
( ), ( fk = 0.45);
=======================================================================
(44) .
( F Q)
(. 11.3), ,
n n R F F ,
(11.17)
n , , .
( n = 1);
R , , 22 ;
F , (3) ;
F , (11) .
206
(3) (11) (11.17),
n n R aQ f k Q

Q (a f k )
n R
(11.18)
. 11.3.

(11.18) (44) , .
=======================================================================
n =
( F + W )(1 f k tg)
.
n R
[(45) ]
=====================================================================
(45) .
( F, W Q) (. 11.4), ,
n n R ( F + W ) F ,
(11.19)
n ,
. ( n = 1);
F ,
(6) ;
W ,
(10) ,
, ;
F
,
(12) .
. 11.4.

(11.19)
( F + W ) F
207
n R
(11.20)
(6) (12) (11.19),
n n R (aQ + W ) f k Q (1 a )

W
Q (a +
) f k (1 a )
Q
n
.
n R
(11.20,)
(11.20) (11.20,) (45) ,

.
=======================================================================
2. .
.
2.1) . , 1.
(2 .) (2 .) ,
- n = 4; , - n = 3.
2.2) . (11.18), (11.20) (11.20,)
- .
2.2.1) .
208
2.2.2) .
, (11.20) (11.20,) .
======================================================================
11.3. , ,
(. 11.5 11.6).
:

0.1 D;

0.05 D.
() :
(. . 11.5)
1.25 F (0.5 D h ) Q l
n
b
n, n , .;
209
[(46) ]
l = b ( Q), (11.3), ;
b , (. . ) ;
. 11.5.
(. . 11.6)
1.25 F (0.5 D h ) + W ( h h ) Q b
n
b
[(47) ]
b
( -
Q), (11.11),
.
, W
,
(10) , ,
,
.
. 11.6.
======================================================================
3. .
3.1) . , 1.
n = 2 .;
n = 4 .; h = 0.145 ;
l =
0.632 ; , b = 2.082 ;
- h = 1.55 .
210
3.2)
(46) (47) - .
3.2.1) .
3.2.2) .
,
, .
======================================================================
11.4. ,
(. 11.7).
( ) ().
.11.7.
211
, .
F = 100 , .
, ,
-
, ,
( ) ,
- .
, ,
, .
G = 200 R = 1.3 .
h = 0.16 .
.
Q Q (. 11.8).
h0 > h, .
. , , .
.
, . Q Q
: (.
. 11.8).
.11.8.
N N () (), . . N = Q, N = Q. N
, . . .
212
1) .
2) .
3) N
( ) N ( ). N
, . . . Axy .11.9
4) .
: G F,
N N.
.11.9.
. ,
, , , ,
x y (. .11.9):
F = 0 : F + N B cos = 0 ;
F = 0 : N A + N B sin G = 0 ;
x
(11.21)
(11.22)
sin cos 0:
sin =
B0 C
BB
cos = 0 .
BC
BC
,
B0C = R - h,
BB0 = R 2 ( R h) 2 = h( 2 R + h)
213
(11.23)
sin =
h(2 R + h)
Rh
cos =
R
R
(11.24)
. (11.21) (11.22) :
F
,
cos
N A = G N B sin
NB =
(11.25)
(11.25)
NA = G F
sin
.
cos
(11.26)
,
F . , N 0, . .
GF
sin
< 0.
cos
(11.23)
G<F
Rh
h(2 R + h)
G h(2 R + h) < F ( R h) .
(11.27)
=====================================================================
(11.27) , , 29.
(. ..11.9)
(F ) = 0 : GBB0 FB0C = 0 ,
(11.28)
29
.., .. . . I. . . : . ., 1977. 368 .

214
GBB0 FB0C = 0 .
G F :
GBB0 = M FB 0 C = M .
(11.29)
M = M .
(11.30)
()
M > M .
(11.31)

, , :
M
M
(11.32)
.
, = 1,
> 1. < 1, , , .
(11.29) 0 0 (11.23), (11.27).
=======================================================================
, (7),
G 2 h(2 R h) < F 2 ( R h) 2 .
,
ah 2 2bh + c > 0 ,
(11.33)
, b , , , 2, 2
()2
a = G2 + F 2 ;
b = (G 2 + F 2 ) R ;
215
(11.34)
c = (FR) 2 .
(11.33),
b b 2 ac
h1, 2 >
.
a
,
h0 > h2 .
(11.35)
(11.34) (11.33) (11.35)

,
( )
1
h0 > R1 1
2
G
1+
(11.36)
. 0 < < /4 N
F, , N G.
N N Q Q
, , . .
N = Q N = Q. , Q = N Q = N.
(11.36)
F .
=============================================================
. MathCAD
, -.
.
.
216
, NB 20 , NA,
F.
Given-Find MathCAD.
:
217
. ,
h0 = 0.15 .
F (.11.10,,,).
.11.10,.

. F, , , .
218
.11.10,.

.
F . F 110 . , F > 110 , , F .
.11.10,.

. ,
F ,
, .
219
R (.11.11,,,).
.11.11,.

. R
.
220
.11.11,.

. R
.
.11.11,.

. R
h .
h (.11.12,.).
.11.12,.

221
. h 0.8 1.3 ,
h > 1.3 . , 110 (. .11.10,).
.11.12,.

. h .
=======================================================================
11.5. ,
, ( ) (. 11.13).
30.
( ) () .
F,
. , , ,
, .
30
.., .. . : , 2004. 296 .

222
G = 200 , R = 1.3 , L = 3 . = 0.16, h = 0.10 ,

( ), , .
= 2.77 .
. Q
S2 S2 (. 11.14).
. , , Q, .
.11.13. :
1 - , 2- , 3 -
. .
. 11.13 , :
- ,
0 = R + ( - h);
(11.37)
- ,
0 = R - h;
(11.38)
- ,
BB0 = R 2 B0 C 2
(11.38)
BB0 = R 2 ( R h) 2 = h(2 R h) .
223
(11.39)
, 1 1D.
1 :
0.5 B
AC
sin = 0 cos =
,
A1C
A1C
(11.40)
1 - 1
A1C = 0.5B + A0 C 2
2
(11.37)
A1C = 0.5B + ( R + ( h)) 2 .
(11.40) (11.37)
R + ( h)
sin =
,
2
0.5B + ( R + ( h)) 2
2
cos =
0.5 B
0.5 B + ( R + ( h)) 2
2
(11.41)
, , . Q, S2 S2 : , D
D (. . 11.14).
.11.14.
-, ,
, . S02 S02
, -
224
-
.
N () (), . . N = Q,
( , , , S2 S2).
.
, .
: G F, N F (),
S2 S2 ().
.
Axy . 11.15.
.11.15.
, N ()
, , - , ( ).
. , ,
, ,
x, y z (. .11.15):
F = 0 : S2 cos 2 + S2 cos 2 = 0 ;
F = 0 : N A G (S2 + S2 ) sin 2 = 0 ;
F = 0 : F F = 0 .
x
225
(11.42)
(11.43)
(11.44)
, , . , , . . 1.

F fN A ,
(11.45)
f , f < f0/1.5 (f0

, , , 0.55).
F, L,
, N
N Az , . . N > (.11.16).
.11.16. N
N N :
(F ) = 0 : F R G xC 2S 2 sin 2 L + N A x N = 0 . (11.46)
. (11.42)
:
226
S 2 = S 2 .
(11.47)
(11.43)
N A = G + 2S 2 sin 2 .
(11.48)
(11.44)
F = F .
(11.49)
(11.45)
F fN A .
(11.50)
(11.48)
F f (G + 2S 2 sin 2)

S2
F fG
,
2 f sin 2
(11.51)
sin2 = 2sincos (11.41)
sin 2 =
R + ( h )
0.5B
(0.5 B ) 2 + ( R + ( h)) 2
sin 2 =
(0.5B ) 2 + ( R + ( h)) 2
0.5 B (R + ( h) )
.
(0.5 B ) 2 + ( R + ( h)) 2
(11.51),

F fG (0.5B ) 2 + ( R + ( h)) 2
S2
.
f
B (R + ( h))
(11.52)
(11.46)
NA
227
xN =
F R + G xC + 2S 2 sin 2 L
.
NA
(11.53)
. (11.50) ,
F > fG. .
S2 ,
.
N , (11.47),
Q ( ), , . . Q = N.
()
( b).
=============================================================
. MathCAD
, -.
.
228
, 8 , . N , . xN , x, . . xN > x.
,
,
.
229
Given-Find MathCAD.
:
230
. ,
,
.
F (.11.17,,,).
.11.17,.

231
. F
. F < 72
.
.11.17,.

. F
.
.11.17,.
232
. F
xN
.
R (.11.18,,,).
.11.18,.

. R,
1.35 , .
233
.11.18,.

.
R.
.11.18,.

. R
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=======================================================================
234
12.
OVERALL AND OVERSIZE CARGOES IN A WAGON
,
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[2,4,5].
12.1.
General points
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235
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236
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480 1399 ;
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12.2.
Conditions and procedures of oversize cargos transportations
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238
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239
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12.3.
Degree and area determination of oversize cargoes
,
( X ).

[4]. , 13
451 18-100.
: L=9720 ; =2770 ; L=13300 ;
h=1310 .
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;
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X ( ) Y ( )
X i = i ;
Y i =h +h i ,
Bi i (i=1,5) , , ;
240
h , ;
hi i ,
. 12.1.
12.1

[4,7]
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
X
Y
380
1700
380
1760
1230
1850
1230
2000
1230
2080
1230
2240
1700
1400
1760
1400
1850
1400
2000
1400
2080
1400
2240
1400
1700
4001
1800
4001
1850
4001
X Y
X
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X
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1399
1700
1399
1760
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1850
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2000
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2080
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1700
4000
1760
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4000
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3700
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4000
2080
3400
2000
3700
2240
2800
2080
3400
1415
4500
880
5300
1700
4350
1480
4700
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4500
1120
5300
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1020
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(. 12.1), , . 12.2.
12.2

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1
2
3
4
5
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[4].
241
12.4.
Determination analysis of oversize cargoes

,
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(. 12.4). , , .
. 12.3. ,
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R=350 , .
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L L L/L > 1.41; ; 17 .
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242
a = 0.5( L L 1850 ) .
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f ; , f =0.
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Y = Yi + h + hi + h0 .
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12.3

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X
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3
4
X = X + b ;
X = X + b ,
243
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12.2;
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K - , .

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244
K = 70(
L
L
1.41);
[, (55)]
18-100
K = 55(
L
L
1.41).

. 12.3, . 12.1

.
12.5.
Analysis of oversize loadings
16.412 (.12.4, ,).
. 12.4,. 16.412
245
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251
.
.
. 1,,5.
1
/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
A1
B1
C1
D1
E1
F1
F
E
D
C
B
A
A2
B2
C2
D2
F2
F3
D3
C3
B3
A3
A4
B4
C4
D4
F4
C5
B5
A5
G,
364
245
265
345
315
305
355
255
335
285
235
365
265
358
320
280
274
235
365
345
350
368
295
245
362
365
325
345
330
290
L,
6.6
4.8
5.6
6.2
4.86
5.76
6.28
5.28
5.84
4.88
5.6
6.4
5.58
6.26
5.4
4.54
5.58
5.66
6.38
5.48
6.26
6.6
5.34
4.78
6.46
5.84
4.56
5.96
6.0
5.86
252
B,
2.14
1.98
2.0
1.88
2.06
1.8
2.24
2.16
2.28
2.12
2.05
2.18
2.24
2.12
2.22
2.16
1.84
1.92
2.18
2.24
2.18
2.22
2.18
2.04
2.12
2.14
1.86
2.2
2.1
1.78
H,
2.75
3.65
1.95
1.80
3.25
2.95
1.75
2.18
1.85
1.95
2.0
3.45
2.66
2.15
1.75
3.35
3.05
2.85
3.25
3.55
3.85
1.85
1.75
2.65
2.84
1.75
3.65
3.34
1.95
2.35
/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
D
D0
1
2.6
6
3
2
2.4
7
2.2
3
1.9
5
2.42
4
3.2
8
2.8
9
3.2
14
2.6
10
2.48
15
3.2
11
2.86
13
2.6
12
1.9
17
1. 2
20 1.8/1.2
,
L
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.02
-
4
2.4
3.6
3.4
3.8
2.6
4.4
3.52
2.56
3.6
3.36
3.2
3.24
4.4
2.8
2.2
-
0.03
H
H0
-

A1, 1
6
B1, 7
2
C1, 5
3
D1, 4
8
E1, 9
14
F1, 10
15
F, 13
11
E, 17
12
D, 20
0.12
0.4
1
C, 2
18
B, 1
16
10
1
18
2
1.4
-
4.2
2.6
3.6
2.6
0.4
4
11
16
1
2.2
-
0.03
-
3.2
4.8
0.36
3
12
13
22
2.6
2.8
0.04
0.03
3
3.2
A, 13
22
13
18
21
20
23
12
2
0.8
3.2
3.2
2.4/1.8
2.8
-
0.04
0.04
-
2.6
4.2
3.2
4.2
0.03
1.0/0.6
0.3
A2, 18
21
B2, 23
20
C2, 2
12
14
15
0.3
8
253
1
16
17
20
23
12
2
2.4
1.8/1.0
2.0
-
0.04
-
2.2
3.4
0.03
8
0.3
1.0/0.6
0.3
D2, 20
23
F2, 12
2
F3, 21
181
D3, 22
13
C3, 16
1
0.4
B3, 18
2
A3, 1
20
0.12
-
A4, 12
17
B4, 11
13
C4, 15
10
D4, 14
9
F4, 8
4
C5, 3
5
B5, 2
7
A5, 6
1
18
19
20
18
21
13
22
16
1
1.2
2.44
2.8
2.2
2.2
-
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
-
2.24
3.28
2.9
3.6
3.2
4.8
0.36
4
21
18
2
1.6
-
2.28
3.26
0.4
5
22
20 1.4/0.6
0.03
6
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
1
12
17
11
13
10
15
9
14
4
8
3
5
2
7
1
6
2.3
1.1
2.48
2.22
2.68
3.0
2.66
2.28
2.86
2.46
2.34
2.0
2.68
2.18
2.8
2.44
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
3.58
2.48
2.36
2.64
3.4
2.36
2.86
2.26
3.0
3.6
3.12
2.8
3.0
2.8
3.0
3.6
2.66
254
1.8
-
/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
A
B
C
D
E
F
A1
B1
C1
D1
E1
F1
A2
B2
C2
D2
F2
A3
B3
C3
D3
F3
A4
B4
C4
D4
F4
A5
B5
C5
G,
338
292
362
342
322
312
352
342
322
325
322
332
252
362
362
232
312
332
262
342
362
344
372
352
372
312
302
282
222
362
L,
6.6
5.5
5.36
6.7
6.28
5.84
6.26
5.56
4.98
5.88
5.34
6.68
5.8
6.46
5.86
4.6
6.2
5.62
4.68
5.36
6.48
5.6
6.4
5.68
6.86
5.84
6.62
5.66
5.24
5.98
255
B,
2.22
2.14
2.24
2.15
2.18
2.10
1.92
1.72
1.88
1.78
1.96
1.86
2.08
1.78
2.27
1.74
1.92
2.16
1.98
2.64
1.44
1.68
2.48
1.66
2.05
1.85
1.92
1.85
1.84
1.78
H,
2.82
3.52
3.92
1.82
1.64
1.92
1.74
3.18
1.82
1.94
2.44
3.46
2.14
2.18
1.74
3.64
3.46
2.85
1.86
3.74
1.88
1.82
3.14
2.44
2.34
3.54
2.86
1.74
3.62
1.76
/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
D
D0
1
2.84
6
2.62
2
2.74
7
2.42
3
2.46
5
2.12
4
3.0
8
2.94
9
2.62
14
2.76
10
2.68
15
2.72
11
3.16
13
2.76
12
1.9
17
1.2
20 1.9/1.3
,
L
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.02
-
3.64
3.4
2.86
3.64
3.48
2.86
3.54
3.32
2.96
2.94
3.5
3.4
2.744
3.62
2.8
2.2
-
0.03
H
H0
-

A, 1
6
B, 7
2
C, 5
3
D, 4
8
E, 9
14
F, 10
15
A1, 13
11
B1, 17
12
C1, 20
0.12
0.4
1
D1, 2
18
E1, 1
16
1.6/0.9
0.3
F1, 13
22
A2, 21
18
B2, 20
23
C2, 12
2
10
1
18
2
1.4
-
3.64
2.98
3.26
2.24
0.4
6
11
16
1
2.72
-
0.03
-
3.42
3.96
0.36
5
12
13
14
15
13
22
18
21
20
23
12
2
2.62
2.48
1.6
2.96
2.86
2.2/1.6
2.74
-
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.04
-
3.24
2.72
3.24
3.86
3.16
3.82
0.03
6
0.3
4
256
2
16
17
20
23
12
2
2.66
1.9/1.2
2.54
-
0.04
-
2.82
3.26
0.03
6
0.3
1.4/0.8
0.3
D2, 23
20
F2, 2
12
A3, 21
18
B3, 22
13
C3, 1
16
0.4
D3, 18
2
F3, 1
20
18
19
20
18
21
13
22
16
1
0.9
2.24
2.64
2.42
2.84
-
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
-
2.64
3.36
2.48
3.22
3.4
3.8
0.36
6
21
18
2
0.8
-
2.88
3.12
0.4
6
22
20 1.6/0.8
0.03
4
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
1
12
17
11
13
10
15
9
14
4
8
3
5
2
7
1
6
2.48
1.4
2.78
2.52
2.88
3.12
2.34
2.58
2.36
2.16
2.54
2.24
2.58
2.38
2.64
2.74
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
3.28
2.88
2.66
2.84
3.16
2.46
2.76
2.86
3.24
3.18
3.42
2.94
3.16
2.66
2.84
4.2
3.16
257
1.96
-
0.12
-
A4, 17
12
B4, 13
11
C4, 10
15
D4, 9
14
F4, 4
8
A5, 3
5
B5, 7
2
C5, 1
6
/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
A1
B1
C1
D1
E1
F1
A6
B6
C6
D6
E6
F6
A5
B5
C5
D5
E5
F5
A2
B2
C2
D2
E2
F2
A4
B4
C4
D4
E4
F4
G,
364
274
314
334
274
344
374
324
264
354
244
344
214
374
264
234
220
284
264
384
300
254
324
274
214
334
254
234
274
344
L,
7.4
5.24
6.62
6.68
5.36
6.48
7.6
6.4
5.68
6.86
5.82
6.8
5.86
7.64
6.8
5.6
4.5
5.6
4.7
7.2
6.8
5.62
6.56
5.98
4.68
6.84
5.68
4.8
5.46
6.86
258
B,
1.74
1.92
1.86
1.98
1.64
1.76
1.68
1.88
1.65
1.98
2.08
2.16
1.70
1.95
1.84
1.62
2.48
2.05
2.25
2.16
2.25
2.32
2.16
1.76
2.15
1.75
1.94
1.78
2.22
1.74
H,
2.94
3.46
2.36
1.86
3.64
2.98
1.82
2.64
3.54
1.64
1.54
1.86
1.74
3.62
1.76
1.82
1.62
1.92
3.82
1.64
1.92
1.74
1.88
3.42
1.94
2.0
3.46
2.14
2.18
1.82
/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
D
D0
1
2.44
6
2.52
2
2.62
7
2.82
3
2.96
5
2.42
4
3.2
8
2.64
9
2.52
14
2.46
10
2.98
15
2.52
11
2.26
13
2.36
12
2.64
17
1.0
20 1.6/1.3
,
L
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.02
-
3.64
3.4
2.86
3.64
3.48
2.86
3.54
3.32
2.96
2.94
3.5
3.4
2.744
3.62
2.8
2.2
-
0.03
H
H0
-

1, A1,
6
7, B1,
2
5, C1,
3
4, D1,
8
9, E1,
14
10, F1,
15
13, A6,
11
17, B6,
12
20, C6,
0.12
0.4
1
2, D6,
18
1, E6,
16
10
1
18
2
1.2
-
3.24
3.12
2.66
2.84
0.4
5
11
16
1
2.62
-
0.03
-
3.82
3.36
0.36
4
12
13
22
2.72
2.68
0.04
0.03
3.54
2.42
13, F6,
22
13
18
21
20
23
12
2
1.1
2.46
2.66
2.0/1.8
2.84
-
0.04
0.04
-
3.0
3.54
3.0
3.42
0.03
1.6/0.9
0.3
21, A5,
18
20, B5,
23
12, C5,
2
14
15
0.3
6
259
3
16
17
20
23
12
2
2.86
1.7/1.4
2.74
-
0.04
-
2.92
3.0
0.03
5
0.3
1.6/1.2
0.3
23, D5,
20
2, E5,
12
21, F5,
18
22, A2,
13
1, B2,
16
0.4
18, C2,
2
1, D2,
20
18
19
20
18
21
13
22
16
1
1.5
2.44
2.24
2.72
2.94
-
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
-
2.94
3.66
2.88
3.42
3.0
3.2
0.36
5
21
18
2
1.2
-
2.98
3.0
0.4
5
22
20 1.4/1.2
0.03
5
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
1
12
17
11
13
10
15
9
14
4
8
3
5
2
7
1
6
2.68
1.6
2.88
2.62
2.78
3.0
2.54
2.48
2.66
2.46
2.74
2.44
2.68
2.28
2.54
2.64
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
3.58
2.98
2.86
3.2
3.0
2.76
2.46
2.94
3.44
3.0
3.6
3.0
3.3
2.96
2.74
3.84
3.26
260
1.26
-
0.12
-
17, E2,
12
13, F2,
11
10, A4,
15
9, B4,
14
4, C4,
8
3, D4,
5
7, E4,
2
1, F4,
6
/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
F6
E6
D6
C6
B6
A6
F3
E3
D3
C3
B3
A3
F5
E5
D5
C5
B5
A5
F4
E4
D4
C5
B4
A4
E2
F2
D2
C2
B2
A2
G,
586
636
656
576
466
616
576
496
560
476
516
600
686
580
646
686
592
636
672
576
700
682
566
496
662
466
626
598
478
616
L,
5.58
6.64
7.48
4.88
5.68
6.58
7.54
4.68
5.65
6.48
5.64
7.4
5.8
6.66
5.4
6.5
5.86
6.80
4.80
5.84
6.86
5.88
4.86
6.86
5.82
4.84
6.86
7.56
6.68
6.64
261
B,
2.06
2.24
1.74
1.64
1.86
1.68
1.55
2.25
2.15
2.25
2.22
2.16
1.90
1.76
1.88
1.75
1.94
1.84
1.72
2.42
1.88
2.08
1.96
1.88
2.36
1.85
2.45
2.35
2.25
2.15
H,
3.68
1.84
1.74
3.35
1.84
2.98
1.82
2.64
3.54
1.64
1.54
1.86
1.74
3.62
1.76
1.82
1.62
1.92
3.82
1.64
1.92
1.74
1.88
3.42
1.94
2.0
3.46
2.14
2.18
1.94
/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
D
D0
1
2.14
6
2.32
2
2.42
7
2.22
3
2.46
5
2.12
4
2.72
8
2.44
9
2.32
14
2.26
10
2.48
15
2.32
11
2.66
13
2.26
12
2.54
17
1.4
20 1.3/1.0
,
L
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.02
-
3.64
3.4
2.86
3.64
3.48
2.86
3.54
3.32
2.96
2.94
3.5
3.4
2.744
3.62
2.8
2.2
-
0.03
0.12
0.4

1, 6
F6
7, 2
E6
5, 3
D6
4, 8
C6
9, 14
B6
10, 15
A6
13, 11
F3
17, 12
E3
20,
1
D3
2, 18
C3
1, 16
B3
1.3/1.0
0.3
13, 22
A3
21, 18
F5
20, 23
E5
12, 2
D5
H
H0
-
10
1
18
2
1.0
-
3.44
2.42
2.36
2.94
0.4
6
11
16
1
2.62
-
0.03
-
3.82
3.36
0.36
4
12
13
14
15
13
22
18
21
20
23
12
2
2.32
2.18
0.9
2.16
2.26
1.4/1.1
2.24
-
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.04
-
3.24
2.82
2.76
3.14
2.80
3.0
0.03
6
0.3
5
262
4
16
17
20
23
12
2
2.66
1.2/0.9
2.64
-
0.04
-
3.12
2.68
0.03
6
0.3
1.3/1.0
0.3
23, 20
C5
2, 12
B5
21, 18
A5
22, 13
F4
1, 16
E4
0.4
18, 2
D4
1, 20
C5
18
19
20
18
21
13
22
16
1
1.1
2.14
2.64
2.32
2.54
-
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
-
2.74
3.16
2.78
3.12
2.86
2.76
0.36
6
21
18
2
1.4
-
2.78
2.8
0.4
6
22
20 1.3/1.1
0.03
6
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
1
12
17
11
13
10
15
9
14
4
8
3
5
2
7
1
6
2.38
1.5
2.68
2.52
2.48
2.64
2.34
2.18
2.36
2.26
2.34
2.54
2.48
2.38
2.64
2.44
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
3.28
2.68
2.66
2.82
3.0
2.96
2.86
2.74
3.24
2.94
3.4
3.2
3.24
2.76
2.84
3.54
3.36
263
1.36
-
0.12
-
17, 12
B4
13, 11
A4
10, 15
E2
9, 14
F2
4, 8
D2
3, 5
C2
7, 2
B2
1, 6,
A2
/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
F1
A6
B6
C6
C3
D3
F3
A4
B4
A3
A4
B4
C4
D4
F4
C5
B5
A5
D4
E4
F4
F6
E6
D6
C6
B6
A6
F3
E3
F6
G,
334
374
294
364
342
392
262
362
232
280
375
345
365
345
375
325
360
340
274
364
344
286
326
356
346
466
216
276
316
286
L,
6.48
7.66
5.54
6.68
7.36
6.48
5.56
7.34
4.68
5.64
7.44
6.76
7.26
6.44
7.56
6.62
7.0
6.68
5.8
7.46
6.86
5.58
6.64
7.48
6.84
5.28
4.68
5.54
6.68
4.98
264
B,
1.76
1.68
1.88
1.65
2.64
1.44
1.68
2.48
1.66
2.22
2.18
2.04
2.12
2.14
1.86
2.2
2.1
1.78
1.78
2.22
1.74
2.06
2.24
1.74
1.64
1.86
1.68
1.55
2.25
2.06
H,
2.98
2.52
2.74
3.14
3.44
2.78
2.52
3.84
3.64
1.85
1.75
2.65
2.84
1.75
3.65
3.34
1.95
2.35
2.84
2.38
3.12
2.78
2.44
2.74
2.35
2.64
2.28
2.82
2.84
3.28
/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
D
D0
1
2.34
6
2.62
2
2.72
7
2.42
3
2.66
5
2.52
4
2.92
8
2.24
9
2.62
14
2.66
10
2.38
15
2.42
11
2.36
13
2.46
12
2.74
17
1.3
20 1.3/1.0
,
L
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.02
-
3.64
3.4
2.86
3.64
3.48
2.86
3.54
3.32
2.96
2.94
3.5
3.4
2.74
3.62
2.8
2.2
-
0.03
H
H0
-

F1, 1
6
A6, 7
2
B6, 5
3
C6, 4
8
C3, 9
14
D3, 10
15
F3, 13
11
A4, 17
12
B4, 20
1
0.12
0.4
A3, 2
18
A4, 1
16
1.3/1.0
0.3
B4, 13
22
C4, 21
18
D4, 20
23
F4, 12
2
10
1
18
2
1.2
-
3.14
2.82
2.66
2.84
0.4
8
11
16
1
2.72
-
0.03
-
3.72
3.36
0.36
6
12
13
14
15
13
22
18
21
20
23
12
2
2.42
2.38
0.8
2.36
2.56
1.2/1.0
2.44
-
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.04
-
3.14
2.92
2.76
3.14
2.90
3.0
0.03
5
0.3
6
265
5
16
17
20
23
12
2
2.76
1.3/0.9
2.74
-
0.04
-
3.12
2.98
0.03
8
0.3
1.3/1.0
0.3
C5, 23
20
B5, 2
12
A5, 21
18
D4, 22
13
E4, 1
16
0.4
F4, 18,
2
F6, 1
20
18
19
20
18
21
13
22
16
1
2.54
2.34
2.54
2.42
2.64
-
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
-
2.84
3.16
2.98
3.12
2.96
2.96
0.36
5
21
18
2
2.68
-
2.92
2.68
0.4
8
22
20 1.4/1.1
0.03
5
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
1
12
17
11
13
10
15
9
14
4
8
3
5
2
7
1
6
2.48
2.32
2.48
2.42
2.38
2.54
2.24
2.38
2.56
2.66
2.54
2.74
2.28
2.48
2.34
2.54
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
3.16
2.88
2.76
2.92
3.2
2.76
2.96
2.84
3.14
3.2
3.0
3.42
3.34
2.96
2.74
3.34
3.16
266
1.36
-
0.12
-
E6, 17
12
D6, 13
11
C6, 10
15
B6, 9
14
A6, 4
8
F3, 3
5
E3, 7
2
F6, 1
6,
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
. 1.

287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
. 2.
295
296
. 3.
. 4.
297
. 5.
298
. 6.
. ,
I ex , I ey I ez
zC .
xC , yC
y F
z F ,
xFy , y Fy z Fy .
, [1, 3, 5, 6].
. 7.
. 7.
( )
. (. 8, , , )
, .

299

1. ,

. 9720 , -3, .
.
:
L = 11150 ;
B = 2450 ;
H = 1050 ;
Q = 378 (37.8 ).

5 1 .
.
,
, , , .
.
, :
1. . . -325.07. .25 (. ). -325 , 07 , 25 .
2.
l2
l3
(. 30 31). l4 (. ). (. 30 31) .
3. l1 b1
(. 30 31) .
300
4.
, (. ).
5.
5 1 .
. 1
2.
1

.
3282-74
1,1,,
24, 24
25,26
8486-86
30,31
8486-86
32,33
34,35
283-75
6
8
24
50100
100150
50100
6
6
2
2
l=2700
2
4
50
80
l=2700
l=1500
l=200
l=150
. 2.
2

1
11150
2450
1050
1500
- , , ,
,
.
,
301
37.8
37.8
,
. 8, .
. 8, .
. 8, .

302
II.
( , ,
) [1, 3].
1. (
) [1, 3].
2. (
, ) [1, 3].
3. [1, 3, 5].
4. , [1, 3, 5, 6].
5. , [1, 3, 5, 6].
6. ,
[1].
7. .
[6].
8.
[1, 5, 6].
9. . [1, 3, 5, 6].
10. ( ,
) [1,
2, 3].
( ).
III.
4 ( 3) 1:50
.

, .
____ _______________ 200 .
__________________________________
303

1. .., .., .. : / . .. . : ,
2006. 286 .
2. 14 . .: , 2005. 191 .
3. . .: . , 2003. 544 .
4. , , , . .: , 2001. 192 .
5. .., .. - : / . ..
. : , 2007. 453 .
6. .. : . : , 2007. 365 .
304
5.1. ?
5.2. ?
5.3. ?
5.4. .
5.5. .
5.6.
.
5.7.
.
5.8.

.
5.9. ,
?
5.10. ?
5.11.
?
5.12.
?
5.13. , - ?
5.14.

.
5.15.
.
5.16. .
5.17. , .
5.18. ? ?
5.19. 1520 ?
5.20.
?
305

1. . .: , 1998. 127 .
2. . .: , 2003. 544 .
3. .
.1. .: , 2003. 599 .
4. , , , . .: , 2001. 192 .
5. : 8 . . 4.
. .: , 2003. 1039 .
6. , / . .. .
.: , 1989. 247 .
7. .. . .: , 2003. 83 .
8. .. MathCAD 2000 Pro. .: , 2001. 576 .
9. .. MathCAD 2001: . .: , 2001.
624 .
10. .. . .: , 1999. 145 .
11. .., .., .., ..
//
. .: , 1989. 5 - .
1417.
12. .., .., .. . .:
, 1991. 360 .
13. . / . . ,
. . , . . , . . . .: , 1980. 328 .
306
. , .
.

- abrasivity, abrasiveness
- absolute; - absolute motion;
- author; - in cooperation with
- analysis; - regression analysis
( , , . .) - absorption;
( , , . .) - cushion;
- cushion pilings
- luggage (.), baggage ()

( ) - wheelbase
Bandage
- shoe
- safety; - safety regulations
- Bibliographical list
() Lateral
Lateral vibration
- of more than
Bar, Bar persistent; - fastening pertinacious bar,
- axle box ( - journal box)
Wagon, Wagons coupling, - wagon floor, - Wagon body,(Wagon Basket), - Wagon width, Wagon length (long), - at
shunting striks of wagons;
(Wagon Basis) ,
( 9720 ), - empty car,
- (.) covered wagon, () box car, box freight car
- tank-truck
- introduction
(, , ) - weigth, gravity; - weigth of train
Vertical Force of Inertia
307
- type; - types; view; views; - side view; - top view;

- rear (back) view; - left-side view; - bottom view; - front view; - right-side view
( ) Hunting
() - wobble
(Truck Hunting) , ,
, . ,
.
Magnitude
- wind, - wind load
- detonation, explosion
- Danger detonative, explosion hazard; - explosive, explosivle
, - explosivility, explosivenness
humidity, dampness, moisture content; - higher humidity; - relative humidity; - air humidity
- Super elevation, (Rail Super
elevation), , -
. .
- restoration
- question
- harmivity
- burst; - temperature burst
- choice, selection; option; ( ) sampling
- blowing-out, blowing-off
- completion,
subtract, subtraction , subtrahend
viscosity, - specific viscosity
- clearance (limit)
- cargo (freight) within loading gauge, cargo overall; - cargo unoverall, - overall dimensions
nail
- flexible element
308
hydroscopity
- depth, - depth of occurense
- neck (.), throat ()
- double incline (.), hump ()
hill, - Trains breaking up with hill
degree
Flange, - Vertical Flange, - Whell
Flange Contct
- (.) cargo, (.-.) freight; fasten cargo;
- stow cargo; (, ) forward cargo; - cargo (freight) within loading gauge; Cargo
light, Cargo ponderous, - Cargos embankments, - Cargo pour, Cargo pile (stack);
- perishable cargo; - time cargo;
Cargos displacement, subjectivity cargos to change temperature,
transport character Cargo;
in mechanical system
cargofasteningwagon
- cargo science; freight science
- ( ) hoisting device, ( )
holing device, - load handling fixture
freight turnover, goods turnover
Wagon of goods turnover
- consigener, - consignee
Goods Wagon (.), freight car ()
Goods Train (.), freight train ()
- goods department (.), freight department ()
- density of freight traffic
- freight (cargo) traffic
- Loader
- Pressure
, - data, information, - insert data, tabular data
Motion
- Train movement on stage under gradient
- action, ( ) operation; - an effect,
- dynamics viscousivity
- dynamic load
- length
309
- Tolerance, , - way
, () fraction
railroad (. railing), railway

Railway
railway junction
branch-line
- railway man (.), railroad man ()
- dependence
- task
- problem, - problems, - combined problems
- law; - laws
- conclusion
fasten, fix, tackle, - fixing
, (, ) - twist
- bedding, occurrence, position; - occur at depth
- protection; - environmental protection; - rust protection
- area, zone, band, range
,
intensity (, ..), rate (, ..)
- interpretation; interpretation - , ;
interpret - , , ;
inert; - Inertia (DAlamber) force;
inert , , , ;
inertia ,
- ( ) bending, - lateral bending, lateral flexure;
- - elastic bending; - pure bending; - flexure plane,
- bending, curving; - bend, curve;
- fracture; - fracture plane
- Research, investigation, study, explore; - applied research
- evaporation, vaporization, volatilization
- outcome; - dates outcomes
310

- board, - Boarded
- category, class
- kinematics
- kinematics viscousivity
corrosion, corrode , corrosion ,
- classifying; - Cargos classifying
(.-) - line, track, gauge
wheel, wheel unning surface
- quantity
- construction
- control
- container, - containerize
Spike
- coefficient friction
- curve, - step curve, - curved radius
- curvature
- reinforce
cargo fastening on wagon from behavior of longitudinal and vertical loads
( ) - edge
()- turn
() - torsion
(.-.) - accident, wreck
- (.) covered wagon, () box car, box freight car
- body; - wagon body;
- stickiness, tackiness
- hatch; - cargo hatch; entrance port; exit
port
- little heat conductivity

- mass; - sprung mass, - unsprung
mass
- method, procedure; - method of proportional
parts, - method of superposition, - trial-anderror method
- frost resistance; - frost resistant
- material, - lubricant, - building material,
- loose material
311
- mechanics; - theoretical mechanics; applied mechanics; - continuum mechanics, mechanics of

continua; - soil mechanics
- loading, - cargos loadings

- purpose, duty
- bulk; - in bulk; - cargos bulks
direction, Longitudinal direction,
Lateral direction
- Stress (, - Strain), Bending Stiffness
- Cargos embankments
tight, tens, tensile
- stretch, () c stretch
begin (basis) of fastening
- load, - dynamic load
- oversize, outsize
- stationary; - moving
- unsprung mass, - sprung mass
- necessity, - if necessary, to suit requirements
- continuous
- non-extensible
- specification, norm; - documents normative
() - instability; lateral instability;
longitudinal instability;
- petroleum product, petroleum derivative
- oil storage
- contents
- provision, control
felloe; Wheel felloe,
- ( ) shell
- data processing
- control
Volume, container capacity ( - capacity)
- banding, tie. ,
- the general
- fire hazard
- fire-resistance, flame-resistance
- slowing (.), order for slow down ()
312
- Cargos property oxidizers

- danger to infections
- pole (.), mast ()
- determination
- shunt back into siding (.), back-up movement ()
- basis
- basic
- details construction
- peakedness of a distribution
- point edgity ( - edge, - point)
(.- .) - tongue, point; - rail point
- axle ( ), - car axle, (..) - wheel axle;
( ) - axis, - axis of symmetry,
- longitudinal axis
relative, concerning; - relative motion
() ratio
- steam, vapour; superheated steam; - dry vapour, dry

steam
- packaging, - unpacaged cargo
- excessive bend
- carry, convey, haul, transport, ship
- carriage, conveyance, haul, transportation, shipment; - freight traffic; - transportation
( ) stage
- transient; - transient motion;
crossing
- twist (, , , , ,
)
- variable (. - var.)
() displacement, transference; Lateral displacement, Longitudinal displacement
- food; - product food (-stuff);
Truck; () platform
- plane, - profile plane, - principal plane, flexure plane, - fracture plane, - plane of fracture,
- shear plane, - inclined plane, - normal plane,
- density
- Surface
- moving; - stationary, ummoving
rolling stock; - rolling stock mechanics
- underpan
313
- Support, - rail chair, tie plate

- heat (ing); - bubble heating; - heating;
Vertical Bounce
- sprung mass
- rising gradient (.), up grade ()
- preparation
() - load
- loading, - stockpiling
- loader, - forklift,
- single-bucket loader
- lift truck
loading, ()- unloading
() Train, Train,
- at movement of train on track with continuous irregularity
- index, data; - basics index
() - position, location; - vertical position; - horizontal position
- open wagon, gondola car
- concept, notion; - mathematical concept; common concept; - basic notion
- transverse (to), sideways
Gross Level
- transom (.), cross bearer ()
- empty car
- ( ..) procedure; order
- sequence, series, succession; - sequence alculation
- constant
- loss, - losses; - cause of a losses
- handling fixture
- preface
- limit; - limits of, - outside the limits
- bending strength; torsional strength; -tensile strength;
- shear strength; - compression strength;
- ultimate strength; - yield point, yield strength; -
- limit of elastic; - fatigue limit; - stability limit
- applied; - applied mechanics
- reason, cause; - cause of a failure, - cause of a losses
- () check, test; () examination, inspection
314
- wire; - fine wire; - heavy-gauge wire;

- spring wire;
- deflection, sagging, flexure; - rail deflection, - flexure of
the tube
- Program
- general coplanar system of forces
- time, period, duration
- sole bar (.), out side sill ()
- sole bar (.), arch bar ()
- product; - product food (-stuff); - explosion product;
() Spring,
- ( ) pilling stick, pilling stick; ( ) crosser, gob
- spill
- tensile, strength; tensile strength, - strength
analysis; - ultimate load design
- Preventive maintenance
- dust capacity
- dust precipitator, dust arrester, dust catcher
- balance, equilibrium; - at balance; static equilibrium; - dynamic equilibrium; - stable equilibrium; - unstable equilibrium; () - be in equilibrium; - establish equilibrium
- resultant; - resultant of a system of force;
(
) - the resultant has the same effect
- unload, discharge
()- unloading
- placement, - Diagram placement
- warm up, heat up; -warming up, heating up
- development
- failure, fracture; - bending failure; torsion failure; - tensile failure; - compression
failure, compression fracture; - shearing failure;
fatique failure; brittle failure; - delayed fracture
- break (age), puncture, rupture; tensile strength,
- brittle rupture, - plane of fracture
- discontinuity
- opener, - ripper
- loosen
- Railway siding
315
radioactivity
- curved radius
- frame; - car frame, carriage under frame; - truck
frame
Trains schedule, timetable
- atomoized ( - atomizer; - atomization)
- distribution; - Forces distribution
- tension, tensile
- extensible; - non-extensible
- fastening, Power in fastening,
- alculation power in fastening
- fastening - , ,
- account, consideratation, calculations, analysis; - strength
analysis; - ultimate load design
, - tank; tank age
- results, - results calculation experiments
- regulate, specify, quote
Rail; track
() - Spring
- loosen, rip; - loosening, ripping
- expander
- spontaneous heating ion and self-ignition

- self-ignition, auto ignition
- ordinary stopping goods train (.), local freight ()
- light; - lightly; - daylight; - white light;
- red light; - lower light; - upper light
constraint, - normal of reaction of constraint
-vault formation, - formation vault
- liquids fraction property
- shear; - shear plane,
Cargos displacement
- compression
Force, frictional force, - Axial Force,
- Sheer Force, - Longitudinal Force, - Resultant force, - influence of transverse forces; - adhesion power (.), up grade (); Forces distribution
Gravity, Force of Gravitation,
316
Inert Force, Longitudinal Force of Inertia, Lateral Force of Inertia

- symmetry
- holetivity, welltivity; - 1. chink, 2. hole, well
Velosity (Engl.), speed (USA)
- fasten, - fastening
- slumping
- discharger, drain, sink, - overflow, - underflow, - defiling
- summing; - summing us of accelerations
- complex; - complex motion
- official braking
- layer; - layers cargo
- perishable cargo
- congealed
- lubricant (), oil (); - centrifugal lubrication; () -corrosion preventive compound
- combined problems
- shift, displacement; - dispacement
of cargo concerning of wagon floor
- crumple
- perfection
- Contents
( , .) - joint, connection
(. .) - composition
- cars in the formation (.), onsist ()
- Trains compiler
- marshalling yard (.), freight yard ()
- sorting sidings (.), classification tracks ()
- collision, encounter; - Wagons blow
- preservation, - preservation cargo
() - downgrade; ( ) descent
- condensation possibility
- caking quality
- time cargo
(, ..) - agent; (, , ) - aid, facility, means
- station; - dead end bay (.), stub station ()
- statistically workings
- point (.), switch ()
- sling; - - cargo sling; - apply hoist slings to
the load
- summation
317
- tighten; tie up
- Tie up- ,
( , , , ).
- Diagram
- loose, - Looseness; - Cargo pour
- table
container ( - capacity), container capacity
four-wheel trucks () (. - bogie) ,
, , , , () , ,
, , ; ()
Truck Bolster; Center Sill
- temperature
- theoretical mechanics
- theory
- resistance to heat,
- high-temperature stability
- heat capacity, - specific heat
() ( ) - specifications (Specs.)
- equipment, facilities; () - technique, method, procedure
- goods train, freight train
- brake, - braking; (Brake Force) ; (Brake Power) , ; - official braking; - brake cylinder
- transport cargos characteristics
- tube
transport pipelinly
crack
- Friction, coefficient friction, static friction, sliding friction, rolling friction,
frictional force, angle of friction, cone of friction
Draft
- ponderous train
- tie - ,

tie equipment
318
angel, - Angle of friction

coal, - stacking (.), coal pills ()
- keeping
- placement, laying, installation; - pilling, - stacking, - track laying, - pipe laying, pipe installation
, (.-.) - falling gradient (. - bank) dawn grade ()
condensation
- package, - sacking, bagging; - crating, - cargos container-packages
persistent; Bar persistent
Acceleration, () - centrifugal
(centripetal) acceleration; - summing us of accelerations
- fatigue; - fatigue limit
Power, Power in fastening, alculation power in fastening, shearing stress
- condition
- condition viscousivity
- fatigue, - banding fatigue, - tensional fatigue, - tensile fatigue, compression fatigue; - impact fatigue
- stability; ( )- dynamic stability; - study, stable; - instability, - unsteady,
unstable; Cargo Stability
- refinement, predetermination, revision; - refine, predetermine,
revise, - predetermination method
- - physical and chemicals properties

- Cargos physical properties
- Physical detonation
- fixing arm, () - fixing
- formula, - interpolation formula, - Basic formula
- danger character
- Cargos property chemicals
- Chemical detonation
- motion, move, movement; - on wheels (wheeled); - on tracks, tacked, tack-laying
- storage, - bulk storage
Center Sill
longitudinal tie rod (.), truss rod ()
319
- Brittleness, () embrittlement, () Friability)
- cement
- center of gravity; - - center of gravity a rigid body
- centrifugal, - centripetal
- cylinder; - brake cylinder
- tank; - tank car, -- cement tank;
- transportation tank; - water tank;
- oil tank wagon
- frequency, - frequency dependence

- axles ( - pedestal)
gauge
() Truck Bolster;
- sleeper (.), crosstie, cross-tie, tie ()
Cargo pile (stack)
- custom-maid
- piece; - a piece; - piece goods
- exam, examination
- element, quantity; - flexible element
- element mathematics
- trial-and-error; - trial-and-error method
- effect, - blast effect, - effectively
Slide
poisonousively, toxicively
box
320
321
322
323
: ..
..
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____________________________________________________________________
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351
___________________________________________________________________
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2006
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656.212.6
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2006. 321 .
ISBN 5 94614 024 8
,
.

, ;
;
;
, ;
; .
,
.
.
190701
( ),
,
, .
: ..., .. , 3, 4, 6,7, 12;

.. ..., .. 1;
.. 5;
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.. , .. .. 8;
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-
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(
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..., .. ( ).
ISBN 5 94614 024 8
.., .., .., 2006

(), 2006
Khabibulla TURANOV, Anatoliy BONDARENKO,

Natalia VLASOVA
FASTENING CARGOS IN WAGONS
Yekaterinburg
2006
UDC 656.212
90
T u r a n o v Kh. T., B o n d a r e n k o A.N., V l a s o v a N.V. Fastening
cargoes in wagons / Edited by of prof. Kh. Turanov. Yekaterinburg: USURT,
2006. p 321
ISBN 5 94614 024 8
Guideline consists from introduction and eight topics which are cover of cargoes
fastening open rolling-stock. In guideline given bases of rolling-stock and cargofastening device depending on origin, configuration and weight of cargo;
computation of cargo weight in wagon and option of rational scheme its allocation in
wagon; base of option of allocation of lining along the cargo length and checking
computation of bending moment on carriage under frame; determination of forces,
forcing of cargo; checking of wagon stability with cargo and cargo in wagon;
subsequence of computations and basis of option cargo fastening. At this formula for
computation at elements of cargo fastening in wagon given for convenient application
of computational environment, and it meets to requirements of modern technology of
studies disciplines in universities. All given in guideline computations are necessary
for performance of course or diploma work.
In guideline content chapter Fastening cargoes in wagons of Cargoes
science discipline in accordance with calendar plan of lectures and practice works,
which are readable for student of second year of day form of study and fourth year of
instruction by correspondence forms of study in specialty 190701 Transportation
organization and management on transport (Railway transport).
Intended for students of day and instruction by correspondence forms of study
on specialty 190701 Transportation organization and management on transport
(railroad transport). Guideline is quite useful for consignor of goods and engineertechnical workers who are involved in computation of cargo fastening.
ISBN 5 94614 024 8
Turanov Kh.., Bondarenko A.N., Vlasova N.V., 2006

Yekaterinburgs state university of railway communications (USURT), 2006

1 Turanov H T Bondarenko A N Vlasova N V Kreplenie Gruzov V Va - pdf1

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. . , ..

: ..., .. , 3, 4, 6,7, 12;

ISBN 5 94614 024 8

.., .., .., 2006

Khabibulla TURANOV, Anatoliy BONDARENKO,

FASTENING CARGOS IN WAGONS

ISBN 5 94614 024 8

Turanov Kh.., Bondarenko A.N., Vlasova N.V., 2006

I. BASIC FORMULAE OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED

II. THEORY OF ALLOCATION AND FASTERNING CARGOES IN

2. Selection of the rolling-stock and load hand fixture

7. Calculation and selection of cargo fastening

Dedicated to the 50th Anniversary of

, , (Rx, Ry, Rz Mx, My, Mz ),

( ) (B K), (B) (K)

R x = R cos cos ; R y = R cos sin .

() R, (. Resultant force), Rx, Ry Rz , .1.21.

(.. F max ), (.1.26,).

). Fsin > f0Fcos, f 0 = tg 0 ,

Determinations static and indeterminations static bodies system

SELECTION OF THE ROLLING-STOCK AND LOAD HAND FIXTURE

Q1l1 + Q 2 l 2 + ... + Qnl n

Q1b1 + Q 2b2 + ... + Qb

, b1, b2, ..., bn - .

(1.171 ), (0.52.77 = 1.385 ), 0.214 .

l = a0 + a1Q + a2Q2 + a3Q3 + a4Q4 + a5Q5 + a6Q6 ,

4.1.2. (.8.1) (.4.2), . 13, . 14 [2].

coeffs0, coeffs1, oeffs2 - ,

4.4.2. (.6.6 1, .32 ):

Q , Q94 Q22 = 72, .

.., .. . : , 2004. 296 .

6.1.3. H > 2300 + > 50 2,

.., .. . . I. . . : . ., 1977. 368 .

6.2.3.1. (1.1), (1.4), (6.3) (6.6):

(cos 1 cos 1 (h 1 h ) sin 1l ) +

+ (cos 4 cos 4 ( h 4 h ) sin 4l )

(cos 1 cos 1 (h 1 h ) sin 1l ) +

+ (cos 2 cos 2 ( h 2 h ) sin 2l ) +

+ (cos 4 cos 4 ( h 4 h ) sin 4l )

+ (cos 12 cos 12 (h 12 h ) sin 12l ) +

+ (cos 13 cos 13 (h 13 h ) sin 13l ) +

(cos 5 cos 5 ( h 5 h ) sin 5l ) +

+ (cos 6 cos 6 ( h 6 h ) sin 6l ) +

+ (cos 8 cos 8 (h 8 h ) sin 8l )

+ (cos 16 cos 16 (h 16 h ) sin 16l ) +

+ (cos 17 cos 17 (h 17 h ) sin 17l ) +

+ (cos 2 cos 2 (h 2 h ) sin 2 ) +

+ (cos 4 cos 4 (h 4 h ) sin 4 )

+ (cos 8 cos 8 (h 8 h ) sin 8 )

+ (cos 12 cos 12 ( h12 h ) sin 12 ) +

+ (cos 14 cos 14 ( h14 h ) sin 14 )

+ (cos 16 cos 16 (h 16 h ) sin 16 ) +

+ (cos 18 cos 18 (h 18 h ) sin 18 )

( ) Ri Ri (6.16) (6.17), (6.18) (6.19),

csa1, csb1 sna1 cos1, cos1 sin1.

( f sin i + cos i cos i )

n n R ( f sin + cos cos ) + Q = F + W

n n R ( f sin + cos cos ) = F + W Q ,

+ ( f sin 3 + cos 3 cos 3 ) + ( f sin 4 + cos 4 cos 4 )

+ ( f sin + cos cos ) + ( f sin + cos cos ) +

+ ( f sin 13 + cos 13 cos 3 ) + ( f sin 14 + cos 14 cos 14 )

+ ( f sin 7 + cos 7 cos 7 ) + ( f sin 8 + cos 8 cos 8 ) +

+ ( f sin 17 + cos 17 cos 7 ) + ( f sin 18 + cos 18 cos 18 )