KayleighLara

SkeletalSystemLabReport

Boneswerediscoveredmanyyearsagoandallwerenamedthroughouthistory.Galenstated
withhisobservationsofthebones,"Toprotectthesystemcompletely,itwasbetterforitto
consistofmanybones,andfurther,ofbonesjustashardastheyare...Natureconsequentlydid
notmerelyentrustitsdefensetotheskin,asshedidforthepartsintheabdomen,butfirst,before
theskinwasputon,sheinvesteditwithbonelikeahelmet."allthroughouttheRenaissanceage,
scientistandphilosopherswerecarefullystudyingourstructuresunderneathourskin.The
culturesandeventsthroughouttheageshelpedleaduptothenamesofourbones.Thefirstbone
IamdescribingistheFemur,orthethighbone.ThewordFemurstemsfromLatinwordsfertus
andfero,whichmeanstobearandtobeborn.BoththesewordscomefromtheotherLatinword
Feo,whichmeantobefruitful,likewithchildren.Thisexplainstheultimatejobofthethighs
whenitcomestopregnancy.Thenextbonesarethefingersandtoes,orthePhalanges.They
werecalledphalangesbecausetheyresembledaGreekbattleformationcalledphalanx,inwhich
thesoldierswouldgetsidebysidewithshieldsandspearstogetherandoverlapping.Thelast
boneisthesacrum,whichinLatinmeanssacredorholyandinGreekitmeantmarvelousor
great.TheGreeksbelievedthatbecausethesacrumwasthelasttodecay,thatinthedayof
resurrection,thebodywouldreformbackaroundthesacrum.Galenevenwentontosaythatthe
sarumwasthemostimportantboneintheentirespine.

Photostakenbyauthor,thebonesthefemur,thephalangesandthesacrum.


Bone(tissue)Histology

Phototaken
byauthor,Thelabeledcompactboneslide.

Phototakenbyauthor,Thelabeled
drawingofthetrabecularboneslide
,alsoinmicroscopicview.

Phototakenbyauthor,Thelabeleddrawingofthe
periosteum,microscopicview.


Bonehomeostasis
Normalbonehomeostasisbeginswiththecombinationsofcollagenandminerals,suchas
calciumandphosphate.Thesehelpthebonescompletetheirfunctionsinthebody,suchasa
supportsystemfortheheart,lungs,andbonemarrow,protectionforthebrainandotherinner
organs.Theyarealsohowarelimbscanattachwithmusclesandmove.Firstcomescollagen,
whichmakesup90%ofthehealthymatrix.Collagenismadeinosteoblastsandareformedas
twistedchainswiththemineralsmixedinwithinthem.Osteoblastscomesinafterpreosteoclast
aredoneremodelingthebone,thentheycomeinandbindtocreateamatureosteoclasts.The
differencebetweenthematrixinmostbonesthathavediseasearetheirlackoforoverageof
mineralsandcollagen.Forexample,boneswithRicketshaveadeficiencyinhowtheminerals
arecombinedanddistributedwiththecollagen,usuallyamalfunctionwiththeosteoblastsorthe
lackofvitaminDinthediet.Collagenwithoutthemineralscausesbonestobesoftandrubbery,
muchlikeaear.

Normal

vinegarscopedbone

cookedbone

collagenmatrix

present

extremecollagen

missingcollagen

mineralsalts

present

notpresent

present

diseaseordisorder

osteoporosis,
Osteogenesis
Rickets/Osteomalacia Imperfecta

apparent
hasperiosteum:little collagen:yellowishin harderintexture:no
characteristics
tonoflexibility
color:Flexible
flexibility
ThechartfromourBoneMatrixlabthatshowstheresultsofthedifferencesincollagen,mineral
salts,disease,andcharacteristicsbetweenthesethreebones.

Phototakenbyauthor:Thethreebonesfrom
ourBoneMatrixobservationlab,giving
examplesofthedifferenceincooked,vinegar
soaked,andnormalbones.

ProteinInorganicinterfaces
Theresearchersaretryingtofigureouthowtheinorganiccrystalsaffectthebonegrowthand
structure.Themaingoalofthisexperimentwastointerrogateproteininorganicmaterial
interfacetostudythebiomineralizationprocessofbonesandteethinthehumanbody.Ourhard
tissuesaremostlymadeofcalciumandotherminerals.ManyBiologicalapatitesorinorganic
calciumphosphatesalts,havedifferentmaterialsinthembutaremostlikehydroxyapatite(HAP),
Ca
(PO
)
(OH)
.Manyeffortshavebeendonetobetterunderstandhowdifferentmolecules
10
4
6
2
interactwithbiologicallyderivedandsyntheticapatitesinhopestodeterminewhattheydo
whenincomestocreatingbonesandtheirpartinhardtissueformation.Researchersaretryingto
understandtherelationshipbetweenbonecrystalsandotherbiologicalminerals.Yet,becauseif
theintricatemakeupofthebonestructure,andthelackoftools,theyhavebeenunabletoreally
experimentwiththeinorganicmaterial.Theycameupwithtwomodels,oneboneusedtoshow
howtheproteinsinteract,andtheotherwastoshowhowthebonecrystalgrowswhen
combiningwithcollagen.Basedonthecrystalsandthecontrolledarea,researcherswereableto
discovernewfactsaboutthegrowthofbonesandteethinaccordancetotheamountofinorganic
crystals,orcalcium.

PhototakenfromProfessorLeeReport,showstheinorganiccrystalandcalcium.
Research

ForensicCase
Bonescarryanimmenseamountofinformationaboutusaspeople.Theycangivehintstotraits
suchasrace,age,height,weight,andsex.Bonescanalsoeducateusaboutcivilizationsthathave
longpassedandhadbeenforgotten.Theyprovidenewinformationtoforensiccaseseveryday,
especiallynowasourtechnologygetsmoreadvanced.Casesthatwerethoughttoneverbe
solved,havenowbeenwithmuchease.ThecasebeginsinthetimesoftheearlyEnglishvillage
ofJamestown,Virginia.TwoweeksaftertheofficialsettlinginJamestownin1607,therewasan
smallIndianattack.AccordingtocaptainJohnSmithandCaptainGabrielArcheronlyone
youngmandiedbecauseofthis..InAugust2005,excavatorssurveyingtheareafoundasmall
skeletonintheJamestownFort.Theboywasabout14or15,whichcouldbetoldbyhowmuch
hisboneshavegrownorthelackof.Studiesshowthatayoungerpersonhasalotmorebones
thantheaveragepersonbecauseofossification,whichiswherethebonesformtogetherasone
largerbone.Sotheywereabletoconcludeuponhisage.Theywereabletoconcludehewas
malebythedifferenceintheshapeofhispelvis.Malespelvisesaremoreheartshapedthan
females,whichismoreroundedinshape.ThelastpieceofDNAtheyusedwashisbackteeth,
whichhadasmallholethatcausedainfectiontospreadtotherestofhisbones.Sothey
concludedthatevenifhehadnotbeeninjuredbytheindianattack,hewouldhaveeventually
diedfromaboneinfection.

Photo
TakenfromSmithsonianNationalmuseumofNaturalhistory,
theenglishboysholeinhisteeth.
ForensicCaseFiles

PhotoTakenfromSmithsonianNationalmuseumofNatural
history,TheEnglishboyspelvisfromtheFort.
ForensicCase
Files

APACitations

BlueHistologySkeletalTissuesBone.(n.d.).RetrievedOctober21,2015.

BoneStructureandFunction.(n.d.).RetrievedOctober21,2015.

n.d.).RetrievedOctober21,2015,from
http://teachhealthk12.uthscsa.edu/sites/teachhealthk12/files/activity/downloads/BonesTeacher
NameCards2C.pdf

TheFirstFatality?(n.d.).RetrievedOctober21,2015.

TheHistoryoftheSkeleton.(n.d.).RetrievedOctober21,2015.

TheSeungWukLeeGroup.(n.d.).RetrievedOctober21,2015.

WritteninBone.(n.d.).RetrievedOctober21,2015.