ChassidyFolley

10/6/201510/23/2015
SkeletalSystemLabReport

P1.

Thereis206bonesinthehumanbodyandtheyallhaveaspecificfunction.
ForExample:

ThenameXIPHOIDwasgiventothecartilageofthesternumbecauseofitsswordlikeshape.Itisderived
fromGreekwordsxiphos,asword,andeidos,orlike.ThetermwasusedbytheearlyGreekanatomists.In
1712wasthefirstknowncaseofaxiphoiddisorder.

TheMANDIBLEmeaningthelowerjaw,thistermisderivedfromtheLatinwordmandibulumorjaw,
whichinturnwasdescriptivelyderivedfromtheLatinwordmandomeaningtochew.IntheBookofJudges,
Samsonusedadonkey'sjawbonetokillathousandPhilistines.

TheHerophilusnamedthistailboneinhumans.Hethoughtitresembledthebillofacuckoobird.Anold
namefortheCOCCYXwaswhistlebonebecauseRiolan,1620,thoughtthenamewasassociatedwiththe
escapeofwindmakinganoiselikethecryofacuckoo.ThisGreeknameforthecuckoowasappliedasthe
lastthreeorfourbonesofthecoccyxresemblethebackofthisbird.

Coccyx

Xiphoid

Mandible


P2.
ThisisanimageofthePeriosteumboneandtheTrabecularbone.

Periosteumbone

Trabecularbone

P3.
Thebonesstorevariousmineralsaltsandaidsofbloodcellsunderanexternalperiosteumlayer,compact
bone,hardmassmadeupoflayersofbonecellcalledosteocytetissueinconcentriclayersorhaversian
system.Themostcommonbonediseaseoccurduetohormonalimbalanceisosteoporosis.Theextracellular
matrixofboneislaiddownbyosteoblasts,whichsecretebothcollagenandgroundsubstance.These
synthesisecollagenwithinthecellandthensecretecollagenfibrils.Thecollagenfibersrapidlypolymeriseto
formcollagenstrands.

BoneMatrixObservations

NormalBone

VinegarBone

Baked/CookedBone

CollagenMatrix

solid

soft

fragile

MineralSalts

stiff

bendible

brittle

Transparent

hallow

DiseaseorDisorder
Characteristics

X
hard

Hypothesis:Ithinkthatthevinegartookallthecalciumoutofthechicken.Thebakedbonelooksnormal.&
theNormalbonelookstohavealotofcalciuminit.

TheNormalboneisonthefarright,anditstillhasallofitscollagenbecausenothinghappenedtoit.
TheBakedboneisinthemiddleandtheboneishardduetoithasitscollagen.
TheBoneonthefarleftwassoakedinVinegaranditlostallofitscalcium.Ifyoutaketheboneoutand
handleityouwillseethatitisveryflimsyandyoucanpokeyourfingerrightthroughthebone.

P4.

Osteoporosis:Mousescreenrevealsnoveldrugtargets
Asystematicanalysisinmicehasidentifiedmultiplegenesaffectingbonemassthatcouldcodefornoveldrug
targets.RobertBrommageandhiscolleaguesfromLexiconPharmaceuticalsinTexas,USA,scannedthe
bonesf3,776mouselines,eachcontainingaglobalknockoutmutationthatdisablesthefunctionofasingle
gene.Theresearchersfurtherexaminedbonearchitecture,strengthandmineralizationinanymicewith
signsofskeletalphenotypes.Theseanalysesrevealeddozensofgenesthataffectedbonemassinsomeway,
manyofwhichwerenotpreviouslyknowntoimpactskeletalhealth.Threeofthenewlyidentifiedgeneswere
notdisclosed.Thesegenescodeforenzymesorsecretedproteinsand,althoughtheiridentityremainsasecret,
theauthorssuggesttheycouldbepotentialtherapeutictargetsfortreatingosteoporosis.

P5.
Boneshaveauniquebonebiographyandthelivingtissueofbonerecordslifedataasapersongrows,
lives,anddies.BonesandTeethoftenwithstanddecay,sothedatamaysurvivelongafterdeath.Skeletal
evidenceistheonlywaytolearnaboutaoncelivingperson.

Wasthisbabyswaddledtodeath?
Ichosetowriteabouttheababybeingswaddledtodeathbecauseitseemedlikeaninterestingtopictome.A
motherhadwrappedherbabyinlinenswaddlingclothsorquiltedembroideredbandsthatheldthechilds
handsandfeetsinplace.Shethenplacedtheswaddledbabyintoapocketwithaboardbackandcoveredthe
babysheadwithacap.Swaddledbabiesreceivelittlesunlightbutstayedwarm.Theinfantwasverysickand
thedoctordidnotunderstandnorknowhowtotreatit.Thiscaseseemedtohappenalotwiththechildrenof
thecolonialchesapeake.

SkeletalEvidence
Vitaminandmineraldeficienciesleaveclearmarkersinthebone.Theinfantwassufferingfromrickets,
whichisalsoknownasavitaminDdeficiency.Theskull,ribsandlongbonesalsoshowchangesduetothe
rickets.Thepelvisandskull,smallteeth,pointedchin,andjawlineledsometobelievethebabywasafemale,
buttheysayitremainstentative.

Partofthebabysskull

EvidenceattheScene
Thesupportingevidenceshowthatthebabywasswaddledinwinter.Pinsandtracesoflinenindicatedthat
thebodywasplacedinashroudandtheninacostlyleadcoffin.Thebabyscoffinlaidnexttotwolarger
coffinswhichthenamesarestillunidentified.Latertheyfoundthatthetwoadultswerethe
chancellor/governorPhilipcalvertandhisfirstwifeAnneCalvert.

Swaddledbaby

Babyscasketandthetwoadultcaskets.


WorksCited

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiphoid_process#History

http://teachhealthk12.uthscsa.edu/sites/teachhealthk12/files/activity/downloads/Bones%20Teac
h
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandible#Mandible_in_popular_culture

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccyx#History

http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/bone/bone.htm

https://depts.washington.edu/bonebio/ASBMRed/structure.html

http://leelab.berkeley.edu/index.php

http://anthropology.si.edu/writteninbone/skeleton_keys.html

http://anthropology.si.edu/writteninbone/forensic_files.html

http://anthropology.si.edu/writteninbone/bone_basics.html