1.

. .
1.

, , ,
.
.
G=(X,U).
( ), ,
.. . , , .1
{x2, x7, x8}, {x1, x3}, {x2, x5, x7, x8} .
x1

x2

x3

x6
x8

x4

x7

x5

.1
, ,
. , {x2, x5, x7, x8}
, {x2, x7, x8} . {x1, x3, x7} {x4, x6}
, , ,
.
Q G,

(G ) max | S |
SQ

(1)

( ) G, S*,
, (.. S*
). , .
, , .
, , : {x2, x5,
x7, x8}, {x1, x3, x7}, {x2, x4, x8}, {x4, x6}, {x3, x6}, {x1, x5, x7}, {x1, x4}, {x3, x7, x8}.
4 , , (G ) =4. {x2, x5, x7, x8}
.
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, ,
, 20.
. ,
. ,
, , ..
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.

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.

1. ( ) S 0 Q0 , Q0 X , k 0 .

Qk , ,

: Qk ,

Sk, Qk , .

2. ( ) xik Qk (. )

S k 1 S k {xik } ,

Qk1 Qk U ( xik ) ,

k 1 k

Q Q (U (xik ) {xik })

Qk Qk . k=k+1.

3. ()

x Qk , , U ( x) Qk ,

(2)

5, 4.

4. Qk Qk , Sk

5. Qk , Qk , 5. 2.

5. ( ) k=k-1. k<0, 2. xik Sk+1,

Sk. Qk Qk , xik Qk Qk . k=0

Q0 , . (
.) 3.
. , ,
, .
, ,
(2) ,
Sk. xk , U(x)

x Qk ,

( x ) | U ( x ) Qk |
( ,
), (2) . ,
xik Sk , -,
*

x Qk ( x * ) , ,
*

xik U ( x ) Qk . xik
( x * ) , x *
(2) .


G ( ;U ) k k , k 1, ,
k x1 , x 2 ,..., x k . Lk
, k , Yk k ,
x k .

Yk y k : y ~ x k .
,
:
I. 1 x1 , L1 x1 , Y1 x1 . k 1 .

x2 , dac x1 ~ x2
II. Y
.
2
x1 , x2 , dac x1 ~ x2
*
III. I k S M Yk 1 : M Lk .

IV. I k I k* .
V. L*k 1 , M Lk :

*
M Yk 1 , M x k 1 Lk 1 ;
*
M Yk 1 , M Lk 1
M Yk 1 I k , , x k 1 ( M Yk 1 ) L*k 1 .

VI. Lk 1 L*k 1 .
VII. k n 1 (n G), k k 1
III. Ln
G. .
. G . 2.

x3

x1

x2

x4
x5
. 2

k- :
k
1
2
3
4

Yk 1

Y2 x 2

Y3 x1 , x3

I k*

I 1*

I 2* , x 1
Y4 x1 , x 2 , x 4 I 3* x1 , x 2

Ik

I 1

L*k 1

L*2 x1 , x 2

Lk 1

L2 x1 , x 2

L x 2 , x3 , x1 , x3
L3 x 2 , x1 , x3
I 2 , x 1
I 3 x1 , x 2
L x1 , x3 , x1 , x 4 , x 2 , x 4 L4 x1 , x3 , x1 , x 4 , x 2 , x 4
*
x1 , x3 }, {x1 , x 4 , x5 }, {x
L*5 {{x1 , x3 }, {x1 , x 4 , x5 }, {x 2 ,Lx54 ,x{{
Y5 x1 , x 2 , x 4 I, 4x* 5 {{x1 }, {x1 , x 4 }, {x 2 , xI4 }}
5 }}
4 x1 , x 4 , x 2 , x 4
*
3
*
4

L5 . ,
0 (G ) 3 .


I.
M 0 1. I
M, J . m M, ,
A I B J (A, B).
m1 (A 1 , B1 ) m 2 (A 2 , B 2 ) , A 1 A 2
B1 B 2 .
m1 m 2 , m1 m 2 .
m M , m 1.
, (, B) (A, ) .
m M , M
m' , m m' .

C m1 , m 2 ,..., m p M M,

C ij 1 M C.
:
1

1
M 1

1
0

0
1
0
1
0

1
0
1
0
1

0
1
0
1
0

0
0
0
0
1

0
0

1
0

a
b
c
d
e

a, b, c, d, e, a, b, c, d, e, f.
M :

m1 a, c , a, c

m 2 a, e, c , e, d
m 3 a, b, c, d ,
m 4 a, c , a

m 5 e, d , a, b, d
m 6 a, d , a, f
m 7 e , c, e

m1 , m4 , m5 , m6 , m7 , m1 , m5 , m6 , m7
C m1 , m5 , m6 , m7 M.

M* M.
m1 ( A 1 , B1 ) m 2 ( A 2 , B 2 ) U :

m1 U m 2 (A 1 A 2 , B1 B 2 ),
m1 m 2 (A 1 A 2 , B1 B 2 ).
II.
A G ( X; U ) , A
. a ij A a ij A
a ij 1 a ij .

A ,
G.

 I. - C 0 A .
C 0 A m i ( A i , B i ) , A i 1 , B i
A , 1 A i . p 0 .
II.

X p mi C p : m j C p , m j mi mi m j

C p , C p .

(C p \ X p )

III.

U m i , m j C p .
IV.

(C p \ X p )

m i , m j C p \ X p , ,
- C p \ X p .
V.

C p1 (C p \ X p ) (C p \ X p ) .
VI. C p 1 C p , p=p+1 2.
C p A .
VII. F,
C p , ,
F. , () F
. , F .
: G ( X; U ) , . 3.

a
d

e
f
c
. 3
A A :
0

0 a

0 b
1 c

0 d

1 e
0 f

0
0

1 a

1 b
0 c

1 d

0 e
1 f

 C 0 A :

C 0 (a , adf )( b, bcf )(c, bc)d, adf )(e, e)(f , abdf ) .

X 0 , , C 0 \ 0

C0 .

(C 0 0 ) (ab,f)(ad,adf)(af,adf)(bc,bc)(bd,f)(bf,bf)(cf,b)(df,adf)
( (ab,f) , , :
(a , adf ) ( b, bcf ) (a b, adf bcf ) (ab, f ) ).

C1 (C 0 0 ) (C 0 0 )

C1 (a , adf )(b, bcf )(c, bc)(d, adf )(e, e)(f , abdf )(ab, f )(ad, adf )
(af , adf )(bc, bc)(bd, f )(bf , bf )(cf , b)(df , adf )

1 (a , adf )(c, bc)(d, adf )

C1 1 ( b, bcf )(e, e)(f , abdf )(ab, f )(ad, adf )(af , adf )
( bc, bc)(bd, f )(bf , bf )(cf , b)(df , adf )

C 2 (C1 1 ) (C1 1 )

C 2 (b, bcf )(e, e)(f , abdf )(ab, f )(ad, adf )(af , adf )(bc, bc)(bd, f )(bf , bf )
(cf , b)(df , adf )(abd, f )(abf , f )(bcf , b)(bdf , f )(adf , adf )(abdf , f )

2 (ab, f )(ad, adf )(af , adf )(bd, f )(cf , b)(df , adf )(abd, f )(abf , f )(bdf , f )
C 2 2 (b, bcf )(e, e)(f , abdf )(bc, bc)(bf , bf )(bcf , b)(adf , adf )(abdf , f )
(C 2 2 ) , ,
C 3 (C 2 2 ) (C 2 2 ) C 2 2 ,

, 3 , , , C 4 C 3 .
, A ,
:

C 3 ( b, bcf ), (e, e), (f , adbf ), ( bc, bc), ( bf , bf ), ( bcf , b), (adf , adf ), (abdf , f )

, .

F (e, e), (bc, bc), (bf , bf ), (adf , adf ) .

. 3 :

S e , b, c , b, f , a , d, f .
a , d, f , , , 0 (G ) 3 .

2.
G=(X,U). (
) S X , , xj,
S, , S xj.
, .4 {x1, x4, x6}, {x1, x4}, {x3, x5, x6}
.
x1
x2
x6

x3
x5
x4

.4
,
.
, , .4, {x1, x4} , {x1,
x4, x6} . {x3, x5, x6},
. ,
, ,
.
P ,

(G ) min | S |

(3)

SP

G, S*, ,
.
, .4,
{x1, x4} , , (G ) 2.
, ,
( ).
3.
, ,
.
(
).

e1

e2

e3

e4

e5

e6

e7

.5
, .5, , , {e2}, {e1}, {e2, e6},
{e1, e3, e5, e7}.

 ,
.
,
G. G
1(G ) .
G E,
, .. , G E.
,
.
,
. ,
. G
1(G ) .


1. ( , . ):
, .
2. G,
, (G ) .
)
x2
x1

x3
x7
x4
x6

x5

x8

b)
x1

x6

x2
x5

x4

x3

c)
x1

x2

x3

x4

x10

x9

x8

x7

x5

x6

3. n , , ,
xi Ri {1,,p}.
Ri R j xi xj.

.
4. : ,
.
5. , .
,
- .
, .
6. :
a) .
b) , .
c) , .

7. , , , 16 ,
. , , - ,
, , .
,
.
1

10

11 12

13 14 15

16

8. G . (G ) (G ) , ,
.
, ,
.
9. G, ,
1 (G ) , 1 (G ) .
4
1

3
5

7
6

10. . ,
, , , , ,
A, B, C, D E.

. , (
) , .

A B C D E

10