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Gas Material Balance

Estimate OGIP

4000

Basic Concepts

(p/z)i

3500
3000

p/z, psia

Predict recovery
Identify drive
mechanism

Last measured
data point

2500
2000
extrapolate

1500
1000
(p/z)a
500

G=10 Bscf

Gpa=8.5 Bscf

0
0

10

11

12

Cumulative gas produced,Bscf

GRM-Engler-09

Gas Material Balance


Measured
pressure

Basic Concepts

Cumulative gas
Production @ P

p pi G p

1
z zi
G

4000

(p/z)i

3500
Last measured
data point

Gas property, f(T,P,g)


Bgi

RFvol 1
Bga

pa zi

1
z a pi

p/z, psia

3000
2500
2000

extrapolate

1500
1000
(p/z)a
500

G=10 Bscf

Gpa=8.5 Bscf

0
0

10

11

12

Cumulative gas produced,Bscf

GRM-Engler-09

Gas Material Balance

Advanced Topics

Nonlinear gas material balance


Water drive gas reservoirs
(additional pressure support)

Abnormally pressured gas reservoirs


(rock compressibility)

Low permeability gas reservoirs


(measured pressures dont achieve ave. press.)

GRM-Engler-09

Gas Material Balance

Advanced Topics

Comprehensive gas material balance


Geopressured
component

Gas in solution

p
1 c e( p ) ( p i p )
z
5.615
p p / z i
Wp B w Winj B w We
G p G inj Wp R sw

G
Bg
z i

Gas injection

Water drive
component

GRM-Engler-09

Gas Material Balance

Water Drive Reservoirs

Cumulative water influx, rcf

G p Bg We 5.615B w Wp
G
Bg Bgi

Cumulative water
production, stb

strength

(p/z)i

(p/z)a
water drive

p/z

How to determine
We?

(p/z)a
Depletion drive
0

GRM-Engler-09

50

100

Gp/G

Gas Material Balance

B gi S gr

RFwd 1
B S
ga gi

p z S gr
1 a i
z p S
a i gi

Water Drive Reservoirs


B gi S gr 1 E

v
RFwd 1 Ev

B ga S gi
Ev

Volumetric sweep
efficiency

Gas saturation

Recovery (water drive) < Recovery (depletion)


45 to 75%
>75%
GRM-Engler-09

Modified Gas Material Balance


Prediction of water influx and reservoir pressure
(Schafer, et al, 1993)
Method accounts for
pressure gradients within
the invaded zone due to
relative permeability
effects resulting from
trapped residual gas

aquifer

Original
Reservoir
boundary

ra
Invaded
zone
reservoir

ro

rt
Water
influx

Current
Reservoir
boundary

G p Bg G( Bg Bgi ) Gt ( Bgt Bg ) We BwW p

Trapped gas volume

GRM-Engler-09

Modified Gas Material Balance


*

Given Gpn

Input data

Calculate

Calculate

Calculate

ro

pave

Guess
pok

pt

Update

Calculate

Pok+1

Gt

Calculate

Solve for
We 2

We1

Calculate

rt

We1-We2

< tol

Y
Gpn+1 = Gpn +DGp
GRM-Engler-09

Modified Gas Material Balance


Comparison of reservoir performance from simulation,
Conventional and modified material balance methods
(Hower and Jones, 1991)

GRM-Engler-09

Modified Gas Material Balance


Modified Gas Material Balance - example
4500

We = 831 mstb
Sgr = 24%

4000
3500

measured

p/z,psia

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0

500

1000

1500

Gp, mscf

2000

2500

G=2.16 Bscf
GRM-Engler-09

Gas Material Balance

Water Drive Reservoirs

Linearized Gas Material Balance


We too small

W B
F
G e w
Et
Et

Et = Eg + Ecf = total expansion


Eg = expansion of gas in reservoir

We too large
F/Et,stb

F = total net reservoir voidage


F G p Bg Wp B w

We correct

Intercept=G

E g Bg Bgi

Ecf = connate water and formation expansion * Bgi


S wic w c f

pi p
E cf Bgi *
1 S wi

We Bw
Et

GRM-Engler-09

Gas Material Balance

Water Drive Reservoirs

Linearized Gas Material Balance - example


5.0

We = 831 mstb

4.8
4.6

y = 1.0602x + 2.1074

4.4

R2 = 0.9843

484mstb

F/Et

4.2

1,427mstb

4.0
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.2
3.0
1.0

G = 2.107 Bscf

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

We/Et

GRM-Engler-09

Gas Material Balance


Abnormally pressured gas reservoirs
p G
i 1 p
z
G
p
i

z
p p
1

e i

Gas expansion
+
Formation compaction
+
Water expansion

(p/z)i

p/z

Where,
c S c

w
wi
f
c
1 S
e
wi

Gas expansion

Overestimate of G

Gp

GRM-Engler-09

Gas Material Balance


Abnormally pressured gas reservoirs
Method 1 : Assume formation compressibility is known and constant
c S c ( p p )

p w wi f i
Plotting function
1
vs G
z
(1 S )
p

wi

Volumetric (geopressured)

modified p/z, psia

7000
y = -92.336x + 6532.2
R2 = 0.9979

6000
5000

Conventional
overestimates G
by > 25%!

4000
3000

G=70.7

2000
1000
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

Gp, Bcf
GRM-Engler-09

Gas Material Balance


Abnormally pressured gas reservoirs
Method 2 [Roach (1981)] : Simultaneous solution of G and cf
G

p z
S c c
p
z

1
p
i
1
f
i wi w

G
1 S
p p pz
p p pz i

i
wi
i

Revised material
Balance eq.

Geopressured

150

100

c bx10
f

-1

y, psi x10

-6

y = 13.199x - 17.511
R2 = 0.993

1
1000

75.8 Bscf
slope 13.199

50

12.5x10

0
0

x, Bscf/psi x 10

10

12

(1 S

psi

wi
1

) S

wi w

14

-3

GRM-Engler-09

Gas Material Balance


Abnormally pressured gas reservoirs
Method 3 [Fetkovich (1991)] : Addition of gas solubility and total water
c

Defines: c

e( p )

tw (p) wi

M[c

f ( p)
(1 S

Where,
Ctw, cumulative total water compressibility

wi

tw (p)

f ( p)

)
water expansion due to pressure depletion
the release of solution gas in the water

M, associated water-volume ratio given by:


non-net pay water and
pore volumes

M M

NNP

external water volume


found in limited aquifers

aq

1 h / h h
nnp
n g
aq

h / h h r
r n g

r 2
aq

rr

GRM-Engler-09

Gas Material Balance


Abnormally pressured gas reservoirs
Method 3 [Fetkovich (1991)]
Back-calculate ce from,

p
/
z

1
p
c
i

1
1


G p p
e backcalculated p / z

Compare with rock and fluid derived ce

ce, psi-1

50
45

c e(p) generated from rock &


w ater properties

40
35
30
25
20
15
10

c e(back) assuming OGIP

5
0
0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

pressure, psia
GRM-Engler-09

Gas Material Balance


Abnormally pressured gas reservoirs
Method 3 [Fetkovich (1991)]
Results

7000

historical performance data


model

6000

M = 2.25

p/z, psia

5000

Cf = 3.2x10-6 psi-1

4000

G = 72 Bscf

3000
2000
1000
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

Gp, Bscf

GRM-Engler-09

Gas Material Balance


Low-permeability gas reservoirs

Expanding
Radius

p/z

Rebound
Effect

Gp

GRM-Engler-09

Gas Material Balance


Low-permeability gas reservoirs

slope
m

D(p / z)
DG p

(p/z)i

Hydrocarbon volume

Estimate area
Vhc 43560Ah (1 Sw )

(p/z)int

p/z

TPsc 1
Vhc
*
Tsc m

m ?
2 =
m

Co
nv
e

m
nti
1
Tig
on
ht g
al
as r
res
esp
po
ons
ns
e
e
Gp

GRM-Engler-09

Gas Material Balance


Low-permeability gas reservoirs

Gas-in-place
p 1
G i *
zi m

(p/z)i m2

CASE A

Hydrocarbon volume
TP
1
Vhc sc *
Tsc m

(p/z)

Estimate area
Vhc 43560 Ah (1 S w )

Gp

G1 G2

GRM-Engler-09

Gas Material Balance


Low-permeability gas reservoirs

Find Gas-in-place and m2

1 pi 1
p
G *
*
z int m1 z i m 2

(p/z)i m2

CASE B

Hydrocarbon volume
TP
1
Vhc sc *
Tsc m 2

(p/z)int

(p/z)

Gp

G1= G2

GRM-Engler-09

Gas Material Balance


Low-permeability gas reservoirs

Different slope and


intercept
(p/z)i m2

Estimate using other


cases

CASE C
(p/z)int

(p/z)

Case B < actual < Case A

Gp

G1 G2

GRM-Engler-09

Gas Material Balance


Low-permeability gas reservoirs

Example 1.8
11
0.0134
40
5.77
0.67
106
44
0.229
1131

1600
1400

Case B

1200

P/Z, psia

??
gi, cp
h, ft
cti, psi-1 x 10-4
gg
Tr , deg F
Sw, %
rw, ft.
Pi, psi

P/Z vs. Cumulative Production


No. 114

1000
800
600
400
y = -0.8367x + 552.88
R2 = 0.958

200
0
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Cumulative Production, mmscf

1 552.9
p
G *

660 mmscf
z int m1 .8367

m2 = 2.12 psia/mmscf
Vhc = 7.544 mmrcf
A = 70 acres

GRM-Engler-09

Gas Material Balance


Low-permeability gas reservoirs

4500

GIP = 700 mmscf

RF = 75%

flow rate, mscf/month

Gp = 526 mmscf

4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Cumulative production, mmscf

GRM-Engler-09

Gas Material Balance


Low-permeability gas reservoirs

Single well simulation model

1000

measured
100

800
600

10

SIBHP, psi

Model area =
86 acres

1200
simulated

production rate, mscf/mo

Pwf =
250 150 psia

1000

400
200

0
0

10

15

20

25

time, years

GRM-Engler-09

Gas Material Balance

Problem 4

Low-permeability gas reservoirs

Estimate the gas-in-place and drainage area for this well. If


cumulative production was 752 mmscf, what has been the
recovery factor?
, %
gi, cp

11

1400

0.0131

1200

cti, psi-1 x 10-4

6.22

1000

gg

0.67

Tr , deg F

103

Sw, %

44

rw, ft.

0.229

Pi, psi

1045

p/z, psia

67

h, ft

800
600
400
200
0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

cumulative production, mmscf


GRM-Engler-09

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