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    Net Pay Determination PDF

    Загружено:

    James

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Net pay determination ‘The gol ofthe net-pay calculations sto eliminate nonproductive rock nievals and, om these calculations atthe various wellbore, provi a solid bass fra quality 3D reservoir descrption and quansaue hydrocarbons-inplace and low ealulaions Contents + 1 Calelating net-pay 4 2 Concepoa bases for net-py calelations 21 Ful eral ant py 122 Mobily ve permeabisty ewotT approach + 3 Gas reterons + 4On reservoirs 1S Other historical net pay eats 1 5 Geologie considerations in net-py determination 1+ 7 Appicaton of net-py eto o well logs 17.1 Esablisna sandars #72 Callate logs to chosen standard 3 Confer the ealibration sep 174 Apply the calibrated model § omens 1 9 References 10 Noteworthy papers in OnePeti0 1 LL Extemal inks + 1aSeealeo Calculating net-pay ‘The determination of net pay is a equited into eaeulte the hy acarbon pe fet, Fycp ata wellbore adits input to the overall ceervoi vigil lin place (OOIP) ot ‘ign gas in place (OGIP) calculations, The tal Fy ata wal iste poi-by-point summation over the reservoie interval with Eq, 1 The tp and base ofthe reservoir evel axe defined by geologists on the basis of core descriptions and log characterises “gd (1S,),- (PIeBAVOIS_page 0834 201 pe. o Inthe Fy calculation, net pay, hy, a each data pons has a value of ete | (pay) oF 0 (nonpay)- The "net-to-gros ratio" or “negross” (NIG) isthe ttl amount of py fotage vided ty the otal thickness of te reservoir interval (for simplicity, the wells assumed ere tobe vercl) NIG of 1.0 means tht the whol f the reservoirintral pay ‘otage. In thief, any fot (or hall foot) that s defined as onpey conrbtes absolutely nothing othe subsequent eservon-sngineering QOIP (or OGIP) and reserves salculatons, even ft consis some smount of hysrocarbns. The nepay determination shoul he performed in reasonable practical manner, but sbould be recognizes that when ny eto sued, the result wil to some extent, be abitary Conceptual bases for net-pay calculations ‘Several conceptual bases forthe petrophy sical aleulations of net pay are described here. At one limit the whole of the reservoir interval can be treated as net pay (Le. NG equals 10) Another reasonable engineering proach iso define some lower limit on fe, blow which each foto al fot ofthe reservoir ineval is dered to be noma. A thi sppoach sto ase one or mote log cis that have been used historically within the petoleum indus The advantages and disavntages ofthese various approaches wil be ‘dscutsed inthis setion Full interval as net pay (One spproac socal the OOP ot OGIP assuming tha all he reservoir interval spay to determine the otal volume of hydrocarbons preset within the reser inter ‘When sing an NIG T approach, te fechnial eam nee to ensue tht te eaeultions of porosity, permeability, and Sy ate quanitatvey reasonable ove the whole ange of ‘ales foreach ofthese pacamees. This ealeulaton cou be called determination of he "al hydrocarbon resource” within the reservoir interval, nd it provides a vale forthe toll hydroazbon potential f the eters Some of these hydrocarbons wil have low mobiles and wl contribute Title o nothing to hydrocarbon recovery. But, with his valve e, the eninge ha a measur of how vl the reservoirs producing overall and what rsouees should be considered fo mprovedtccovery-pojet evaluation. This value abe viewed asthe ultimate “prize” Another reason for setting NIG to 10s that, with moder eservoir-enginering oasis technically feasible to teat teenie reservoir interval spay. For example, with modem reservoir-engincering tool, a million or more) cll eservoisimlaton model canbe consruced in which very dtaled descripson ofthe vertical and horizontal varistons in the reservoirrock properties re icorporsted. in this appoac the very-poorsuaityportons ofthe reservoir reassigned low pores, lov” permeable and higher Watersatuation ‘ales Then, the OOLP oF OGIP ealclatons, thse portions contin ony smal volumes of hydrocarbon and wil contbue tet appropri, albeit small, share opressure Iaintenance and recoverable hydrocirbon. This iin contrast defining these poorly iervals at rong’ and defining prio that they eontribte nothing QOIP or OGIP Mobil or permeabi ‘cutoff approach From frs-prinipe calculations using Daey's aw, a reservoir enginer can define net pay by applying flid-low exo. The choice of tis ut would be ated etl to the Iyrocarbon mobility (fock pemeability divided by hydrocarbon viseost) i the diferent portions ofthe esrvoricerval. With his approach, the net-pay permeability cu used nthe posn-by-pint log calculations would be quite diferent between that fra gas reservoir (ery low gas viscosity of approximately 0 02 cp, that fr alight reservor (ll ‘iscosity of Ito 10 ep. and ha fora beavy oi eseroi (ol viscosity of 10,000 ep or more. Any portion of the reservoir interval tat has a permeability a reservoir conditions bow the cutoff would be defined to be nonpay. nthe next section, the gasreservor station is discussed separately from tha for ol reservus ‘The ahivary nature of ny net-pay eu is aparent when one notes the Now iplications of using a penmeabliy cut? If sock interval asa permeability 1% greater han the cof vale, included as nt pay. However if another rock neva has a pemeablity 1% less ha the exo value, itis excluded as nonpay. The difference between the Bu ‘ow contributions from these to rock intervals is ony 2%, yet one i allowed io conrbute tothe subsequent OOIP or OGIP an reer caulations whl the oer =n $a permeability cto is chosen, application tothe various wellbore data (cores and logs) generally takes thre tes. PI The fs step i to apply the permeability euto othe rostne-coe-naysispermesblty dat Inti sep there ae two checks that need to be made Fis permeablityporosy pls needs o be prepared an tier ponts dete, The oir points ned tobe invidualy checked fr validity, For example 2 vey-lo-porosty shale sample may have dried ot and parting developed between the sh ayers ‘This may lead to avery high permebiity vale that sno consistent withthe rest ofthe ook characteristics. Bad routine-coreanaysi dst points shoud be exladed fom the Antabase A second consideration i that often ding the routine ote analy, the shale eral ae not sampled atthe sare requeney of ear pugs asthe eter ithologies, Ths likelihood must be kept in mind in reviewing the routine-core-analysis database and in comparing the resus of py/aongay ealeultions between cores and loge. Te subsequent tops the conversion of a permeability eutfT ea porosity of Veta including the calbraion of logs othe ore Standard, an the calculations fom the logs of et pay forall wels cover the reservoir inerval—are discussed later on this page, Gas reservoirs Fora gas reservoir being produced under pressure-fepltion deve, any permeability ext apple should be very low: This s quite eviden bythe sucessful development of tight fg1ssansone reservoirs producing nearly 10 BeOD trom 85,000 wells inthe US, some with average permeabilities te mierodary range (Se tght gas sands (Tighas_reservoirs) In conventional reservoirs n which higher-quality rock interval ate interbedded with he poorer- quali anes, gs nthe poore-quity rocks wil owe tothe higheruality rock intervals if there any permeability between the two. An example calelation fr pas lw rom a Temicradsicy layer witha peste dillerence of 2,000 i overa thickness of 10 for an area of 10 ates, an Tor pero of | year shows tht this layer would eonibute 1 Be per yess cause pressure depetion-drive as reservoirs are produced for decades an if founds sigiiant depts, have abandonment press less than 10% oftheir nil pressures, there re bot long tines ad large pressure differentials o cause gas to low fom very-lovepermeablityandlse-poroy rack intervals ino highe-pemesbity conduts and ono the production weilbores. In many instances, te distance taveledt reach a higher-permeably layer is just few fet verte. Oil reservoirs Foreileservors, any permesbilty eto willbe significantly higher than that for gas reservoir, generally by afistr of 10 oF 100 of more, A second apes fol reservoirs is that Iypialy only 1010 2% ofthe OOIP wil be prodved by presse-depletion dive (without asistnce from gravity drainage) in which the pres diferent] wl fest al prions ofthe reservoir However, daring waterDoading, overall ovate diplaement lcency wl depen spr, on how mach a hit dxpacement process occurs oorer- "Susi el-bearing rock intervals Hence, the choice of ei-eservoie permeability cua needs to scour forthe ollwater ‘lative permeability effets, Incr welljctoproducr onnoeivity (or "oodsbiliy") i nota opie ofthis chaper Connectivity wil fet recovery but s considered separate fsue aa from individual-wellboce calculations of net pay Any permeability

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