INTRODUCTION TO DATA

COMMUNICATION

TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND
DATA COMMUNICATIONS

TELECOMMUNICATIONS IS A GENERAL
TERM FOR THE ELECTRONIC
TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION OF
ANY TYPE INCLUDING TELEVISION
PICTURES, SOUNDS, FACSIMILES AND
DATA IN THE FORM OF ELECTRONIC
SIGNALS OR IMPULSES, SENT EITHER
AS AN INDIVIDUAL MESSAGE BETWEEN
TWO PARTIES OR AS A BROADCAST TO
BE RECEIVE AT MANY LOCATIONS

 . IT COULD ALSO BE
REFFERED TO AS
COMMUNICATION OVER A
DISTANCE USING
TECHNOLOGY TO
OVERCOME THAT
DISTANCE.

 TELECOMMUNICATIONS
USUALLY INVOLVES A SENDER
OF INFORMATION AND ONE OR
MORE RECIPIENTS LINKED BY
A TECHNOLOGY.
EX. TELEPHONE SYSTEM
THAT TRANSMIT INFORMATION
FROM ONE PLACE TO
ANOTHER.

TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND DATA

COMMUNICATIONS
TELECOMMUNICATIONS MESSAGE CAN
BE SENT IN A VARIETY OF WAYS AND BY
A WIDE RANGE OF DEVICES.
1. POINT-TO-POINT - THE MESSAGE
CAN BE SENT FROM ONE SENDER TO A
SINGLE RECEIVER. EX. TELEPHONE
CONVERSATION BETWEEN 2 PEOPLE OR
A FACSIMILE (FAX ) MESSAGE.

2. POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT THE
MESSAGE CAN BE SENT FROM
ONE SENDER TO MANY
RECEIVER. THIS OFTEN CALLED
BROADCAST. EX. COMMERCIAL
RADIO AND TELEVISION
PROGRAMMING

DATA COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPTS

DATA COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPTS

2. DATA COMMUNICATION IS
THE PROCESS OF
COMMUNICATING
INFORMATION IN BINARY
FORM BETWEEN TWO
POINTS. IT IS SOMETIMES
CALLED COMPUTER
COMMUNICATION BECAUSE
MOST OF THE INFORMATION
INTERCHANGED TODAY IS
BETWEEN COMPUTERS, OR
BETWEEN COMPUTERS AND
THEIR TERMINALS,
PRINTERS OR OTHER
PERIPHERAL DEVICES.
BY: GILBERT HELD

DATA COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPTS

3. DATA COMMUNICATIONS
INVOLVES DATA TRANSFER FROM
ONE COMPUTER TO ANOTHER
THROUGH A COMMUNICATIONS
MEDIUM SUCH AS TELEPHONE, A
MICROWAVE RELAYS, A SATELLITE
LINK OR PHYSICAL CABLE.
MICROSOFT PRESS COMPUTER DICTIONARY

DATA COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPTS

IN ESSENCE, ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS IS THE TRANSMISSION,
RECEPTION AND PROCESSING OF INFORMATION WITH THE USE OF
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS.

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DATA COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPTS

INFORMATION
IS DEFINED AS
KNOWLEDGE
OR
INTELLIGENCE
COMMUNICAT
ED OR
RECEIVED.
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DATA COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPTS

TRANSMISSION MEDIUM IS A
CHANNEL FOR
TRANSFERRING
INFORMATION FROM THE
SOURCE TO THE
DESTINATION.

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DATA COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPTS

IT CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO
MAJOR CLASSES NAMELY THE
BOUNDED AND UNBOUNDED
MEDIUM , BASED ON HOW THE
CARRIER SIGNAL PROPAGATES
THROUGH THE CHANNEL.

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BOUNDED MEDIA
IN A BOUNDED MEDIUM, THE
SIGNALS ARE CONFINED TO THE
MEDIUM AND DO NOT LEAVE IT
(EXCEPT FOR SMALLER LEAKAGE
AMOUNTS). A PAIR OF WIRES,
COAXIAL CABLE, WAVEGUIDE,
AND OPTICAL-FIBER CABLE ARE
EXAMPLES OF BOUNDED MEDIA.

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UNBOUNDED MEDIA

THE ATMOSPHERE, THE OCEAN, AND

OUTER SPACE ARE ALL EXAMPLES OF
UNBOUNDED MEDIA, IN WHICH
ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNALS
ORIGINATED BY THE SOURCE RADIATE
FREELY INTO THE MEDIUM AND SPREAD
THROUGHOUT IT. WHEN THE SIGNAL IS
RADIATED FROM THE TRANSMITTER, IT
RADIATES EQUALLY IN ALL DIRECTIONS
(UNLESS RESTRICTED) AND CONTINUES
FOREVER ONWARD.

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UNBOUNDED MEDIA
AS IT MOVES FARTHER FROM THE
SOURCE, THE ENERGY IS SPREAD
OVER A LARGER AREA, SO THE
LEVEL CONTINUALLY GETS WEAKER
AT GREATER DISTANCES. AS THE
WAVE MOVES THROUGH THE
MEDIUM, IT IS AFFECTED BY
NATURAL DISTURBANCES THAT
CAN INTERFERE WITH THE SIGNAL.

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DATA COMMUNICATIONS CONCEPTS

INFORMATION DESTINATION OR
SIMPLY DESTINATION COULD BE
REMOTE COMPUTER OR ANY
COMMUNICATING DEVICE TO
WHICH THE MESSAGE IS
ADDRESSED AND IS INTENDED
TO BE CONVEYED.

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SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A DATA

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

INFORMATI
ON SOURCE

FIG. 1.

TRANSMISSION
MEDIUM

INFORMATION
DESTINATION

SIMPLIFIED BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DATA COMMUNICATION

SYSTEM

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF A DATA

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

1. TRANSMITTER A
TRANSMITTER CAN BE ANY
CIRCUIT OR ELECTRONIC
DEVICE DESIGNED TO SEND
ELECTRONICALLY ENCODED
DATA TO ANOTHER LOCATION.
TRANSMITTER CAN ALSO BE
CALLED AS A SOURCE.

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF A DATA

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
2. TRANSMISSION PATH OR CHANNEL A PATH OR
A LINK THROUGH WHICH INFORMATION PASSES
BETWEEN TWO DEVICES. IN COMMUNICATIONS, A
MEDIUM FOR TRANSFERRING INFORMATION ALSO
KNOWN AS LINE OR CIRCUIT. A COMMUNICATIONS
CHANNEL CAN CARRY INFORMATION IN MANY
FORMS SUCH AS DATA, SOUND AND/OR VIDEO IN
EITHER DIGITAL OR ANALOG FORM.

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GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF A DATA

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
3. RECEIVER IN DATA COMMUNICATIONS SENSE, A
RECEIVER COULD BE ANY DEVICE DESIGNED TO
RECEIVE ANY CONVEYED MESSAGE FROM THE
TRANSMITTER OR THE SOURCE.

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THE UNIVERSAL SEVEN-PART CIRCUIT OF DATA

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
POINT A

DTE
DCE
TRANSMISSION CHANNEL
DTE DCE INTERFACE

POINT B

DCE

DTE

DCE DTE INTERFACE

BLOCK DIAGRAM

1. THE DATA TERMINAL EQUIPMENT (DTE) AT POINT

A
2. THE INTERFACE BETWEEN THE DTE AND THE DATA
CIRCUIT-TERMINATING EQUIPMENT (DCE) OR OFTEN
DATA COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT AT POINT A.
3. THE DCE AT POINT A
4. THE TRANSMISSION CHANNEL BETWEEN POINTS A
AND B
5. THE DCE AT POINT B.
6. THE DCE-DTE INTERFACE AT POINT B
7. THE DTE AT POINT B.
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THE UNIVERSAL SEVEN-PART CIRCUIT OF DATA

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
PICTORIAL VIEW

MODEM

ANALOG
SIGNAL

MODEM

COMPUTER

COMPUTER

DIGITAL
SIGNAL

DIGITAL
SIGNAL

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DATA COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS

1.INTERNET

GLOBAL NETWORK WHICH IS A

MORE SOPHISTICATED ABILITY TO ACCESS
REMOTE PROGRAMS OR FILES.
- WE CAN RECEIVE AND SEND ELECTRONIC MAILS
FROM ANY USERS AROUND THE WORLD.
- PEOPLE CAN SIMULTANEOUSLY TALK TO EACH
OTHER THROUGH THE USE OF VIDEO
CONFERENCING OR TELECONFERENCING WHICH
IS AN ONLINE, REALTIME SYSTEM OF HOLDING
CORPORATE MEETINGS, PLANNING SESSIONS,
CLIENT INQUIRIES AND THE LIKE.

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DATA COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS

2. ACCESS TO REMOTE PROGRAMS

-

LOGMEIN PRO SUPPORTS DESKTOP

REMOTE CONTROL, FILE TRANSFER, AND
REMOTE PRINTING.
- VIRTUAL NETWORK COMPUTING (VNC)
TECHNOLOGY ENABLES SHARING A COPY OF
ONE COMPUTER'S SCREEN DISPLAY WITH
ANOTHER COMPUTER OVER A NETWORK
CONNECTION. VARIOUS VNC CLIENT AND
SERVER PACKAGES EXIST, BASED ON
COMMON NETWORK PROTOCOLS,
SUPPORTING DIFFERENT PLATFORMS.
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3. ACCESS TO REMOTE DATABASE

(My SQL)
3. FUTURE APPLICATIONS MOBILE
PHONE, WIRELESS PHONE,
WIRELESS APPLICATION
PROTOCOL (*WAP) USED ON
MOBILE PHONES TO CONNECT TO
INTERNET
*TECHNICAL STANDARDFOR ACCESSING INFORMATION OVER
A MOBILEWIRELESS NETWORK.

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COMPUTER NETWORK GOALS

AND/OR ADVANTAGES

1.RESOURCE SHARING
2.HIGH RELIABILITY
3.SAVING MONEY
4.PROVIDE POWERFUL
COMMUNICATION MEDIUM
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DATA COMMUNICATIONS STANDARDS

DATA COMMUNICATION
STANDARDS OR PROTOCOLS ARE
SIMPLY A SET OF RULES THAT WERE
ESTABLISHED FOR USE IN THE
COMPUTER INDUSTRY BY THE
VARIOUS INTERNATIONAL BODIES. IT
IS CONCERNED PRIMARILY WITH
EITHER THE INTERNAL OPERATION OF
THE COMPUTER OR THE CONNECTION
OF LOCAL PERIPHERAL DEVICES.

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DATA COMMUNICATIONS STANDARDS

A COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL COULD BE

DESCRIBE AS A SET OF RULES OR STANDARDS
DESIGNED TO ENABLE COMPUTERS TO
CONNECT WITH EACH OTHER AND TO
EXCHANGE INFORMATION WITH THE MINIMUM
POSSIBLE ERRORS REGARDLESS OF THE
DEVICES MANUFACTURER. THE PROTOCOL
GENERALLY ACCEPTED FOR STANDARDIZING
OVERALL COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS IS A
SEVEN-LAYER SET OF SOFTWARE AND
HARDWARE GUIDELINES KNOWN AS THE
OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECT (OSI LAYERS).

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CLOSED SYSTEMS VS. OPEN

SYSTEMS

OPEN SYSTEMS
A TERM USED TO DESCRIBE ANY
COMPUTERS OR PERIPHERALS DESIGN THAT
HAS PUBLISHED SPECIFICATIONS. IT IS
DESIGNED TO INCORPORATE ALL DEVICES
REGARDLESS OF MANUFACTURER OR MODEL
THAT CAN USE THE SAME COMMUNICATIONS
FACILITIES AND PROTOCOLS.
OPEN SYSTEMS ENABLE EQUIPMENT
PRODUCED BY ONE VENDOR TO BE USED
WITH EQUIPMENT FROM ANY VENDOR THAT
COMPLIES WITH THE STANDARDS.

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CLOSED SYSTEMS VS. OPEN

SYSTEMS

CLOSED SYSTEMS
1.A TERM USED TO DESCRIBED ANY COMPUTER
DESIGN WHOSE SPECIFICATIONS ARE NOT
FREELY AVAILABLE. SUCH PROPRIETARY
SPECIFICATIONS MAKE IT DIFFICULT OR
IMPOSSIBLE FOR THIRD PARTY VENDORS TO
CREATE ANCILLARY DEVICES THAT WORKED
CORRECTLY WITH A CLOSED-ARCHITECTURE
MACHINE.
2. CLOSED SYSTEMS RESULTED IN THE
PROLIFERATION OF PROPRIETARY SYSTEMS
WHERE ONLY PRODUCTS COMING FROM THE
SAME MANUFACTURERS COULD WORK.

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