D i and

Design
d Synthesis
S h i
of
Active Filter

R f
References:
H.Lam,ANALOGANDDIGITALFILTERS:DesignandRealization
W K Chen Passive
W.K.Chen,
PassiveandActiveFilters:TheoryandImplementations
and Active Filters: Theory and Implementations
V.K.Aatre,NetworkTheoryAndFilterDesign

What is a Filter?
WhatisaFilter?
An electric filter is a frequency selective

circuit that passes a specified band of

f
frequencies
i
and
d blocks
bl k or attenuates
tt
t
signals of frequencies outside this band.
Filter modifies
f
signals
g
in ffrequency
q
y
domain both in amplitude and phase.

Analog filters are designed to process analog signals.

Digital
Di it l filters
filt
process analog
l signals
i
l using
i digital
di it l techniques.
t h i

Elements used in the passive filters : resistors, inductors, capacitors.

Elements used in the active filters : Transistors or OpAmps in addition
t resistors
to
i t and
d capacitors
it

Most commonly used filters

Mostcommonlyusedfilters

Most commonly used filters

Mostcommonlyusedfilters

Low pass Filter

LowpassFilter
Passes
Passeslowfrequencycomponentsand
low frequency components and
attenuateshighfrequencycomponents

IdealCharacteristicsofLowpassfilter

Low pass Filter

LowpassFilter
Passes
Passeslowfrequencycomponentsand
low frequency components and
attenuateshighfrequencycomponents

ActualCharacteristicsofLowpassfilter

High pass Filter

HighpassFilter
Passes
Passeshighfrequencycomponentsand
high frequency components and
attenuateslowfrequencycomponents

IdealCharacteristicsofHighpassfilter

High pass Filter

HighpassFilter
Passeshighfrequencycomponentsand
asses g eque cy co po e ts a d
attenuateslowfrequencycomponents

ActualCharacteristicsofHighpassfilter

Band pass Filter

BandpassFilter
Passes certain band of frequencies and
attenuates frequencies outside this band.
Has passband between two stopbands
Bandwidth
Bandwidth= (H L)

Band pass Filter

BandpassFilter

Id l Ch
IdealCharacteristicsofBandpassfilter
t i ti
fB d
filt

Band pass Filter

BandpassFilter

A t l Ch
ActualCharacteristicsofBandpassfilter
t i ti
fB d
filt

Band stop Filter

BandstopFilter

IdealCharacteristicsofBandstopfilter

Band stop Filter

BandstopFilter

ActualCharacteristicsofBandstopfilter

NarrowBandpassfilter:knownasTunedFilter
N
NarrowBandstopfilter:knownasNotchFilter
B d
fil
k
N h Fil

TunedFilter

NotchFilter

Filter Transfer Function

FilterTransferFunction

m =numberofzeros andn =numberofpoles

First Order Filter

FirstOrderFilter

For Low-pass Filter:

Pass-band gain = (a0 / b0)

Cut-off frequency = b0 rad/sec

First Order Filter

FirstOrderFilter
For Low-pass Filter:

Pass-band
P
b d gain
i = ((a0 / b0)
Cut-off frequency = b0 rad/sec

First Order Filter

FirstOrderFilter
For High
High-pass
pass Filter:

Pass-band
P
b d gain
i = a1
Cut-off frequency = b0 rad/sec

Second Order Filter

SecondOrderFilter

For Low
Low-pass
pass Filter:

Pass-band gain = a0 / b0
Cut-off frequency of the filter =

rad/s

Second Order Filter

SecondOrderFilter

For High
High-pass
pass Filter:

Pass-band gain = a2
Cut-off frequency of the filter =

rad/s

Second Order Filter

SecondOrderFilter

For Band
Band-pass
pass Filter:

Pass-band gain = a1 / b1
Centre frequency of the filter =

rad/s

Second Order Filter

SecondOrderFilter

For Band
Band-stop
stop Filter:
[a2 =a0 /b0]
Pass-band gain = a2
Centre frequency of the filter =

rad/s

Schematic of Band
Band-stop
stop Filter:

Schematic of Band
Band-stop
stop Filter:

a1 /b1 =1
1

Pass band gain = 1

Pass-band
Centre frequency of the filter =

rad/s

FilterCircuitComponents
Basic Building Blocks:
Resistors,, Capacitors
p
& 0pAmps
p
p

FilterCircuitComponents
Secondary Building Block:
V lt
Voltage
C t ll d Voltage
Controlled
V lt
S
Source
(VCVS)

FirstOrderLowpassFilter

Pass band gain = a0/b0 = K

Pass-band
Cut-off frequency b0 = 1/R1C2

FirstOrderHighpassFilter

Pass-band
Pass
band gain = a1=K
Cut-off frequency b0 = 1 / R2C1

SecondOrderFilterCircuit

SecondOrderFilterCircuit

SecondOrderLowpassFilter

P
Pass-band
b d gain
i = a0/b0 = K=VCVS
K VCVS gain
i
Cut-off frequency =

SecondOrderHighpassFilter

Pass-band
Pass
band gain = a2 =K
K = VCVS gain
Cut-off frequency =

1 / C1C 2 R3 R4

BandpassFilterCircuit

Pass-band gain = a1/b1 =

BandpassFilterCircuit

Center/ cut-off frequency =