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Lesson5|
AneasypacedapproachtolearnSanskrit
Lesson5
SimpleSanskritLesson5
PostedonApril16,2012May2,2012byslabhyankar
SimpleSanskritLesson5
InLesson3,whenexplainingexibilityofsyntaxavailableinSanskrit,thepointwasillustratedby
thesentence
.WhendoingthisandalsoinTables35,36and37,agood
numberofnewwordshadbeenintroduced.InTable51,theyarenowtabulatedbycaseand
gender.
Table51
TabulationofwordsbyCaseandGender
case
MasculineNouns
NeuterNouns
First(or
Nominativecase)
,,
,,
,,
(8)
,
,,
,
,
,
(3)
,
,
,
,
(9)
Second(or
Accusativecase)
,,
(3)
(1)
Third(or
,
,
instrumentalcase)
(3)
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FeminineNouns
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instrumentalcase)
(3)
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Fourth(orDative
case)
,
,
(3)
,
(1)
Fifth(orAblative
case)
,
,
(3)
Sixth(orgenitive
case)
,
,
(3)
Seventh(or
Locativecase)
(3)
Wow!Asmanyas41newwordswereintroduced!Butwedonothavetheirdeclensionsinall
sevencasesandallthreenumbers.YouwillwonderwhetherIintendtomake41tabulationsfor
the41words.Well,theanswerisyesandno.Somepaernsarealreadyobvious.So,weshall
explorethepaerns.SinceSanskritisastructuredlanguage,wehavetoidentifypaernsand
learnprimarilythepaerns.Forexample26nounformsinthemasculinecolumncanbesorted
bytheirnumberinthefollowingmanner.Forreadyreferenceandcomparison,masculine
declensionsofpronounarealsoaddedfromTable34inbold.
Table52
MasculineNounsbytheirNumberandCases
case
Singular
First(or
Nominativecase)
,(),,
,
Second(or
Accusativecase)
Dual Plural
Third(or
instrumentalcase)
Fourth(orDative
case)
Fifth(orAblative
case)
Sixth(orgenitive
case)
Seventh(or
,
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Locativecase)
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Locativecase)
Noticeabledierenceswithdeclensionsofareat
,
FirstCase,plural
Fourthcase,singular
Fifthcase,singularand
,Seventhcase,singular
InFirstcasesingular()isdierentfromtherest.ThatiswhyIhaveputintobrackets.
Leavingasidethesedierences,paernofasmanyas17declensionsisidentical.Thedierences
arebecauseisapronounandothersarenouns.Actually
isanadjective.Thatisokay.
Lookingsomewhatdeeperintothefollowing24words,(Wordisusedbothatsecondand
fthcase,dual)theirrootwordsare
,,,
,
,,,,,
,
,,
,,
,,
,
,
,
,,,and
Alltheserootwordshaveendingsoundofthevowel.So,theserootwordsareor
(Note=+=havingvowelattheend;=+=
havingattheend)
Bytheway,rootwordsofnounsarecalledas.Itwasmentionedintherstlessonthat
rootwordsofverbsarecalledas.
AllMasculinenounshavingattheendwillfollowdeclensionsinaparticularpaernasis
evidentinTable52.The21declensionsarelike21dresscodestobewornbytheifitis
.
Justtomention,theisboth
and
.When
itmeans
sunandwhen
itmeanssky.InTable37intherowforsecondcase,Ihadusedit
withthemeaningofsky.SoinTable51,Ihaveputitinthecolumnofneuternouns.This
informationthatisboth
and
.When
itmeans
sunandwhen
itmeanssky.isfromdictionary.Wecanexpecttond
sindictionary.
Whenwewouldknowwhattoexpecttobeavailableindictionary,referringthedictionary
shouldbeconsideredasanimportantpartofstudyofSanskritorforstudyofanylanguagefor
thatmatter.
Comingbacktotheconceptthatpaernsofdeclensionsarelikedresscodes,wecantabulatethe
declensionsforanyofthe24words.Forreadyreferenceletmetabulatethedeclensionsof.
Table53
Declensionsof
case
First(orNominative
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First(orNominative
case)
Second(orAccusative
case)
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Third(orinstrumental
case)
Fourth(orDativecase)
Fifth(orAblativecase)
Sixth(orgenitivecase)
Seventh(orLocative
case)
Byusingthispatternoneshouldbeabletomakedeclensionsofallthe24words.
Howeveroneneedstobeconsciousoftheforms/declensionsat
singularofthirdcaseand
pluralofsixthcase.
Ifthecontainsvowelor
orconsonant
orconsonant,thentheending
changesto.Soforthes
,,,
,,
,
,,and
the
declensionswillbe
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,and
inthethirdcaseand
,
,
,
,
,
and
,
in
thesixthcase.
InTable33,wealreadyhavetheSingulardeclensionsoftherootword,
.
Thiswordisalso,butitsgenderisneuter
.Wecancompletethetableby
addingitsdeclensionsinDualandPlural
.
Table54
Declensionsof
case
First(orNominative
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First(orNominative
case)
Second(orAccusative
case)
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Third(orinstrumental
case)
Fourth(orDativecase)
Fifth(orAblativecase)
Sixth(orgenitivecase)
Seventh(orLocative
case)
Followingtheabovepaernwecanmakedeclensionsof11moreneuternounsnotedinTable51
,,
,,
,,,,,and.
Bythewaytheruleofchangefromtowouldnotapplyfor
and,becausethey
havethechangealreadytherein.Buttherulewillapplyto
and.
Withlotofdeclensionsofverbs,nounsandpronounsonhandwithus,letustryanexerciseof
translatingthestoryofthethirstycrowintoSanskrit.
1.Acrowwasverythirsty.
2.Helookedforwaterhereandthere.
3.Hedidnotseewateranywhere
4.Hewenttoanotherplace.
4.Hesawajar.
5.Therewaslittlewaterinthejar.
6.Hethoughtofanidea.
7.Hepickedupstonesandputtheminthejar.
8.Watercameup.
9.Hedrankthewaterandbecamehappy.
Firstweneedtocompileglossaryofwordswhichwillhelpustomakethesentences.
Table55
Glossary
No.
Word
or
or
crow
tobe
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tobe
verythirsty
tolook
water
here
and
there
anywhere
10
togoto
11
toanotherplace
12
tosee
13
jar
14
little
15
tothink
16
idea
17
topickup
18
stone
19
toput,todrop
20
tocome
21
up
22
todrink
23
tobe
Itisbettertodotranslationsanalytically.Bythatwewouldbeabletoselectproperdeclensionsof
nounsandverbs.
Wecanmakedousingjustthepresenttenseinsteadofpasttense.
24
happy
Table56
Analyticalviewofsentences
No.
Subject
Verb
Object
Acrow
was
verythirsty
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Complement
Adverbial
phrasesand
conjunctions
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He
looked
He
didnotsee
He
wentto
He
saw
littlewater
(There)was
He
thoughtof
anidea
8a
He
pickedup
stones
(and)
put
them
inthejar
8b
9
Water
came
10a
He
drank
10b
forwater
hereand
there
water
anywhere
anotherplace
ajar
inthejar
up
thewater
became
(and)
happy
Itwouldbeinterestingtoseehowthestorywouldreadasonecontinuousnarration!
:
:||
||
||
Onecanturnthewordsaroundtogetsyntaxandthereadingtoonesliking.Butsoundsgoodfor
arstaempt!Rathertheplacementofincompoundsentenceshasnothappenedproperly.Its
placeshouldratherbeafterthesecondverb,i.e.
|shouldratherbe
|Also
|shouldratherbe
Importanttonotethat
1. InSanskritsubject,objectandcomplementandalsoadverbialphrasesaredeclensionsof
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1. InSanskritsubject,objectandcomplementandalsoadverbialphrasesaredeclensionsof
nouns,pronouns,adjectives.Theyallhavea.Sonouns,pronounsandadjectives
makeoneclassofwords.Theirdeclensionsaredictatedbygender,caseand
number.
2. Verbsarefrom
s.Theirdeclensionsaredictatedbytenseor
mood,
person
andnumber
3. Conjunctionssuchasandadverbssuchasandverbalauxiliariessuchasare
primarilyindeclinables.
4. WecansaythatasagainsteightpartsofspeechinEnglish,inSanskritwehaveprimarilythree
classesofwords
1. derived(ordeclined)from
2. derived(ordeclined)from
and
3. s,whichareindeclinable.
5. Ifsubjectisapronoun,itspersonandnumbermustmatchwiththepersonandnumberofthe
verbandviceversa.
1. Whensubjectisanounitspersonisthirdperson.ItsnumbercouldbeSingularor
DualorPlural
.Theverbwillbeinthirdpersonandcorresponding
number.Againtherule,..personandnumberoftheverbmustmatchwiththepersonand
numberofthesubject.applies.
2. Whentheverbintransitive,thesentencewouldoftencontaincomplements.Theyare
adjectivalinnature,qualifyingthesubject.Theruleisthatgender,caseand
numberofanadjectivemustmatchthegender,caseandnumberof
thenounorpronoun,whichitqualies.Thereisagoodverseonthishavingforits
meaningexactlythisrule
1. AstudyofthisverseisdetailedinLessonNo.22athttp://slabhyankar.wordpress.com/
(http://slabhyankar.wordpress.com/)
2. Thecomplementsverythirsty
:inFirstsentenceandhappy
insentence10
bqualifythesubjectAcrow:Heinrespectivesentences.Thesubjectsare
masculine,rstcase,singular.Soarethecomplements.
3. Alsoinsentence6,thephraselilewater
containsanadjectiveanda
noun.Thenounisneuter,rstcase,singular.Sois
.
isactually
+
.Here
isasuxaddedto
.Thesux
canbeaddedto
everyotherdeclensionofthepronounandwouldgiveameaningofsome.Forexample
1.
2.
3.
4.
=somewhat,because
=whatand
=some.
Likewise=+
=somewhoi.e.someone,
=someone(feminine)
=
+=bysomeone
Likewise=ofsomeone;
=fromsomeone,etc.
Note,
whenisaddedto
theresultantsoundbecomes
.
Whenisaddedtotheresultantsoundbecomes
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Whenisaddedtotheresultantsoundbecomes
Whenisaddedto
theresultantsoundbecomes
.
Thisconceptofresultantsoundiscalledas
or
.Whereasresultantsoundis
substantiallyamaerofnaturalexperience,thesenaturalexperienceshavebeenformulatedinto
rules!ThatiswhatmakesSanskritastructuredlanguage!
scriptofSanskritisaphoneticscript.Thealphabetsofthescriptwritereallythesounds.
Whatyouwriteiswhatyousay.Thereisnoproblemofrememberingthespellings.Thereisno
problemofthespellingofawordinUSbeingdierentfromitsspellinginUK.
scripting
andpronunciationofeverySanskritwordoughttobethesameallaroundtheworld,eternally.
Inpreviouslessons,Iwasgivingacountofnumberofsentencesonecanmakefromgivendetails.
Nowthedatabasehasbecomesowide,thatnumberofsentencesonecanmakeislimitless.This
willgoonbecomingmoreandmoreinfinite,primarilyby
GeingtoknowNewerpaernsandstructuresofdeclensionsofwordsdecliningfrom
sandwordsdecliningfrom
s
Expandingourrepertoireofglossary
LearningSanskritisbasicallylearningjustthesethings!Isntthatsimple,especiallywhen
everythingissowellstructuredandrhythmic?
!
oOo
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