11/10/2015

Lesson7|

AneasypacedapproachtolearnSanskrit

Lesson7

SimpleSanskritLesson7
PostedonMay9,2012March1,2015byslabhyankar

SimpleSanskritLesson7

InLesson6,westudiedvowelendingwordsuptoalongwiththenumerals.It
wouldbecomemundanetokeepondetailingdeclensionsofothervowelendingwordsandalso
consonantendingwords.Thosecouldpossiblybeaddedlateroninannexes.
Havingdetailedinthepreviouslesson,thedeclensionsofthenumeralsandhaving
notedtowardstheclosing,Thereismuchmoretolearnaboutnumbers.Thatmeritsaseparate
chapter.itshouldbeappropriatetodiscussnumbers
:rightaway.
Weusenumbersindierentways.Forcountingweusecardinalnumbers.Theyareadjectivaland
havegender,caseandnumber,correspondingtothepersonorthingbeingcounted.Thatiswhy
wehadinthepreviouslesson,declensionsofinallthreegendersandinallcases.It
shouldbeappropriatetonotedeclensionsof

(=four)rightaway.
Table71
Declensionsofpronounadjective

(=four)

https://simplesanskrit.wordpress.com/category/lessons1to10/lesson7/

1/11

11/10/2015

Lesson7|

Itwouldbenotedthat
declensionsareinplural
declensionsinmasculineandneutergendersaresameinthirdcaseonwards.
Fornumbersfrom(=ve)rightupto(=hundred),declensionsarecommoninallthree
genders.
Wealsoneednumbersfortellingtherankorserialorder.SuchnumbersarecalledtheOrdinals.
InTable72arelistedsbothcardinalandordinalfornumbersfrom1to20.
Table72
cardinalandordinalsfornumbersfrom1to20
Number

Ordinal

e.g.

foror

Group
of

First

Second

Pairor
couplet

Third

triplet,
trio

Fourth

quartet

Fifth

quintet

https://simplesanskrit.wordpress.com/category/lessons1to10/lesson7/

2/11

11/10/2015

Lesson7|

Fifth

quintet

Sixth

sextet

Seventh

heptad

Eighth

octet,
octave

Ninth

10

Tenth

decade

11

Eleventh

12

Twelfth

13

Thirteenth

14

Fourteenth

15

Fifteenth

:
:

16

Sixteenth

17

Seventeenth

18

Eighteenth

19

Nineteenth

20

Twentieth

dozen

(
)

score

Furthermultiplesoftenare

Forcardinalnumberseverysetoftenhasthenumberofunitsplacefirstfollowedbythemultiple
often,e.g.

https://simplesanskrit.wordpress.com/category/lessons1to10/lesson7/

3/11

11/10/2015

Lesson7|

often,e.g.

Ithasbeengoodtolistallthecardinalnumbersupto100.Therearetwooptionsfor22,23,32,33
.etc.,evenifIhavemissedthematsomeplaces.
Althoughonlyoneoptionfor29,39,etc.hasbeenlisted,therewouldbefouroptionsforeachof
them,asnotedforthenumber19inTable72.
In81,82etc.theybecomeetc.,since=+Also=+
Here,theconceptofresultantsoundcalledasconjugation
getsnaturallyapplied.
Similaristhecasefor,andmanyothernumbers.
Itshouldbenotedthatallcardinalnumbersaretobeusedasadjectivesbutinsingularandfor
numbers5andabove,theirdeclensionsarecommoninallgenders.Numbersendinginare

andneuter

.Numbersendinginareandwouldhave
declensionsasperdetailedinTable610.
Masculineordinaladjectivesarefoundasnumberofeveryin,e.g.
.Herealsoconceptofresultantsoundcalledasconjugation
applies.Muchlarger
ordinalnumbersarefoundin.In

therearesandthe

ordinalnumberofthisisgivenas

=(65)addingtoi.e.

=threehundred
==__thChapter

https://simplesanskrit.wordpress.com/category/lessons1to10/lesson7/

4/11

11/10/2015

Lesson7|

==__thChapter
=365thChapter

InBook4ofaneditionofthereisatabulationoftotalnumberofs.Thegross

countofsisgivenas100,217

.Note

=
=(17)i.e.addingto(200)=217

==afteronelakhi.e.after100,000
=ofsomuchcountis

i.e.totalnumberofs

Itistobenotedthatinboththeexamplesabove,numbersarecomposedbyspeakingofnumbers
intheunitsplace,thentensplaceandsoontowardsleft.ThisisoppositeofEnglishstylewhere
wesay365threehundredsixtyfivespeakingthenumbersfromlefttoright.
Beforegoingintosuchmannerofspeakingoflargecardinalandordinalnumbers,itispertinent
totakenoteofsomeinterestingpoints,whichshouldcometonoticeinTable72.
1. ThelastcolumnforGroupofi.e.
isverymuchinuse.Forexample,insteadofsaying
60boys
,onecansaythreetwentysofboysorthreescoresofboys

.
2. Whensaying60boys
60isnumericaladjectiveofthenounboys
.
3. Butwhensayingthreetwentysofboys

,twentys
isanounin
plural.isitsnumericaladjectivealsoinplural.
4. Itisalsotobenotedthatin60boys
,although60isnumericaladjectiveof
boys
inthisconstructiontheadjectiveisusedonlyinsingular.Also,is
feminine,though
ismasculine.Sotherulethatadjectiveandthenoun,whichthe
adjectivequalies,mustbothbeofsamegender,insamecaseandofsamenumber

doesnotapplytonumericaladjectives.
5.Inthethirdcolumn,onecanseefouroptionsfor19.Suchfouroptionscanbeusedforallother
numbersas29,39,.etc.Here
meansless.So
meanslessthan20
=+meansoneless(than);So,
=onelessthantwenty
=meansnotduetoone;
:=nottwentyduetoone

6.Incolumns4and5theordinalsofnumbers20andabovecanbeformedintwoways
byenjoiningasuxor
byderivinganbydroppingforexamplebygeing
from
.

5/11
Wealsousenumberstosayhowmanytimes.InSanskritweuseasuxwiththe,

https://simplesanskrit.wordpress.com/category/lessons1to10/lesson7/

11/10/2015

Lesson7|

Wealsousenumberstosayhowmanytimes.InSanskritweuseasuxwiththe,

forexample(=twice,twotimes)
(=thrice,threetimes)
(=againandagain)

(=manytimes)

Wealsousehowmanytimestotellratioofonequantitywithother,e.g.Fourisdoubleoftwo,
Nineistripleofthree.
Rishisindulgedinevolvinganumbersystemcountingverylargenumbers.Thisinvolvedhaving
inthenumbersystemtheconceptofzeroandofdecimals
,multiples(10,20,30etc.)and
powersof10(10,100,1000.etc.)
Table73
Sanskritnumbersbypowersoften
Indexofpowerof
ten

Value

Numberofzeros
after1

Nameofthe
number

1One

10Ten

100Hundred

1000Thousand

10,000Tenthousand

100,000Hundredthousand

1,000,000Million

10,000,000Tenmillion

100,000,000Hundrednillion

1000,000,000Billion/Gega

10

10,000.000,000Tenbillion

10

11

100,000.000,000Hundred
billion

11

12

1000,000.000,000Trillion

12

https://simplesanskrit.wordpress.com/category/lessons1to10/lesson7/

6/11

11/10/2015

Lesson7|

13

10,000,000.000,000TenTrillion

13

14

100,000.000,000,000Hundred
trillion

14

15

1,000,000.000,000,000

15

16

10,000,000.000,000,000

16

17

100,000.000,000,000,000

17

Allthesearesummarizedinashlokaasfollows

||
Alltheabovenamesofpowersof10areneutersingular

.
Romannumeralsarealphabetical,startingfromI,II,III,IV,V,..L(=50)C(=100)D(=500)andM
(=1000).Thereisnosymbolofzero.
Whenwritingnumbers,usingnumerals1,2,3,wehaveuseofcommasforevery3zeros.The
namesforlargenumbersarealsoinstepsof3zerosafterThousand(3zeros),nextnameis
Million(6zeros)thenBillion(9zeros).NumbernamesinSanskritareforeveryextrazeroi.e.
foreverypowerof10!
Thereisashlokain

whereinvalueof(theratioofcircumferencetodiameterofacircle)
iscomposedupto32digits.Itreads

||
Fordecipheringthevalueoffromthisshloka,oneneedstoapply

|
Methodofusingthe
is
=nineleersstartingfromwouldstandfornumbersfrom1to9
=nineleersstartingfromwouldstandfornumbersfrom1to9

=nineleersstartingfromwouldstandfornumbersfrom1to5

https://simplesanskrit.wordpress.com/category/lessons1to10/lesson7/

7/11

11/10/2015

Lesson7|

=nineleersstartingfromwouldstandfornumbersfrom1to5
=nineleersstartingfromwouldstandfornumbersfrom1to8

=forzero
Table74
Alphabeticaloptionsfornumeralsasper

Table74issimilartocomposingasmsonamobilehavingonlynumberkeys.Theconceptof
alphabeticalcodingofnumeralsisthatold!!Andhowintelligentlyitisusedforvalueofupto
32digits!Isntiteasytorememberashlokathanallthe32digitscorrectly?Howintelligentlythe
shlokaiscomposed!Ithasthreeinterpretationsone,asaeulogytoLordKrishna,secondly,as
eulogytoLordShivaandthirdlyasthevalueof!!Thescienticmodeofcalculatoravailableon
computershaveakeyfor.Oncewhenexploringthiskeyfor.Igotvalueofto32digits.
WhenIcheckedthevaluewiththatbytheaboveshloka,Ifoundadierenceonlyinthelast32nd
digit.Intheaboveshlokathe32nddigitis=2.IncalculatorofthatcomputerIgot32nddigitto
be5.
WhenwonderingwhyRishiswouldhaveneededvalueofto32digits,itcomestomindthat
theRishisdidindulgedeeplyinunderstandingmovementsofplanetsandtheirorbits,i.e.
understandingastronomyindepth.Calculationsintherealmofastronomywouldcertainlyneed
valueoftobeasaccurateaspossible.Inastrology,itseems,theylinkupanastronomical
combinationofplanetstotheoccurrenceofaneventinlivesofpeople.Thiscouldbebysome
theoryofprobability,suchas,ifastronomicalcombinationofplanetpositionsisworkingouttobe
soandso,likelihoodofoccurrenceofaparticulartypeofeventissomuch.Forsuchanalysistobe
asaccurateandinturnasreliable,thecalculationofastronomicalcombinationofplanetpositions
hastobeaccurateinthefirstplace.Thatcanbeaccurateonlyifvalueofisusedasaccurateas
possible.
InSanskrittheconceptofcodinghasbeenemployedquitecharmingly.Therearecodesderived
frommythologicalconceptsassociatedwithdifferentnumbers.
Table74
Mythologicalconceptsassociatedwithnumbersandtheiruseforcoding

https://simplesanskrit.wordpress.com/category/lessons1to10/lesson7/

8/11

11/10/2015

Lesson7|

Mythologicalconceptsassociatedwithnumbersandtheiruseforcoding
Number

Code
word

Mythologicalconcept

isonlyone

and
aretwo

Implyingthe
s

sarefour

implyingthe
s
,,

sorsaresix:

sareseven

sandsareeight

Planetsarenine

Reference

()

(,)

=Intheyear1889

Therearemanymoreconceptsassociatedwithdifferentnumbers,e.g.

Theyaresaidtobefourteen.Howeverthereisthisquotationalso(,
)
Numbersareimportantnotjustforcountingandarithmetic.Numbersareimportantindayto
daylifeforallmetrologicalneeds,formeasuringdistances,volumes,weights,time,etc.Systems
ofmeasurementhavebeenvariousatdierentplacesatdierenttimesfordierentsituations.In
Mahabharatasystemofmeasurementisdetailedtodenotestrengthofarmies.Strengthofarmyon
sideofPandavaswas7andonsideofKauravaswas11.Thereisalong
sequenceofcalculationsdeningwhatoneis.
Comingtomeasurementoftime,thereisaquotationinGeetA,whereitissaid,onedayof
Brahmaisequivalentto1000erasonearthandsoisonenightofBrahma.

||||

https://simplesanskrit.wordpress.com/category/lessons1to10/lesson7/

9/11

11/10/2015

Lesson7|

||||

MeasurementofTimehasoccupiedthemindsofscientistssincetimeimmemorial.InSIsystemof
units1secondisdefinedasThesecondisthedurationof9,192,631,770periodsoftheradiation
correspondingtothetransitionbetweenthetwohyperfinelevelsofthegroundstateofthecesium
133atom.
ThesmallestunitoftimeinSanskritispossiblyor
,whichistimetakenbyeyelidsto
makeonewink.Butthereisalsotranslatedasmoment.InAptesdictionaryisdenedas
measureoftimeequaltoofasecond.
Thenthereisorameasureof24minutes(Ref.Aptesdictionary)Also,
or

a

periodof48minutes(Ref.Aptesdictionary)
Somedetaileddenitionisavailablein
Thereitissaid

||()

istimetakenbyeyelidstomakeonewink
18
s=1;30s=1;30s=1
;30

s=1daynight(average24

hours)Thatmakes1daynight=306,000
sAt3600secondstoanhour,24hoursbecome
86,400seconds.Bythat1second=3.541666666666667
s
Mostcommonunitofmeasurementoftimeisday.Butifdayistobeunderstoodasduration
fromonesunrisetothenext,geographicallyitsdurationvarieswidely.Theysay,ontheNorth
polethereissunlightfor6months!Dayasdistinctfromnightisoftenconsideredtobethe
durationfromsunrisetosunset.Inonendsvesynonymsfordayas

()
ThatmakesonethinkhowweshalltelltimebytheclockinSanskrit.Sincetherearenoexact
wordsinSanskritforsecond,minuteorhour,ithasbecomeanacceptedpracticetospeakas
follows
Table75
Timebytheclock
TimeInwords

Timebyclock

InSanskrit

5Oclock

5:00

Quarterpast3

3:15

Halfpast7

7:30

Quartertoone

12:45

https://simplesanskrit.wordpress.com/category/lessons1to10/lesson7/

10/11

11/10/2015

Lesson7|

Quartertoone

12:45

8minutespast9

9:08

12minutesto12

11:48

am

pm

12noon

12:00

12midnight

0:00am

Unitsofmeasurementofdistance,mass/weighthaveallchangedovertime.Inthecontextofmass
andweightonendstheconceptsofevenatomandmoleculementionedin

()

HoweveritwouldbeappropriatetoadoptintoSanskrit,namesofunits,astheyareincommon
usage.Itshouldbealrighttospeakof2kgofsugaras
orof5litresofoilas

=thatmuch).
(Note

|
oOo
PostedinLesson7,Lessons1to1010Comments
CreateafreewebsiteorblogatWordPress.com. TheKellyTheme.

https://simplesanskrit.wordpress.com/category/lessons1to10/lesson7/

11/11