WLD20102

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

SOLUTIONS ON EXERCISE SHEET 1

QUESTION 1
(i)

x = independent variable ; y = dependent variable; ODE

(ii)

x = independent variable; y = dependent variable; ODE

(iii)

t,x = independent variable; y = dependent variable; PDE

(iv)

x,y = independent variable; u = dependent variable; PDE

(v)

t = independent variable; x,y = dependent variable; ODE

(vi)

x = independent variable; y = dependent variable; ODE

(vii) x,y = independent variable; u = dependent variable; PDE

(viii) x = independent variable; u = dependent variable; ODE
(ix)

y,x = independent variable; u,v = dependent variable; PDE

(x)

x = independent variable; y = dependent variable; ODE

QUESTION 2
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)

nonlinear; second order

nonlinear; first order
linear; second order
nonlinear; first order
linear; second order
linear; first order
linear; second order
nonlinear; second order

QUESTION 3
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

QUESTION 4
Note : I use separable equations. You can try with integral as well since I dont
specifically ask you to use which method.
(i)

dx

4( x 2 1), x( ) 1
dt
4

Step 1 :

x tan( 4t C )
Step 3 :
3
x tan( 4t #)
4

1
dx 4dt
x 1

dy y 2 1

; y (1) 2
dx x 2 1

(ii)

1
dx 4dt
1
tan 1 ( x ) 4t C

Step 2 : x

Step 1 : ( y 2 1)dy ( x 2 1)dx

Step 2 :

(y

To find the value of C;

tan

( x) 4t C

1) dy

(x

1) dx

y3
x3
y
xC
3
3

tan 1 (1) 4( ) C
4

C
4
3
C
4

To find the value of C;

8
1
2 1 C
3
3
4
C
3

Step 3 : y 3 3 y x 3 3x 4 #

(iii)

dy
x
; y (3) 4
dx
y
Step 1 : ydy xdx

ydy xdx

Step 2 : y 2

x2

C
2
2

Step 3
y 2 x 2 25

To find the value of C;

(iv)

42
32

C
2
2
9
8 C
2
9 25
C 8
2
2
dy
x2
y xy; y ( 1) 1
dx

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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1 x

Step 1 : y dy 2 dx
x
1 x
dx
x2
1
1
1
dy 2 dx
y
x
x
1

y dy
Step 2 :

ln y x 1 ln x C

To find the value of C;

ln y ln x
ln( xy )

1
C
x

1
C
x

ln(1 1)

1
C
( 1)

C 1

Step 3 : ln xy
(v)

1
1 #
x

dy
5
2 y 1; y (0)
dt
2
1

Step 1 : 1 2 y dy dt

To find the value of A;

Step 2 :

5 1
(1 Ae 2 ( 0 ) )
2 2
A 4

1 2 y dy 1dt

Step 3:
y

1
ln(1 2 y ) t C
2
ln(1 2 y ) 2t C
1 2 y e 2t C Ae 2 t
2 y 1 Ae 2 t
y

(vi)

1
(1 4e 2t ) #
2

A eC

1
(1 Ae 2 t )
2

dy
xy; y (0) 2
dx
1

Step 1 : y dy xdx
Step 2 :

To find the value of A;

0

2 Ae 2
A 2

WLD20102

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

y dy xdx
ln y
ye

x2
C
2

x2
C
2

Ae

Step 3 :
x2
2

A eC

y 2e

x2
2

QUESTION 5
dy
( x 1) 2
dx

(i)

(iii)

dy
2 xy 0
dx
1

Step 1 : 1dy ( x 2 2 x 1)dx

Step 1 : y dy 2 xdx

Step 2 : 1dy ( x 2 x 1)dx

Step 2 :

Step 3 : y

(ii)

x3
x2 x C
3

dy ( y 1) 2 dx 0

1
dy 1dx
( y 1) 2
1
dy 1dx
Step 2 :
( y 1) 2
1
1
2 y 3dy 4 x 5dx
1
1
ln(2 y 3) ln(4 x 5) C
2
4

Step 1 :

Step 3 : y 1 x C

(v)

dy
e 3x2 y
dx

Step 1 :

1
dy e 3 x dx
2y
e

1
dy
y

2 xdx

ln y x 2 C

Step 3 : y e x

(iv)

Ae x

dy 2 y 3

dx 4 x 5
1

Step 1 : 2 y 3 dy 4 x 5 dx
Step

Step 3 : ln(2 y 3)

(vi)

1
ln(4 x 5) C
2

dy
4y
dx
1

Step 1 : 4 y dy x dx

WLD20102

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
1

Step 2 :

2y

dy e 3 x dx

1 2 y 1 3 x
e
e C
2
3
2
3

Step 3 : e 2 y e 3 x C
(vii)

sin 3 xdx 2 y cos 3 xdy 0

Step 1 : 2 ydy

Step 2 : 4 ln y ln x C
ln y 4 ln x C
ln y ln x 4 C

Step 3 : y Ax 4
dQ
k (Q 70)
dt

(viii)

sin 3 x
dx
cos 3 x

Step 1 : Q 70 dQ kdt

sin 3 x

Step 2 :

2 ydy cos 3x dx
y 2 tan 3 xdx

1
3

2
Step 3 : y ln | sec 3x | C

4 y dy x dx

Step 2 :

Q 70dQ kdt
ln(Q 70) kt C

Step 3 : Q 70 Ae kt

QUESTION 6
dy
y e3x
dx

(i)

Step 1 : Since the equation is already in the standard form then, no need to do anything.
P( x) 1

Step 2 :

( x) e 1dx e x
ex

Step 3 :

dy
e x y e x .e 3 x
dx

d x
e y e4x
dx
d x
4x
dx e y dx e dx
Step 4 :
1
e x y e 4 x C
4

Step 5 : y
(ii)

Step 1 :

1 3x C
e x
4
e

dy
6 y 3e x
dx
dy
2y ex
dx

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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

P( x) 2

Step 2 :

( x) e 2 dx e 2 x
dy
e 2 x 2 y e 2 x .e x
dx

e 2x

Step 3 :

d 2x
e y e 3x
dx
d 2x
3x
dx e y dx e dx
Step 4 :
1
e 2 x y e 3 x C
3

1 x C
Step 5 : y e 2 x
3
e

(iii)

dy
y ex
dx

Step 1 : Since the equation is already in the standard form then, no need to do anything.
P( x) 1

Step 2 :

( x ) e 1dx e x
ex

Step 3 :

dy
e x y e x .e x
dx

d x
e y e 2x
dx
d x
2x
dx e y dx e dx
Step 4 :
1
e x y e 2 x C
2

1 x C
Step 5 : y e x
2
e
dy
2 y x 3 cos x 0
dx
dy 2
y x 2 cos x
Step 1 :
dx x

(iv)

P ( x)

Step 2 :

( x) e

2
x

1
2 dx
x

e 2 ln x e ln x

1
x2

1 dy 1 2
1
2 y 2 x 2 cos x
2
x dx x x
x
Step 3 :
d 1
y cos x
dx x 2

WLD20102

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
d 1
y dx cos xdx
x 2

dx

Step 4 :

1
y sin x C
x2

Step 5 : y x 2 sin x x 2 C
dy
2y 3
dx
dy 2
3
y
Step 1 :
dx x
x
2
P( x)
x
Step 2 :
1

(v)

( x) e

dx

e 2 ln x e ln x x 2
dy
2
3
x2
x2 y x2
dx
x
x
Step 3 :
d 2
x y 3x
dx
d
2
dx x y dx 3xdx
Step 4 :
3
x2 y x2 C
2

Step 5 : y

3 C

2 x2

dy
5 8 y 4 xy
dx
dy 4( x 2)
5

y
Step 1 :
2
dx ( x 2)
( x 2) 2
4
P( x)
x2
Step 2 :
4

(vi)

( x 2) 2

( x) e

dx

e 4 ln( x 2 ) e ln( x 2) ( x 2) 4
dy
4
5
( x 2) 4
( x 2) 4
y ( x 2) 4
dx
( x 2)
( x 2) 2
Step 3 :
d
( x 2) 4 y 5( x 2) 2
dx
d
4
2
dx ( x 2) y dx 5( x 2) dx
Step 4 :
x3

( x 2) 4 y 5
2 x 2 4 x C
3

x2

WLD20102

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
x3

2 x 2 4 x C
3

4
Step 5 : ( x 2) y 5

dy
12 y 4
dx
dy 12
4

y
Step 1 :
dx 3
3
P( x) 4

(vii)

Step 2 :

( x) e 4 dx e 4 x

dy
4
e 4x 4 y e 4x
dx
3
Step 3 :
d 4x
4
e y e 4x
dx
3
d 4x
4
4x
dx e y dx 3 e dx
Step 4 :
1
e4x y e4x C
3
e 4x

Step 5 : y

1 C

3 e4x