Year 10 Final Exam

Exam Prep and Discussion Questions

Monday
Definitions & Key terms
Discussion question model answers

ACIDS &
BASES
Part
1

Discussion Question #1 Discuss a reaction of

an acid and or base found in everyday life

Options

Antacids,
Weathering,
Acid rain,
Bee and wasp stings
Other suitable

Acid Rain
https://www.youtube.com/

watch?v=HrBzrkZxIBo
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v
=Nf8cuvl62Vc

Discussion Question # 1Model Answer Acid

Rain
Acid rain is any type of precipitation (Rain, fog,
snow) with high levels of Nitric or Sulphuric
Acids. Acid rain does not occur in New Zealand
but is a huge problem in the Northern
hemisphere.
Acid rain is mainly caused by coal burning power
plants, factories and automobiles. When humans
burn fossil fuels, sulphur dioxide/trioxide
(SO2/SO3) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are
released into the atmosphere. These chemical
gases react with water, oxygen, and other
substances to form mild solutions of sulphuric
and nitric acid.

Discussion Question # 1Model Answer Acid

Rain
Winds and rain spread the acidic solution across
the earth, waterways (lakes, streams and
wetlands) lowing the pH and becoming toxic.
This affects the soil quality and kills plants and
forests.
The only way to fight acid rain is by curbing the
release of the pollutants that cause it. This
means burning fewer fossil fuels.

ATOMS &
Part
IONS
2

Element Definition
Something composed of only
one kind of atom which all
have the same number of
protons (ie the same atomic
number)
They are all found on the
periodic table

Drawing an Atom

You should be able to draw an atomic diagram

showing Proton, neutrons and electrons

Draw Lithium and Fluorine

Atoms

Li

Ions
Gaining

or losing of
electrons to gain a full
outer shell

Discussion question #2 Describe the

structure of the element Magnesium (Mg)
Magnesium

has an atomic number of 12, this means

it has 12 protons and 12 electrons to make it a
neutral atom. Magnesium is in group 2 which means
it is an alkaline earth metal. Its electron arrangement
is: 2,8,2
Ions are electrically charged particles formed when
atoms lose or gain electrons. In a chemical reaction
magnesium forms a positive ion (+2) as it is in group
2 and needs to lose 2 electron to have a full outer
shell (Valance shell). It would not change its number
of protons or neutrons in a reaction

Electricity
Part
3

Series Circuits
s
r
o
t
s
i
s
e
r
e
r
o
m
r
o
o
w
t
When
Connected one
end after anoth
er

To form a single path for current

flow

Series Circuits
6V
e
h
t
m
o
r
f
)
Voltage (V
d
e
r
a
h
s
s
i
battery
Therefore each bulb glows dimly

2V

2V

2V

Series Circuits
is
b
l
u
b
h
c
a
e
of
w
o
f
)
I
(
t
Curren
same

6
A

Therefore brightness of each

bulb is the same

6A

6
A

Series Circuits
n
e
h
w
n
e
k
o
r
b
s
i
t
i
u
c
r
i
The c
ed
v
o
m
e
r
s
i
one bulb
And the other bulbs go out as
well

Parallel Circuits
e
r
a
s
t
n
e
n
o
All comp
connected
With their corre
sponding
ends joined tog
ether
To form separate and parallel
paths for current flow

Parallel Circuits
6V
Each bulb is connected
directly to the battery

6V

Thus each bulb

glows
brightly

6V

Because each bulb gets

the full Voltage (V)

6V

Parallel Circuits
The circuit remains
unbroken

If one bulb is re
moved

So the other two bulbs

will remain to work

Compare the Circuits

Current
Series Circuit

Parallel
Circuit

A1

3V

X
3V

A1

A2

1V

A2

1V

Current has only one path to flow

Current splits into different paths

Reading on A1 = Reading on A2

Reading on A = Reading on A1 + A2

Compare the Circuits

Voltage
Series Circuit
X

3A

1A

V1

V2
V

Parallel Circuit
V1
X

3A

1A

V2

Reading on V = Reading of V1 + V2

Reading on V1 = Reading on V2

Voltage is shared by the two

resistors

Voltage is the same across

each resistor

Compare the
Circuits
Series Circuit
Parallel
Circuit

Dimmer bulbs

Brighter bulbs

Less voltage across each bulb

Higher voltage across each bulb

Less current pass through each

bulb

Larger current pass through

each bulb

Compare the
Circuits
Series Circuit
Parallel
Circuit

When one bulb has blown up

When one bulb has blown up

The other bulb would not be

able to light up

The other bulb can still light

up

Explain a headlamp works to

produce a beam of light
Electrons flow from negative to positive
terminals. When the on/off button is pushed
down the circuit is complete allowing the
electricity to flow.
The 6 volt battery supplies power to the bulb.
The bulb converts the electrical energy to
light energy and heat energy. The beam of
light is reflected by the concave mirror to
produce light

Practical: Electricity
Draw this in your books

Mrs White connects a circuit to light a Christmas

tree. She has a
12V battery
3 lights
2 Switches
Ammeter
She wants
2 of the lights to be wired in parallel and work off
the same switch
3rd lamp also in parallel but work off a different
switch
She also connects an Ammeter to measure the
current though the first 2 headlights only

Part
4

What is a force?
A

push, pull or a Twist

Newton
Unit

of Force

Mass
Amount of matter in an object

Weight

Gravitational force between the object

and the Earth. The more mass the object
has the greater its weight will be.

Gravity
The force downward due to the
Earth

Weightless
No

gravity acting on an object

Label forces
Support
Friction

Thrust/Push

Drag
Weight/Gravity

Label forces
Buoyancy

Friction
Drag

Thrust/Push

Weight/Gravity

Calculate forces Net

Force

Calculate forces Net

Force

450N + 450N = 900N

accelerates to the Right

Calculate forces Net

Force

500N - 450N =

50N

accelerates to the Left

Calculate forces Net

Force

500N - 450N =

50N
accelerates to the Left

How do you know that it is

accelerating to the left?
The forces are unbalanced if the forces were
equal they would be travelling at constant
speed

Discussion Question # 3
Simple Machines
A mechanism is simply a device which takes
an input motion and force, and outputs a
different motion and force.
The point of a mechanism is to make the job
easier to do.
Examples:

Pulleys.
Screw driver
Lever
Pulley

Example: Levers

A lever is a simple machine that makes work easier to

do. (Scissors, screwdriver)
Levers reduce the force needed to perform these
tasks.
When someone uses a lever, they exert a force (the
effort) around a pivot to move an object (the load).
Levers reduce the effort needed to move the load by
increasing the distance over which it is acting. This
means a relatively small effort force has a much
greater effect.

Example: Levers
(Wheelbarrow)
Gardeners
and builders use wheelbarrows to
carry loads from place to place. The wheelbarrow
is a simple machine with the load near the pivot
(the wheel) and the effort on the handles far from
the pivot. When you lift the wheelbarrow, the
handles move through a bigger distance than the
load does.

Part
5

Genetics: Human Sex

determination

Punnet square

A couple already have 3 boys. They are

expecting a 4th child. What is the change they
will have a baby girl?

The chance will be 50% girl, 50% boy as

each time a baby is conceived it is an
independent event. The mother will always
provide an X chromosome and the father
will either provide an X or a Y chromosome

Genetics
Genotype

(Gene) - The alleles

present for a particular
characteristic
Pp PP pp

Phenotype

(Photo) - is the
physical appearance resulting
from the inherited information.
Purple, white

Genetics
Homozygous

The same alleles pp PP

Heterozygous

Different alleles Pp

Genetics
A Flower is purple. This is controlled by a
DOMINANT allele P A white flower is
determined by a RECESSIVE allele p
Genotype (Gene) for white flower: pp
Phenotype (Photo) for Pp: Purple
What is the genotype of a Homozygous
dominant flower: PP
What is the genotype of a Heterozygous flower:
Pp

Discussion Question # 4
If all mice had their tails cut off at birth
would they eventually be born with no
tails?

We are all effected by genetic and

environmental factors. To change the way a
organism is born its DNA must be changed.
The cutting of the mice's tails is an
environmental change it changes the
individuals appearance, but does not change
the mice's DNA.

Discussion Question # 5
A

group of birds live in an isolated valley.

They eat worms from the top layer of the
soil. The birds how variation in beak length.
Over thousand of years the climate in the
valley becomes drier. Also worms move
deeper in to the soil when it is drier. Discuss
how the climate change might affect the
beak length of these birds over time

Discussion Question # 5

Climate change means worms will move deeper

into the soil. Birds who have longer beaks will be
better able to reach the deeper worms. Those
birds will therefore have a better chance of
survival and pass their genes onto their offspring
as they will have a food source. The birds with
shorter beaks will not be able to reach the food
and die off. Over time the frequency of long
beaks will change as long beak birds bread with
other long beak birds.

Discussion Question # 6
Discuss the job the respiratory system does in
your body. Name at least three key parts of the
system in your answer
You man use a diagram

Discussion Question # 6
Aerobic respiration needs oxygen, and it produces
carbon dioxide as a waste product. The human
respiratory system contains the organs that allow us to
get the oxygen we need and to remove the waste carbon
dioxide we do not need. It contains these parts: two
lungs, tubes leading from the mouth and nose to the
lungs and various structures in the chest that allow air to
move in and out of the lungs
The trachea is a long pipe that carries oxygen from
the nasal cavity to the lungs this is supported by
cartilage rings to stop it collapsing. Alveoli are small sacs
at the end of the lungs. They have adapted to make gas
exchange in lungs happen easily and efficiently. Here are
some features of the alveoli that allow this:

Discussion Question # 6
they give the lungs a really big surface area
they have moist, thin walls (just one cell thick)
they have a lot of tiny blood vessels called capillaries
The gases move by diffusion from where they have a
high concentration to where they have a low
concentration: oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveoli
into the blood, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood
into the air in the alveoli.