. .

2005

 621.01.001.02
34.4273
44

44

. .
. .: - . 472 .

ISBN 5-901346-05-1
,
. , , ( ), ,
.
, ,
. . . .
, , , , , , ,
, . .

CAD/CAE APM WinMachine, - ( )
, ,
.
, .
, , , , -
.

621.01.001.02

34.42.73

ISBN 5-901346-05-1

..
, 2004


5
6

...
.
I.

1.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.

- ...
...
.
.

2.

-
.
..
() ..

.
.

.
.





...
,

2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
2.7.
2.8.
2.9.
2.10.
2.11.
2.12.
3.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.4.

..
-
. ....
.
.

11
11
20
30
36
36
40
48
54
68
78
92
103
111
119
137
148
152
152
164
171
186

II.
4.
4.1.
4.2.
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4.
4.2.5.
4.2.6.
4.2.7.
4.2.8.
3

......................................................................
.

...............




() ...
...
.

204
204
226
226
235
237
240
247
249
251
253

5.
5.1.
5.2.

.
...

256
256
259

III.
6.

...

276

7.
7.1.
7.1.1.
7.1.2.
7.1.3.
7.1.4.
7.1.5.

282
282
283
297
303
311

7.2.
7.3.
7.4.

.
.
...
..
..

.
..
,
....
.....
....
....

8.
8.1.
8.2.

...
..
..

364
364
380

9.
9.1.

....
.......

396
396

7.1.6.

313
316
320
337
355

IV.
10
10.1.
10.2.
10.3.
10.4.

.......
.
.. ....
.......
...

401
401
410
424
439

...

468

, . , .
.
, .
. ,

. . . .

CAD/CAE APM WinMachine,
. APM WinMachine , , .
.

APM WinMachine.

.
. . . . . ,
, .

. . .
, , . , . . 3.4 3.3.
3.3 . .

- .
, ,
.
5

, () () .
, , .

.
.
, , ,
. , ,
, , , .
, , . ,
, . : , , ,
.
(
) ().
. , ,
.
, . . ,
.
,
, .
, .
( ) ,
. , , , . .
, , ,
,
.
.
6

, , .
,

,
:
;
;
;
;
.
,
, .
.
, ,
.
,
.
,
.
, , . .
,
.
, , , .

. . , .
. (
) ,
. . , ,
.
7

, .

.
.

.
. , ( )
.
, , ,
, . . ,
, .
,
.
.
,
. , , .
, . ,
, .
,
. , .

, , , .
(). .
-
, , . ., , , . .
. , , ,
. , , .
. , :
;
;
8

, ;
, ;
, ;
, ;
;
.
. , , , , . .
, , . (). ,
.
. .

. . ,
. .
,
,
.
, , , , . .
, , .
.
, . .
, , . . , . . .
, , ,
, .

, ,
9

. , .

10

/2

/2

= 103 /

 I.

1.

1.1.

,
. .
, . ,
,
.
, ,
, . ,
, ,
, .
. ,
. ,
, , . .
. , ,
, .

.
, , . . , 1/2.
, 1/4. ,
, , .
11

 1. -

. 1.1.2

. 1.1.1

.
, ,
.
.
X i Pi . .
1.1.1 () X , . , , , . x
ni N ,
Pi

Pi =

ni
.
N

(1.1.1)

, ,
. x 0 -
f ( x ) , . f ( x ) (.

1.1.2). P x 0 < X < x

X ( x 0 , x ) :
x
P( x0 < X < x ) = f ( x )dx .
x0

(1.1.2)

( ) M ( X )
:
12

 1.1.
k

P x + P2 x 2 + ... + Pk x k
=
M (X ) = 1 1
P1 + P2 + ... + Pk

P x
i =1
k

P
i =1

(1.1.3)

k .
k

P = 1 , , (1.1.3) (1.1.2)
i

i =1

M ( X ) = Pi xi =
i =1

x f ( x )dx .

(1.1.4)

D( X ) ,
k

D ( X ) = [xi M ( X )] Pi .
2

(1.1.5)

i =1

(1.1.5)

D( X ) =

[x M ( X )] f (x )dx .
2

(1.1.6)

, $ ( x ) :

$ ( X ) = D( X ) = $ .

(1.1.7)

M (X )

(1.1.8)

F ( x ) . X , , x :

x
F ( x ) P ( X < x ) = f ( x )dx .

(1.1.9)

(1.1.9) , F ( x ) , . .

F ( x 2 ) F ( x1 ) x 2 > x1 ; X
0 1: F ( ) = 0 , F ( ) = 1 .
13

 1. -

.
(.1.1.3).
A , . 1.1.3
A1 A2 .
A1
A2


f1 ( x 1 )
f 2 ( x 2 ) (. 1.1.4).

A
f ( x ) ,
x 1 + x 2 .
.
f1 ( x 1 )
. 1.1.4
dx1 .
, x1 , N f1 ( x1 )dx1 . N f 2 ( x 2 ) dx 2 x2 . , x1 x2 ,

f ( x ) = f1 ( x1 ) f 2 ( x2 ) .
M ( X )
f ( x ) . (1.1.4) (1.1.10)

(1.1.10)

D( X ) -

M ( X ) = x f ( x )dx = ( x1 + x2 ) f1 ( x1 ) f 2 ( x2 )dx1 dx2 =

= x1 f1 ( x1 ) f 2 ( x2 )dx1 dx2 + x2 f1 ( x1 ) f 2 ( x2 )dx1 dx2 =

= x1 f1 ( x1 )dx1 f 2 ( x2 )dx2 + x2 f 2 ( x2 )dx2 f1 ( x1 )dx1.

14

(1.1.11)

 1.1.

f1 ( x1 )dx1 = 1,

f (x )dx
2

x f (x )dx
1

= M ( x1 ),

(1.1.11)

= 1,

x f (x )dx
2

= M ( x 2 ),

(1.1.12)

M( X ) = M( X1) + M( X 2 ) .

(1.1.13)
, , X = X 1 X 2 ,
(1.1.13)

M ( X ) = M ( X1 ) M ( X 2 ) .

: n
:
n

M( X ) = M( Xi ) .

(1.1.14)

i =1

(1.1.14) .
(1.1.10). (1.1.6) :

2
D( X ) = [( x1 + x2 ) (M ( X 1 ) + M ( X 2 ))] f1 ( x1 ) f 2 ( x2 )dx1 dx2 =

2
2
= [x1 M ( X 1 )] f1 ( x1 ) f 2 ( x2 ) dx1 dx2 + [x2 M ( X 2 )] f1 (x1 ) f 2 (x2 ) dx1 dx2

+ 2 [x1 M ( X 1 )] f1 ( x1 ) dx1 [x2 M ( X 2 )] f 2 (x2 ) dx2 ,

(1.1.12)

D = D1 + D2 ; 2 = 12 + 22 .
f 1 ( x1 ) , f 2 ( x2 ) ,
f 3 ( x3 ) . .
k

i =1

i =1

D = Di ; 2 = i2 .

(1.1.15)

15

 1. -

. 1.1.5

.
.
,
.
.
() . ,

1
f ( x) =

. 1.1.6

0,

(1.1.16)

(. 1.1.5).
. ,
a
b , f ( x ) (. 1.1.6),

f ( x) =
. 1.1.7

x 0
,
x<0

exp( x / ),

1
,
ba
0,

x [a, b]

x [a, b]

(1.1.17)

(1.1.17) .

. ( a , b) , , (. 1.1.7):

4
(x a ), x a, a + b
2
2
(b a )

f (x ) =
.
4
a + b
(
)
,
b
x
x

2 , b
(b a )2

(1.1.18)

. , 16

 1.1.

, ( ).
.

.
, . , . 1.1.8
.

f ( x) =

1 ( x xm ) 2
1
exp
,
2

2
2

(1.1.19)

x m $ , . . .
(. 1.1.8).
X
(a, b ) (1.1.19) (1.1.2)
b
1 ( x xm ) 2
1
(1.1.20)
exp
P ( a < X < b) =
dx .
2
2 a
2

x xm
a xm
t =
t1 =
,

b xm
t2 =
, (1.1.20)

t
t2
1 2
P ( a < X < b) =
(1.1.21)
exp
2 dt .
2 t1

x xm

t =

u P . : , P .

(1.1.21) ,
( x ) ,

( x ) =

1
2

exp( t

/ 2) dt ,

(1.1.22)

. (, . 1.1.1).
17

 1. -

( x ) : 1) (0) = 0 ;
2) ( x ) = ( x ) ( ); 3) ( +) = 0,5 , , ( ) = 0,5 .
(1.1.22) (1.1.21) a b

b xm
P (a < X < b) =

a xm

(1.1.23)

(1.1.23) , (a, b)
( x ) .
1.1.1. ( x )

(x)

(x)

(x)

0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0

0,00000
0,03983
0,07926
0,11791
0,15542
0,19146
0,22575
0,25804
0,28814
0,31594
0,34134

1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
1,8
1,9
2,0
2,1

0,36433
0,38493
0,40320
0,41924
0,43319
0,44520
0,45543
0,46407
0,47128
0,47725
0,48214

2,2
2,3
2,4
2,5
2,6
2,7
2,8
2,9
3,0
3,5
4,0
5,0

0,48610
0,48928
0,49180
0,49379
0,49534
0,49653
0,49744
0,49813
0,49865
0,49977
0,499968
0,499999

(a, b ) ,
, , x min
x max

xmin = xm + u P ; xmax = xm + u1 P .

(1.1.24)

, (1.1.24). -

P x min < X < x max

X -

( x min , x max ) , (1.1.23), 1.1.2. , ,

,
x m 3$ ( ),

xmin = xm 3 X xmax = xm + 3 .
18

(1.1.25)

 1.1.

1.1.2.

x m X < x m + $

0,341

xm + $ X < xm + 2$

0,136

x m + 2$ X x m + 3$

0,021

X X x m > 3$ :

P X x m > 3$ 0,0027 .
,
3$ .
x min x max ,
x m , (1.1.25),

xm =

x max + x min
x xmin
; = max
.
6
2

(1.1.26)

x
( x ) 1
f ( x) =
exp
(1.1.27)
, x 0 ,

( )

, ( ) .
. . 1.1.9
= 0.
, = 1 = 0 .
, ,


.
,

,
.
. 1.1.9

19

 1. -

1.2.

,
, . . , .
,
5
10 , 10 10, 20 10, 40 10 . ,

R5, R10, R20, R40 . R40 .

, . .
. ( ) .
, ,
. . , .

. 1.2.1

R = Rmax Rmin , R max R min R . . 1.2.1

, - .
.
.
,
.
. . 1.2.2, t D t D = Dmax Dmin , t d = d max d min , Dmax
Dmin , d max d min
.
.
,
. ,
20

 1.2.

. 1.2.2

(, , ) . .
19 (),
01, 0, 1, 2, , 17.
01, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 , 5, 6, , 13 . .

. 035
, , A00,,01
, A
0,01 0,035 .
, (. 1.2.2).
, , ,

S max = Dmax d min ;

S min = Dmin d max .

, .
.
,
. , . ,
, , .
, .
, .
(. 1.2.3, 1.2.4). ,
, .

: .
21

 1. -

. 1.2.3

,
. ,
, .
H 7 ,
.

. 1.2.3. , . , , . 70
70 H 7 / p 6 .
, , .
. 1.2.4. ,
.
70 F 8 / h7 .

. 1.2.4

22

 1.2.

,
.
.
, , .
,
. f (hi )
(. 1.2.5).
(
) , , ,
. ().
-
, . , , . . , , . 1.2.6.

. 1.2.5

. 1.2.6

23

 1. -

l
Ra :

1l
Ra = y ( x )dx ,
l0

(1.2.1)

.
Ra (. 1.2.1).
1.2.1.

2,52,0
2,01,6
1,61,25

1,251,0
1,00,80
0,800,63

0,630,50
0,500,40
0,400,32

0,320,25
0,250,20
0,200,16

10

0,1600,125
0,1250,100
0,1000,080

11

0,0800,063
0,0630,050
0,0500,040

12

0,0400,032
0,0320,025
0,0250,020

Ra ,

.
(. 1.2.7a). ,
, Ra . , , . 1.2.7b.
, ,
, (. 1.2.7c).
24

 1.2.

. , . -

. 1.2.7

. 1.2.8

, AB (. 1.2.8).
A B . , .
, AB .
, , 1.2.2.
1.2.2.

25

 1. -

1.2.2.

()

, , :
,
, . .
,
(. 1.2.9),
.

)
. 1.2.9

26

b)
. 1.2.10

 1.2.

, (. 1.2.10a).
, (. 1.2.10b).
() . , .
,
(. 1.2.2). ,
, (1.1.19).
d m Dm (. . ).
(. 1.2.2), (1.1.26)

dm =

d max + d min
D + Dmin
.
; Dm = max
2
2

(1.2.2)

m = d m Dm .

(1.2.3)

, ,
. , (1.1.15),
$ :

$ = $d2 + $D2 .

(1.2.4)

(1.1.26)

d =

td
;
6

D =

tD
,
6

(1.2.5)

(1.2.4) (1.2.5)

$ = $d2 + $D2 =

1 2
t d + t D2 .
6

(1.2.6)

(1.1.25)

max = m + 3 ; min = m 3 .

(1.2.7)

,
, (1.1.25), . ,
, ,
27

 1. -

. . .
.

. ,
,
,
(. 1.2.11).
S m

Sm =

. 1.2.11

S min = S m + u P ;

Dm d m
.
2

(1.2.8)

S min , S max

(1.1.24)

S max = S m + u1 P .

(1.2.9)

.
,
.
, .
. 1.2.12
, , . As

A1 A2 .

A1 min , A1 max ,
A2 min , A2 max ,
A3 min , A3 max As min , As max . ( ) (1.1.26)
:
. 1.2.12
28

 1.2.

A1 max + A1 min
,
2
A
+ A2 min
A2 m = 2 max
,
2
A
+ A3 min
A3m = 3 max
,
2
A
+ As min
Asm = s max
,
2

A1m =

As max = Asm +

t As
;
2

t A1 = A1 max A1 min

t A2 = A2 max A2 min

,
t A3 = A3 max A3 min

t As = As max As min

As min = Asm

t As
.
2

(1.2.10)

(1.2.11)

, Asm
As (1.1.14) :

Asm = A3m A1m A2 m ,

(1.2.12)

As , (1.1.15),

As = A2 3 A21 A2 2 ,

(1.2.13)

(1.2.5)

t
t
t A1
t
; A 2 = A2 ; A3 = A3 ; As = As .
6
6
6
6
, t As As

A1 =

t As = 6$ As ,
As (1.2.13); As max As min (1.2.11).

29

 1. -

1.3.

. , , .
. .
, , , . , ,
. .
T , . t ni
N , , (1.1.1), -

ni
. f (t ) ( N
). t 0 t ,

Pi =

(1.1.2), (. 1.1.2):
t

P (t 0 < T < t ) = f (t )dt .

(1.3.1)

t0

, t , . .
F (t ) , :
t

F (t ) =

f (t )dt P(T < t ) .

(1.3.2)

, t , F (t ) =

f (t )dt = 1 . -

R (t ) (. . ,
t )

R (t ) = 1 F (t ) P (T > t ) = 1

f (t )dt = f (t )dt .

(1.3.3)

(t 1 , t2 ) (1.3.1),

(1.3.2) (1.3.3) F ( t ) :
t2

t2

t1

P(t1 < T < t 2 ) = f (t )dt = f (t )dt

30

t1

f (t )dt = F (t

) F (t1 ) ,

 1.3.

R( t ) :
t2

t1

t1

t2

P (t1 < T < t 2 ) = f (t )dt = f (t )dt f (t )dt = R(t1 ) R(t 2 ) .

(1.3.4)

h(t1 , t2 ) (t 1, t2 ) .

h (t1 , t 2 ) =

R(t1 ) R(t 2 )
.
(t 2 t1 ) R (t1 )

(1.3.5)

t1 = t t 2 = t + t ,

h(t ) (1.3.5) t :

R ( t ) R ( t + t )
1 d

=
R (t ) .

t
R(t ) dt
tR(t )

h(t ) = lim

(1.3.6)

, (1.3.3)

d
R (t ) = f (t ) ,
dt

(1.3.7)

(1.3.6)

h (t ) =

f (t )
.
R (t )

(1.3.8)

(1.3.8) dt (1.3.7),
h(t )dt =

dR(t )
, R(t )

R (t ) = exp h(t )dt .

0

(1.3.9)

ni

N 0 , . . h(t ) =

ni
.
tN 0

(. 1.3.1). .
31

 1. -

. 1.3.1

( I, t 0 t1 ) -
. II ( t 1 t2 )
. , , . III, t2 t , , , , . .

.
F (t ) . ,
,
.
, , .
.
() ,
(. 1.1).
( . 1.1.5) (1.1.16),
(1.3.3)

R (t ) = f (t )dt = exp(t / ),

t 0.

(1.3.10)

(1.3.10) :
t 0 , ( t > t 0 )

R (t ) = exp[ (t0 t ) / ],

t 0.

, (1.3.8)
(1.3.10)

h( t ) =

f (t ) 1
= .
R (t )

(1.3.11)

(1.3.11) ,
e , , . . ( II
. 1.3.2). (. .
III 1.3.2)
32

 1.3.

,
, -
. , ,
(1.1.19) (1.1.27).
(1.1.19) ,
. , , , , , ,
.

t1 , t 2 (1.1.23),

t t
t t
P (t1 < T < t 2 ) = 2 m 1 m ,
(1.3.12)

( x ) (1.1.22), t m . (1.3.12) t 2 = t , t1 = .
(1.3.12), . 1.1.1 (1.3.3)

R(t ) =

t tm
1


2

(1.3.13)

,
(1.1.27). (1.3.2), (1.3.3)
(1.1.27), , t

t
R( t ) = exp
;

h(t ) =

(t ) 1
.
( )

.
,
.
n
(. 1.3.2), Rr (t )
, ,
n

Rr (t ) = Ri (t ) ,

(1.3.14)

i =1

Ri (t ) i - .
, .
33

 1. -

. 1.3.2

. 1.3.3

. 1.3.4

(. 1.3.3)
, .
:
n

Pr = Pi ,

(1.3.15)

i =1

Rr = 1 (1 Ri ) .

(1.3.16)

i =1

(. 1.3.4),
.

,
(1.3.15) (1.3.16) .
, ,
.
.
. , , . . lim , lim , . lim . ,
,
(1.3.13), . 34

 1.3.

, , . . (1.1.19)

f ( lim ) =

lim

1 2
lim
,
exp lim
2
2 lim

(1.3.17)

1 m 2
1
exp
f ( ) =
.
2
2

(1.3.18)

, , , , . . dif

: dif = lim 0 .
, , dif dif , (1.1.14) (1.1.15)

dif = lim ; dif =

2
lim

+ 2 .

(1.3.19)

dif , (1.3.17) (1.3.18),

1 2
dif
dif
.
f ( dif ) =
(1.3.20)
exp

2 dif
dif 2

(1.3.20) dif = 0 , 1

uP =

lim
2
lim
+ 2

(1.3.21)

: ( )

lim
, = lim / lim

= / , (1.3.21)

n =

lim

uP =

1 s
n 2lim + 2
2

35

 2.

2.1.

. .
(, ) .
.

, ,
-. , , ,
, ()
, .
. ,
: q F1 , F2 , K , Fk .
, I II (. 2.1.1a), , , I (. 2.1.1b). -

a)

b)
. 2.1.1

II I , .
, II I . , I
II
.
r
r r r
: R = N + Q x + Q y ,
O ,
36

 2.1.

M = M t + M nx + M ny , O .


r : ( ) N ; (
r
r
) Q x Q y ; -

M t ,

M nx M ny .
, I II
, , , I ,
, II , , . .
. ,
,
( ) , I :

r
r
R = FiI ;
i

r
r
M = M iI .

(2.1.1)

,
,
.
. ,
, (. 2.1.2a).
, ,
.
a)
b)
, .
2.1.2
O (. 2.1.2b). A . -

r
r
R
A .
, R
A
,
r
p m . 37

 2. -

r
p O ,

A 0 ,
A ,
r

r
R
.
p = lim
A0 A

R R ,

A , Rn ,
r
. p .

= lim

A 0

Rn
;
A

= lim

A0

R
.
A

(2.1.2)

.
, , .
.
. , .
( ) V , - , V
(. 2.1.3a). A( x, y , z )

r
r
A( x , y , z ) . u = AA , -

, . A B ,
ds (. 2.1.3.b). A
B . ds , A B , ds = ds + s , A B . ds , .

a)

38

b)
. 2.1.3

c)

 2.1.

s AB
ds r A AB :
s
(2.1.3)
AB = lim .
ds 0 ds

x , y z .

,
ds1 ds 2 , O OX OY (. 2.1.3).
' . ' , , ( )
O XOY :
xy = lim ( ) .
(2.1.4)
ds1 0
ds2 0

x , y , z xy , yz , xz ,
, .
. XVII- .

.
.
, , ,
, .
, . (, ) , , ,

.
. ,
.
, ,
, . , .
39

 2. -

2.2.

()

,
. , . ( ), ( ). (+),
(). ()
, . ,
.
.
.
A = bh l , F (. 2.2.1). , ,

. 2.2.1

N , F , N = F . N dA , A . :
()
, .
, = N / A .

l . l l , z :

z =
40

l
.
l

(2.2.1)

 2.2. ()

,
, ,
x y :

x =

b
;
b

y =

h
.
h

(2.2.2)

, x = y .
. , (. 2.1) ()

= E ,
(2.2.3)
E , , .
.
,

x
= abs y ,
(2.2.4)
z
z
abs( x ) x . 0,25 0,3 .

= abs

. (2.2.3) (2.2.4) ,

z =

z
E

x = y =

z
E

(2.2.5)

, .
(2.2.3)

y + z
E
E
E

y = y x + z .
E
E E

z = z x + y
E
E
E

x =

(2.2.6)

(2.2.6) .
41

 2. -

. 2.2.3

. 2.2.2

. 2.2.4

, ,
(, ,
).
,
(). . 2.2.2 ,
.
OA , A . BC
,
. , , C r . CD
D . . ,
D , b . ,
(. 2.2.3), , = 0,002 .
, , . 2.2.4.
. , , (),
, , ,
ar ab ,

ar =

r
nr

ab =

b
nb

(2.2.7)

nr , nb ( . 2.7).

. , 42

 2.2. ()

.
:

ar ;
ab .
(2.2.8)

. ()

, . ,
,

. .


( 2.1). . 2.2.5a
,
, F1
F2 .
A1 A2 . ,


.
I II (.
. 2.2.5
2.2.5b,c)
(. 2.2.5d) (. 2.2.5e).
. () .
,
, F (. 2.2.6).

F . N Q - ( ),

N = F cos ;

Q = F sin .

A , A = A / cos ,

N F
= cos 2 = cos 2 ;
A
A

Q 1
= sin 2 ,
A
2

(2.2.9)
43

 2. -

= F / A .


.
(2.2.9) ,

= 0 , max = .
,
.
,
,
, .
. 2.2.6
, .
(2.2.9), ,
, = / 4 = 3 / 4 ,
max = / 2 . .
, () , , = / 4 ,
.
= / 2 (. . ) ,
. ,
.
().
() . , , .
() . . (, , ) , ,
( 2.6).

, . 2.2.5a,
(. 2.2.7a). 44

 2.2. ()

. 2.2.7

, X 1 X 2 ,
(. 2.2.7b). ,
, :
F1 + F2 X 1 X 2 = 0 .
,
, . .
, .
(2.2.3)

F2 b
F a F b X (a + c) X 1b
+ 1 + 1 1

= 0.
EA 2 EA1 EA2
EA1
EA2

X1 =

( F1 + F2 ) A1b + F1 A2 a
;
A1b + A2 (a + c )

X 2 = F1 + F2 X 1 .

,
F
A , . 2.2.8.

X2 = X3;
F X 1 2 X 2 cos = 0 .
, , 1 = OO . , , . . OOB2 = OOB3 = . ,

2 = 3 = B 2 O = B3 O = 1 cos ,
45

 2. -

X 2l
Xl
= 1 cos .
EA cos EA

X2 =

F cos 2
;
1 + 2 cos3

X1 =

F
.
1 + 2 cos3

. l A ,
F (. 2.2.9a). W F ,
U . , , , . (. 2.2.9b),
Fm d (l )

dWF = Fm d (l ) .

(2.2.10)

F l ( l ), ,
(2.2.10) ,

a)

b)
. 2.2.8

46

. 2.2.9

 2.2. ()

OM 1 M :

WF = U =

1
Fl .
2

(2.2.11)

,
1 / 2 .
(2.2.11) l (2.2.3), (2.2.1)

U=

F 2l
.
2 EA

(2.2.12)

N ,

l

U = dU ;
0

dU =

N 2 dz
.
2 EA

N = N (z ) .

, Fx , Fy Fz , ().
dV = dxdydz , x ,
y z (. 2.2.10). ,
(2.2.10).
dx , dy dz ,
dU

dU =

dU =

. 2.2.10

1
( Fx dx + Fy dy + Fz dz ) ,
2

1
( x x + y y + z z )dxdydz .
2

(2.2.13)

(2.2.13) x , y z (2.2.6)

dU =

1
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2 ( x y + x z + y z ) dxdydz .
2E

(2.2.14)

47

 2. -

2.3.

,
,
. .
. A dA (. 2.3.1),
x y .
1.


:
x

S x = ydA ;
A

S y = xdA .

(2.3.1)

S x S y x y ,
S x 0 S y 0

x0 y 0 , b a (. 2.3.2).

x0 = x a;

y0 = y b .

(2.3.1) S x 0 S y 0

. 2.3.1

48

. 2.3.2

 2.3.

S x 0 = ( y b) dA = y dA b dA = S x b A

A
A
A

S y 0 = ( x a ) dA = x dA a dA = S y a
A
A
A

(2.3.2)

(2.3.2) : , ,
.
, , . ,

.
( x c , yc ) ,
yc A = S x , xc A = S y ,

yc =

Sx
;
A

xc =

Sy
A

(2.3.3)

2.

. :
x

I x = y 2 dA ;
A

I y = x 2 dA .

(2.3.4)

I x y x y
,

I xy = xydA .

(2.3.5)

I p = 2 dA ,

(2.3.6)

. 2 = x 2 + y 2 ,
(2.3.6)

49

 2. -

dA = y dA + x dA ,
2

, (2.3.4),

Ip = Ix + Iy .

(2.3.7)

, (2.3.7) . , ,
, . .

I x + I y = I x1 + I y1 = const .
.
.
1.
b h , y dy (. 2.3.3).
h/2

I x = y 2 dA = 2 y 2bdy =
A

bh 3
;
12

Iy =

hb 3
.
12

(2.3.8)

2. R (. 2.3.4)
, , ,
: d
dA = 2d (2.3.6),
R

I p = 2 dA = 2 3d =
A

R 4
2

D 4
32

, R = D / 2 ,

Ix = Iy = I p / 2 =

. 2.3.3

50

D 4
64

(2.3.9)

. 2.3.4

 2.3.

.

.
1. , ( x c , yc ) , , x + x c y + y c (. 2.3.5). I x

I x = ( y + yc ) 2 dA = y 2 dA + 2 yc ydA + yc2 dA.

A

(2.3.10)

(2.3.1) (2.3.4)

I x c = y 2 dA ;
A

S x c = ydA = 0 ;
A

A = dA ,

(2.3.11)

(2.3.10) (2.3.11)
2

I x = I x c + yc A .

(2.3.12)

I x y

I xy = ( y + yc )( x + xc )dA = xydA + xc ydA + yc xdA + xc yc dA . (2.3.13)

I x c yc = x ydA ;
A

S yc = x dA = 0 ;
A

S x c = ydA = 0 ,
A

(2.3.13)

I x y = I x c yc + x c yc A .

(2.3.14)

2.
X Y (. 2.3.6)

. 2.3.5

. 2.3.6

51

 2. -

x1 = x cos + y sin ;

y1 = y cos x sin .

(2.3.15)

, . (2.3.15), I x1
I x1 = ( y cos x sin ) 2 dA = cos 2 y 2 dA + sin 2 x 2 dA 2 sin cos x ydA ,
A

I x1 = I x cos 2 + I y sin 2 I x y sin 2 .

(2.3.16)

(2.3.16)

I y1 = I x sin 2 + I y cos2 + I x y sin 2 .

(2.3.17)

(2.3.16) (2.3.17)
, cos 2 = (1 + cos 2 ) / 2 ,

sin 2 = (1 cos 2 ) / 2 :
Ix + I y

Ix I y

cos 2 I xy sin 2

2
2
.
Ix + Iy Ix Iy
I y1 =
cos 2 + I xy sin 2

2
2

I x1 =

I x

Ix

Ix

y1

y1

y1

(2.3.18)

= ( x cos + y sin )( y cos x sin )dA

A
.
Ix Iy

sin 2 + I xy cos 2
=

(2.3.19)

,
. (2.3.19),
0 :

tg 2 0 =

2 I xy
Iy Ix

(2.3.20)

(2.3.20) / 2 , , , .
52

 2.3.

,
I x1 , :

dI x1

= ( I y I x ) sin 2 2 I xy cos 2 = 0 .

(2.3.21)

, (2.3.20) (2.3.21) .
, ,
( ) .
. . I 0 I x1 (2.3.18)

I0 =

Ix + Iy

Ix Iy

cos 2 0 I xy sin 2 0 .

(2.3.22)

(2.3.22) I x y (2.3.20),

I0 =

Ix + Iy
2

Ix Iy
2

1
.
cos 2 0

(2.3.23)

1
= 1 + tg 2 2 0 , (2.3.20)
cos 2 0
1
1
2
( I x I y ) 2 + 4 I xy .
=
cos 2 0
Ix Iy
(2.3.23) I max I x1 :

I min

Ix + Iy

1
2
( I x I y ) 2 + 4 I xy
2
2

I +I
1
2
( I x I y ) 2 + 4 I xy
= x y
2
2

I max =

(2.3.24)

53

 2. -

2.4.

. ,
, . , , ,
, .
()
,
.
,
, .
, ,
.
, :
= G .
(2.4.1)
G , , , , E .
(. 2.4.1). ,
: . , , -

a)

b)
. 2.4.1

c)

. , . ,
, ,
. , .
54

 2.4.

,
, (. 2.4.1b).
A , x A sin , A cos .
(.
2.4.1b),

A xy A cos sin xy A sin cos = 0 ,

= xy sin 2 .

(2.4.2)

, ,

A xy A cos2 + xy A sin 2 = 0 ,

= xy cos2 .

(2.4.3)

(2.4.3) , ,
/ 4 , . ,
. 2.2,
. 1 , 2 3 (. 2.4.1).

1 = xy ; 2 = 0; 3 = xy .

(2.4.4)

(2.4.4) , , ,
, .
(2.4.1) ,
G . a (. 2.4.2). ,
S . yz ,

S = a yz .

(2.4.5)

S =

AA
cos

= 2 lOA , , (2.4.5),

4
a yz = 2lOA .

(2.4.6)

OA

OA (2.2.1) . 2.4.2 lOA

. 2.4.2

55

 2. -

OA =

lOA lOA
=
, lOA = 2 OA a . yz lOA
2a

(2.4.6)

yz = 2OA .

(2.4.7)

OA , , OA , . . , .
(2.2.6)

z =

y x
,

+
E
E
E

z = OA ; z = 1 = yz ; y = 3 = yz ; x = 2 = 0 .

(2.4.8)

(2.4.8) (2.2.6)

OA =

1+
yz .
E

(2.4.9)

(2.4.9) (2.4.7),

yz =

E
yz .
2(1 + )

(2.4.10)

(2.4.10) (2.4.1),

G=

E
,
2(1 + )

(2.4.11)

(2.4.10)

xy = G xy ; yz = G yz ; zx = G zx .

(2.4.12)

,
, (2.2.6), (), (2.4.12), G E (2.4.11).
. ,
M t ,
( )
56

 2.4.

.
( ) T ,
.

( 2.1), : T ,
.
. ,
, .
.
. ,
, .
. , .

: , , ( );

, ;
.

(. 2.4.3),
T . . abdc.

. . 2.4.3b ,
abdc (

a)

. 2.4.3

b)

57

 2. -

).
,
,

zy dz dy yz dz dy = 0 .

(2.4.13)

zy = yz = .

(2.4.14)

(2.4.13) ,

(2.4.14) ,

, .
.
, r
dz . d
(. 2.4.4). b
b .

dz = rd .

(2.4.15)

, =

d
, (2.4.15)
dz
= /r .

(2.4.16)

. 2.4.5 , - . , , . A -

. 2.4.4

. 2.4.5

. B ; , , .
( ) r , b .
58

 2.4.

. r (. 2.4.6), T . + d . , , . dM t

dM t = 2 2 d .

(2.4.17)

(2.4.17) 0 r ,
,
:
r

M t = 2 2 d .

(2.4.18)

. 2.4.6

, (2.4.1)
(2.4.16) ,

max max
=
=
,

max
r

(2.4.19)

max = r

, max .
(2.4.19) (2.4.18)

Mt =

max
r

d .

(2.4.20)

(2.4.20)

:
r

d = 2 dA ,

(2.4.21)

A .
(2.3.6) (2.4.21) I p , .
(2.4.20)

Mt =

max
r

Ip.

(2.4.22)
59

 2. -

Wp ,

Wp =

Ip

Ip

max

(2.4.23)

max (2.4.22) (2.4.23)

max =

M t M t max M t r
.
=
=
Wp
Ip
Ip

(2.4.24)

(2.4.5) (2.4.24) :

= max = t .
max G max GI p

(2.4.25)

max , :

max a ,

(2.4.26)

a . , (. 2.7).

(. 2.4.7ac).
1. D (. 2.4.7a):

Wp =

D 3
16

Ip =

D 4
32

(2.4.27)

2. D d
(. 2.4.7b):

a)

b)
. 2.4.7

60

c)

 2.4.

D 3

4
d
Wp =
1 ;
16 D

Ip =

(D 4 d 4 )
32

(2.4.28)

3. D (. 2.4.7c):

Wp =

D 2
2

Ip =

D 3
4

(2.4.29)

, (2.3.9)

I x = I p / 2; Wx = W p / 2 .
.

, . .
, ().

. . 2.4.8 , (,
). .
, .

(. 2.4.9). -

. 2.4.8

. 2.4.9

61

 2. -

, X 1 X 2 ,
. , ,
,
3T + T X 1 X 2 = 0 .
, , :

X 1 l ( X 1 3T ) l ( X 1 3T ) l ( X 1 4T ) l
+
+
+
= 0.
G I p1
G I p1
G I p2
G I p2
,
, (2.4.27), I p1 = 16 I p 2 ,

X1 =

115
T;
34

X2 =

21
T.
34

. , .

. , ,
, , . , ,
.
, .
, ,
() , .
. , , (. 2.4.10a).

a)

62

b)
. 2.4.10

 2.4.

, , .
b h , b < h
(. 2.4.10a). , .

y max =

Mt
,
Wt

(2.4.30)

Wt = hb 2 , , (. ).

x max = y max .

(2.4.31)

,
.
(2.4.25)

Mt
,
G It

(2.4.32)

I t , I t = hb3 .
, h / b ( 2.4.1).
2.4.1.

h/b

10

0,208

0,246

0,267

0,282

0,299

0,307

0,313

1/3

0,140

0,229

0,263

0,281

0,299

0,307

0,313

1/3

1,000

0,795

0,753

0,745

0,743

0,742

0,742

0,742

, , .
.
()

. (. 2.4.11). , . , - .
63

 2. -

, b << h . ,
2.4.1,

y max =

3M t
;
h b2

3M t
. (2.4.33)
G hb3

. 2.4.11
,
,
T (. 2.4.11).
, , , . (2.4.33) , b = , h =
l , l = h1 + h2 + h3 :

y max =

3M t
;
l 2

3M t
.
Gl 3

(2.4.34)

. 2.4.12.
(, . 2.4.13 , ),
.
. M ti , i - . , n ,
n

M t = M ti .

(2.4.35)

i =1

, .

. 2.4.12

64

. 2.4.13

 2.4.

, i .

= 1 = 2 = ... = i =

M t1 M t2
M
=
= ... = ti .
GI t1 GI t 2
GI ti

(2.4.36)

(2.4.36)
(2.4.35)
n

M t = G I ti .

(2.4.37)

i =1

(2.4.37) (2.4.36),

M ti =

M t I ti

I
i =1

(2.4.38)

ti

, (2.4.30),
(2.4.34) (2.4.38) , I ti / Wti = i ,

i max =

M t I ti
n

Wti I ti

i =1

M t i
1 n
li i3
3 i =1

(2.4.39)

,
, (2.4.39)

i max =

3M t

l
i =1

(2.4.40)

,
, .
.
dz (.
2.4.14). z ,

2 2 dz 11dz = 0 ,
2 2 = 1 1 = = const .

. 2.4.14

65

 2. -

. 2.4.15

T M t = ds ,

(2.4.41)

.
ds

(. 2.4.15), = ds , . , (2.4.41), :

T
.

(2.4.42)

.
dU
,
(. 2.4.16):

M 2 dz
1
dU = Td = t .
2
2GI p

(2.4.43)

(2.4.43):

. 2.4.16

U = dU .

(2.4.44)

().
, , (). . 2.4.17
d z .
. ,
66

 2.4.

,
,
. ,
M t

M t T = FD / 2 ,

(2.4.45)

D .

. 2.4.17
,
(2.4.27), , (2.4.43),

1
U = T d =
2

Dz

F 2 D 2 dz
=
8G I p

Dz

4 F 2 D 2 dz 4 F 2 D 3 z
.
=
G d 4
Gd 4

(2.4.46)

, ,
U = WF . ,

WF =

1
F .
2

(2.4.47)

(2.4.46) (2.4.47),

1
4F 2 D 3 z
F =
,
2
Gd 4

8FD 3 z
=
.
Gd 4

(2.4.48)

(2.4.48) ,
.
, (2.4.45). max (2.4.24) (2.4.27),

max =

T
8F D
.
=
Wp d 3

(2.4.49)

67

 2. -

2.5.

, , ,
. : (), (). . 2.5.1 .
q1 q2 ,
F M .
. ,
() Q x Q y , N , M nx M ny (. 2.5.2). , (. 2.12.4),
.
, . . , ,
.
Q x Q y
,

. , , , - . ,
. 2.5.1
, ,
.
. , , ,
.
,
( ).
, ,
,
. 2.5.2
.
68

 2.5.

a)

b)

c)

. 2.5.3

,
. , :
(. 2.5.3a), (. 2.5.3b),
(. 2.5.3c) . .
,
.
, . - , ,
.
R a R r , M R ,
.
, . . ,
.
, ,
: ; , ;
, .

: l , , , F (. 2.5.4a). , , .


,
.

. 2.5.4
(69

 2. -

). , .
(. 2.5.4), , .
( k ),
, , B :
k

Fi = 0 ;
i =1

, ,

R A + RB = F ;

M
i =1

= 0,

R A l Fb = 0 .

(2.5.1)

(2.5.1), :

RA =

Fb
;
l

RB =

Fa
.
l

.5.2)

A , ,
z , (2.5.2)

Qy = RA =

Fb
,
l

M nx = R A z =

Qy = RA F =
M nx = R A z F ( z a) =

Fbz
,
a+b

0 z < a;

Fa
,
l

F (a 2 + ab az )
, a z < a +b.
a+b

(2.5.3)

(2.5.3)
Q y (z ) M nx ( z ) (. 2.5.4bc).

q (. 2.5.5). -

. 2.5.5

70

 2.5.

Q y (Q y + dQ y ) qdz = 0 ;
M nx ( M nx + dM nx ) + qdz

dz
+ (Q y + dQ y )dz = 0 .
2

(2.5.4)

(2.5.4) ,

dQ y
dz

= q ;

dM nx
= Qy .
dz

(2.5.5)

(2.5.5)
().
, . , , , , . , ,
,
. (
z x y
X Y ) , xy ( x , y )

xy = z + x y + y x .

(2.5.6)

, (. 2.5.6). (2.5.6)

xy = x y .

(2.5.7)

. 2.5.6

. 2.5.7

71

 2. -

A , M nx . (. 2.5.7).
, , . . .
, , . ,
. .
y dA , ,
xy . y , .
dM nx = xy ydA .
(2.5.8)
, (2.5.8):

M nx = dM nx .

(2.5.9)

x max
y max ,

xy

x max

y max

(2.5.10)

(2.5.9) (2.5.10)

M nx =

x max
y max

Ix ,

(2.5.11)

I x = y 2 dA (2.3.4) .
A

Wx =

y dA ,
2

y max

(2.5.12)

(2.5.11) ,
M nx :

x max =
72

M nx
.
Wx

(2.5.13)

 2.5.

(2.5.12) (2.5.13)
M ny ,

y max =

M ny
Wy

Wy =

x max

dA .

(2.5.14)

z =

Fz M nx y M ny x
.
+
+
A
Ix
Iy

(2.5.15)

, ,
,
. , , (.
3.1).
. , ,
M (. 2.5.6), .
. 2.5.8.
dz , , y ,
dz . , ,

(2.1.2):

x = E

dz
,
dz

(2.5.16)

dz = x d x ; dz = yd x ,

(2.5.17)

x . (2.5.17) (2.5.16)
(2.5.13), K x :

M nx
.
x EI x
K y
Kx =

Ky =

M ny
EI y

(2.5.18)

(2.5.19)

. 2.5.8

73

 2. -

, ,
K u ()

K=

u
.
(1 + u 2 ) 3/2

(2.5.20)

(
,
) u 2 ,

K=

= u .

(2.5.21)

(2.5.21) (2.5.18) (2.5.19),

:

d 2 u x M nx
=
;
EI x
dz 2

d 2u y
dz

M ny
EI y

(2.5.22)

x =

M nx z
;
EI x

y =

M ny z
EI y

(2.5.23)

.
, . , , .
,
, .
. , .
, .
, , . , .
. , .
, , , , , .
74

 2.5.

. 2.5.9

.
dz b Q y (. 2.5.9).
, .
, y , , A0 . Fz

Fz = dA .

(2.5.24)

A0

, (2.5.15)

=
(2.5.24)

Fz =

M nx
Ix

yM nx
,
Ix

ydA =
A0

M nx S z 0
,
Ix

y dA , S z 0 =

(2.5.25)

ydA
Ao

Fz + dFz = ( + d )dA =
Ao

(M nx + dM nx )S z 0 .
Ix

(2.5.26)

75

 2. -

,
. ,
b ,

dM nx S z 0
= bdz ,
Ix

(2.5.27)

(2.5.5) :

Qy S z0
I xb

(2.5.28)

(2.5.28) A = bh , y Q y (. 2.5.10). ,
y ,

S z0

b h2
= y2 ;
2 4

Ix =

bh 3
.
12

(2.5.29)

(2.5.29) (2.5.28)

6Q y h 2

y 2 .
3
bh 4

(2.5.30)

(2.5.30) ,
( y = 0 ),

max =
m =

Qy
A

3
= m,
2A 2

(2.5.31)

. 2.5.10

76

3Q y

(2.5.28)

(
,
l l / 10 ).


. ,
. -

 2.5.

, .
,
x Q y ,
y . , (2.5.28), .
2.5.11. , ,

max =

(4b + h )hQ y
8I x

,
. 2.5.11

, .
. , , , ,
:

U x =

1
M nx x ;
2

U y =

1
M ny y .
2

(2.5.32)

(2.5.23):

U =
l

M ny2 dz
M nx2 dz
+
.
EI
2 EI x
2
y
l

(2.5.33)

l .
, .
,
.

77

 2. -

2.6.

, ,
(
2.1). , , , .
, .
,
. , , .
() .
.
, . .
, . , . , , ,
.

.
.
, .
,
. 3.3.

.
.

.
.

l
(.
2.6.1). F , . 2.6.1
.
78

 2.6.

.
dz , z . z ( K z = 1 / z ) . (2.5.18)

Kz =

M nx
,
EI x

(2.6.1)

M nx = F (l z ) .

(2.6.2)

(2.6.1) (2.6.2) (2.5.22),

d 2 F ( l z)
=
.
EI x
dz 2

(2.6.3)

(2.6.3) . (2.6.3)

d
Fl
Fzdz
F
=
=
dz
dz
EI x
EI x
EI x

z2

lz

+ C1 .
2

(2.6.4)

d
, . 2.6.1, .
dz

(2.6.4)
:

F
z2
F lz 2 z 3
+ C1 z + C2 . (2.6.5)

lz dz + C1dz =
2
6
EI x
EI x 2

C1 C2 ,

d
= 0 z = 0 .
dz
C2 = 0 , C1 = 0 . (2.6.5)

: = 0;

F lz 2 z 3
.

EI x 2
6

(2.6.6)

Fl 3
=
.
3EI x

(2.6.7)

z = l , ,
(2.6.6)

79

 2. -

,
, . 2.5.4a 2.6.2.

. 2.6.2

, a b , (2.5.3). , (2.6.3),
a

1 =

d1
Fb
Fb z 2
zdz =
=
+ C1 ;
dz lEI x
lEI x 2

(2.6.8)

Fb z 2
Fb z 3
+ C1 z + C2 ,
dz + C1dz =
lEI x 2
lEI x 6

(2.6.9)

Fb z 2 F ( z a) 2
F ( z a)
d 2
Fb
=

+ C3 ;
dz =
zdz
2 EI x
lEI x 2
EI x
dz lEI x
2 =

(2.6.10)

Fb z 2
F ( z a) 2
Fb z 3
F (z a )

+ C 3 z + C 4 . (2.6.11)
dz
dz + C 3 dz =
lEI x 2
2 EI x
lEI x 6 EI x
6
3

, .
1:
2:

1 = 0 z = 0 , (2.6.9) C2 = 0 ;
d1 d2
=
z = a , (2.6.8) (2.6.10)
dz
dz
C3 = C1 ;

3:

1 = 2 z = a , (2.6.9), (2.6.11) C3 = C1 C4 = 0 ;

4:

2 = 0 z = l , , (2.6.11),
3
Fb l 3
F ( l a)

+ C3 l = 0 ;
6
lEI x 6 EI x

80

C3 =

Fb 2
(l b 2 ) .
6lEI x

 2.6.

(2.6.9) (2.6.11)

1 =

Fbz 2 2
(z l + b2 ) ;
6lEI x

(2.6.12)

F (z a)
Fbz 2 2
2 =
(z l + b 2 )
.
6lEI x
EI x
6
3

(2.6.13)

(2.6.8) (2.6.10)

d1
Fb z 2
Fb 2
Fb 2 l 2 b 2
(l b 2 ) =
=

z + ;
2lEI x
3
3
dz lEI x 2 6lEI x
d2
Fb
=
2lEI x
dz

2 l 2 b 2 F (z a) 2
.
z +
3
3
2 EI x

(2.6.14)

(2.6.15)

, . z = a = b = l / 2 .
, ,

Fl 3
1 =
,
48 EI x

(2.6.16)

, ,
:

d1
= 0.
dz

(2.6.17)

,
. .
.
, Fi (. 2.1.1).
(. 2.1.3). i . Fi d i
( ),
, dWi ,

dWi = Fi di .

(2.6.18)

81

 2. -

, U
dU i :

dU i =

U
d i .
i

(2.6.19)

dU i dWi , . . (2.6.19) (2.6.18) , ,

,

Fi =

U
.
i

(2.6.20)

F1 =

U
U
U
, F2 =
, ... , Fi =
.
1
2
i

(2.6.21)

(2.6.21) , ,

i - ,

. (. . )
.
(2.6.21), , :
F1 , F2 ,..., Fi , ,
,

1 =

U
U
U
, 2 =
, ... , i =
.
F1
F2
Fi

(2.6.22)

(2.6.22) .

, (. 2.6.1).
( ), (2.6.22) (2.5.33),

U l M nx2 dz l F 2 (l z )2 dz Fl 3
=
=
=
,
=
F F 0 2 EI x F 0
2 EI x
3EI x

(2.6.23)

(2.6.7).
, , , . ,
, .
.
82

 2.6.

(2.5.33)

i =

M M nx
U M nx2 dz
=
= nx
dz .

Fi Fi 2 EI x
EI x Fi

: M 1x =

(2.6.24)

M nx
M nx Fi

, .
, ,
. (2.6.24)

i =

M nx M 1x dz
.
EI x

(2.6.25)

(2.6.25) , .
, , .
.
1. (. 2.6.1),
(2.6.25).
: , M nx = F (l z ) ,

, M 1x = ( l z ) . , ,
l

=
0

F (l z ) dz
Fl 3
.
=
EI x
3EI x
2

(2.6.26)

2. , i ,
, (2.6.25)

N 1 Ndz l M x1 M nxF dz l M y1 M nyF dz l M t1 M t dz

, (2.6.27)
i =
+
+
+
EA
EI x
EI y
EI p
o
0
0
0
l

N 1 , N ;
M x1 , M y1 M nxF , M nyF ; M t1 , M t
; A .
3. D
i , d (. 2.6.3). T .
M = M nx T ,
83

 2. -

, , (2.5.13),

x max =

M nx 32T
=
.
Wx
d 3

(2.6.28)

, . .
.
(2.6.25),
M 1x = 1 . , ,
(2.3.9)

. 2.6.3

Di

M nx dz Di Tdz TDi 64TDi

=
=
= 4 .
EI x
EI x
EI x
d E
0

(2.6.29)

.
, , ,

.
, W ,
, U .

, , Fi i , Fi
. k
k

W = Fi i .

(2.6.30)

i =1

= U + W = U Fi i .

(2.6.31)

i =1

(2.6.31) i ,

U
=
Fi .
i i

(2.6.32)

(2.6.32) (2.6.20),

= 0.
i
84

(2.6.33)

 2.6.

. , ,
(2.6.33),
,

= 0,
=0,,
= 0.
1
2
i

(2.6.34)

, ( ). ,
(2.6.34), , , . , , .
.
, , .
. , () (. 2.2). , . 2.6.4a, .
, , (. 2.6.4b), .
. -

a)

b)
. 2.6.4

. , ,
, (. 2.6.7).
,
. , ,
85

 2. -

X 1 , X 2 ,..., X k . -

. ,
, . , ,
.
( ),

1 X 1 + 1 X 2 + 1 X 3 + . . + 1F
2 X 1 + 2 X 2 + 2 X 3 + . . + 2F
.

kX 1

.
.
+ kX 2

.
.
+ kX 3

. . . .
.
+ . . + kF

= 0
= 0
.
. .
= 0

(2.6.35)

iXj iF , i, j = 1, K , k X i , -

X j F . iXj

iXj = ij X j ,

(2.6.36)

ij X i ,
j - . (2.6.35)

11 X 1
21 X 1

+ 12 X 2
+ 22 X 2

+ 13 X 3
+ 23 X 3

+ . . + 1F
+ . . + 2 F

.
k 1 X 1

.
.
+ k 2 X 2

.
.
+ k 3 X 3

. . . .
.
+ . . + kF

(2.6.37)

= 0
= 0
.
. .
= 0

(2.6.37)

X 1 , X 2 ,..., X k .

,
. . , . ,
.
, CB
BA a (2.6.5a). CB q . ,
. ,
86

 2.6.

. ,
X 1
X 2 (. 2.6.5b), (2.6.37)

11 X 1 + 12 X 2 + 1F = 0
21 X 1 + 22 X 2 + 2 F

.
= 0

(2.6.38)

ij , i , j = 1,2 , (2.6.38),
, , ,
.
n . , M 1 X 1 M 1 X 2
, X 1 X 2 . z . 2.6.5 c,d.

a)

b)

e)

c)

d)

f)

g)
. 2.6.5

,
:

11 =

CB + BA

M 1 X 1 M 1 X 1dz
z 2 dz
a 2 dz
4a 3
=
+
=
;
EI x
EI x 0 EI x
3EI x
0
87

 2. -
a

22 =

CB + BA

12 = 21 =

M 1 X 2 M 1 X 2 dz
z 2 dz
a3
=
=
;
EI x
EI x
3EI x
0
a

CB + BA

M 1 X 1 M 1 X 2 dz
azdz
a3
=
=
.
EI x
EI x
2 EI x
0

(2.6.39)

, q , z .

CB M q M F = qz

z
(. 2.6.5). ,
2

X 1 ,
( q ), (2.6.25)

1F =

CB + BA

M F M 1 X 1dz
1
=
EI x
EI x

qz 2 zdz
1
0 2 EI x

qa 2 adz
5qa 4
=

. (2.6.40)
0 2
8 EI x

X 2

2 F =

CB + BA

M F M 1 X 2 dz
1
=
EI x
EI x

qa 2 zdz
qa 4
=
.
0 2
4 EI x

(2.6.41)

(2.6.39) (2.6.41) (2.6.38)

4
X1
3

1
X2
2

1
X1 +
2

1
X2 +
3

5qa

= 0
8

qa
=0
4

(2.6.42)

X1 =

3
qa ;
7

X2 =

3
qa .
28

(2.6.43)

X 2 (2.6.43) , .
(2.6.43), , . (. 2.6.5f).
(2.6.43) , CB

M nx ( z ) =
88

qz 2
3
qaz
,
7
2

(2.6.44)

 2.6.

M nx = 0 z = 0 M nx =
M nx ( z )

qa 2
z = a . z max
14

dM nx
( z = z max ) = 3 qa qz max = 0 ,
dz
7
3
9
qa 2 . , z max = a , , (2.6.44), M nx max =
7
98
qz 02
3
(2.6.44) M nx ( z = z 0 ) = qaz 0
= 0 , . .
7
2
6
z0 = a .
7
BA

qa 2 3qa
+
z,
14
28
( A z = a )
M nx ( z ) =

M nx =

(2.6.45)

qa 2
.
28

. 2.6.5g.
, . -

a)

b)

d)

e)
. 2.6.6

c)

f)

89

 2. -

. (. 2.6.6a).
A ,
X 1 , X 2 X 3 (. 2.6.6b). , (.
2.6.6c,d,e). , X 1 X 2 (. 2.6.6c,d), X 3 , (. 2.6.6e). , . 2.6.6f, .
, ,
(2.6.25)

,
13 = 31 = 32 = 23 = 0 . ,
(. 2.6.6).
, ,
3 F = 0 . (2.6.37) X 3 = 0 . , ,
, , . . ,
,
.
,
, . . X 1 = 0 , X 2 = 0 .
, .
(. 2.6.7a).
. 2.6.7a , , . X 1 , X 2
X 3 (. 2.6.7b).
X 3 , ,
, , X 3 = 0 . X 2 = F / 2 . X 1 (2.6.35),

11 X 1 + 1F = 0 .

(2.6.46)

(2.6.46) . ,
,
,

MF =
90

FR
(1 cos ) ;
2

M 1 X 1 = 1 ,

(2.6.47)

 2.6.

a)

b)

c)

. 2.6.7

11 =
l

1F

M 1 X 1 M 1 X 1dz
=
EI x

M F M 1 X 1 dz
FR 2
=
=
2 EI x
EI x
l

/2

R
Rd
;
=
EI x
2 EI x

/2

FR 2
0 (1 cos )d = 2 EI x 1 2 .

(2.6.48)

(2.6.47) (2.6.48) (2.6.46)

1 1
X 1 = FR ;
2

1 1

M = M F X 1 = FR cos .
2

(2.6.49)

(2.6.49)
(. 2.6.7c)
.

91

 2. -

2.7.

. F1 , F2 , K , Fk ,
, .
, , , . . ,
, .
, , (. 2.2).
A

dx, dy dz (. 2.7.1). , , ,
,
, . , , , .
, -

. 2.7.1

, . , , .
,
.

, .
. , ,
.
.
- , , (. 2.7.2 a).
92

 2.7. .

a)

b)

c)

. 2.7.2

, (.
2.7.2b). , (,
), ,
(. 2.7.2 ).
,
(. 2.7.3).

( z ).

.
. 2.7.3
,
,

A = x Ax cos + y Ay sin ;

A = x Ax sin y Ay cos ,

(2.7.1)

Ax , Ay , A ,

Ay = Ax tg ; A = Ax / cos .

(2.7.2)

(2.7.2) (2.7.1)

= x cos2 + y sin 2 ;

= ( x y ) sin cos .

(2.7.3)

cos 2 = (1 + cos 2 ) / 2 , sin 2 = (1 cos 2 ) / 2 2 sin cos = sin 2 , 93

 2. -

(2.7.3)

1
2

1
2

= ( x + y ) + ( x y )cos 2 ;
1
2

= ( x y )sin 2 .

(2.7.4)

(2.7.4) ,
=

max

1
2

max = ( x y ) .

(2.7.5)

x y 1

3 . (2.7.4) ,
2

+ 3
3

2
,
+ = 1
1
2
2

(2.7.6)

max =

1 3
2

1 + 3

; = 0 .

. , 2 , ,
. 2.7.4.
, .
, ,
, .
, ,
, 2 (. 2.7.4a).

a)

94

b)
. 2.7.4

 2.7. .

, z ,
, . ,
,

(. 2.7.4b). ,

. , , P , ,
: , :

= 1 cos 2 1 + 2 cos 2 2 + 3 cos 2 3 ;

= 1 cos 2 1 + 2 cos 2 2 + 3 cos 2 3 2 .
. , (.
. )
(. 2.2.6 2.4.12).

( x y )
E

1
y = ( y x )

E
.

z = ( x + y )
E

xy

xy =

x =

(2.7.7)

[
[
[

]
]
]

zx
=
G

1
x ( y + z )
E
1
y = y ( x + z )
E
1
z = z ( x + y )
E

x =

xy =

xy
G

, yz =

yz
G

, zx

(2.7.8)

95

 2. -

x =

dx
;
dx

y =

V =
, (2.7.9),

dy
;
dy

dz
.
(2.7.9)
dz
dV = dxdydz

z =

(dx + dx)(dy + dy )(dz + dz )

,
dxdydz

(2.7.10)

V = (1 + x )(1 + y )(1 + z ) .

(2.7.11)

V , V1 .
(2.7.11)
, ,

V1 V V V V
=
= V 1 = x + y + z .
V
V

(2.7.12)

, , ,
, . .

dU =

1
( x x + y y + z z + xy xy + yz yz + zx zx )dxdydz .
2

(2.7.13)

(2.7.13) (2.7.8),

dU =

1
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2 ( y z + z x + x y ) dxdydz +
2E
1 2
yz + zx2 + xy2 dxdydz,
2G

dU =

(2.7.14)

1
1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 2 ( 2 3 + 3 1 + 1 2 ) dxdydz . (2.7.15)
2E

,
:

U = dU .

(2.7.16)

. ,
,
.
, , .
, , 96

 2.7. .

.
, , , , .
, , ,
. , .
,
, ,
. , .
,
.
, .
.
.
,
, , . .
,
, . . . , ,
(),
. , , , . e ,
e = f ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) .
(2.7.17)
, ,
e . :
e
e

b
nb

r
nr

= ab ;

(2.7.18)

= ar .

(2.7.19)

ab ar , nb nr , b r
.
97

 2. -

,
,
. ,
( ). , .
, , . ,

.
( ). , , ,

e =1.

(2.7.20)

,
,
.
. ,
. ,
, ,
.
.
( ). , , , , ,

e = 1,

(2.7.21)

e 1
. ,
,

e = 1 ( 2 + 3 ) .

(2.7.22)

(2.7.22), , . . , ,
. .
( ).
, , , . .
98

 2.7. .

,
, / 4 .
4.2.2, .
,
, . .
e = 1 3 = 2 .
(2.7.23)

(2.7.5).
, , . ,
2 , ,
(10 15)% , .
- ( ).
, . ,
. , ,
. ,
. ,
, .
, .
,
. 15% .
(. 2.2.10). ,
, ,

1 = m + 1 , 2 = m + 2 , 3 = m + 3 ,

(2.7.24)

,
. m , , . . (2.7.12) x + y + z = 0 , , ,

1 + 2 + 3 = 0 .
(2.7.24) ,

m =

1 + 2 +
3

(2.7.25)
99

 2. -

, , , . , ,
dU ,
: dU f
dU V ,

dU = dU f + dU V .

(2.7.26)

(2.2.13) m
(2.7.25) :

dUV =

1 2
( 1 + 2 + 3 ) 2 dxdydz .
6

(2.7.27)

(2.7.26) (2.2.13)

dU f =

1+
( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2 dxdydz .
6E

(2.7.28)

, 1 = e 2 = 3 = 0 ,
dU f (2.7.28)

dU f =

1+ 2
e dxdydz .
3E

(2.7.29)

(2.7.28) (2.7.29),

e =

1
( 1 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 + ( 3 1 ) 2 .
2

(2.7.30)

(2.7.30)

e =

1
( x y ) 2 + ( y z ) 2 + ( z x ) 2 + 6( yz2 + zx2 + xy2 ) . (2.7.31)
2

(
), x = y = 0 ; z = ; xy = zx = 0 ; zy = , (2.7.31)

e = 2 + 3 2 .

(2.7.32)

(2.7.32) = 0 , . . ,

=
100

1
3

e 0,577 e .

(2.7.33)

 2.7. .

,
,

r =

1
3

r 0,577 r ,

(2.7.34)

. ,
,
(0,56 0,6) r ,

. , (2.7.23)

r = 0,5 r ,

(2.7.35)

(2.7.34), .
, , , , .
( ). ,

().
, rt ,
rc . , ,
. 2.7.5. .
. 2.7.5
, , .

, .
1 3 , , n ,
(2.7.18) (2.7.19) a1 a3
:
a1 = n 1 ; a 3 = n 3 .
(2.7.36)

. 2.7.6 .

C ,

DE FG
=
.
CE CG

(2.7.37)
101

 2. -

. 2.7.6

, DE , FG , CE CG

DE =
CE =

rt
2

a1 a3
2

a1 + a3
2

rt
2

FG =

CG =

rc
2

a1 a3

a1 + a 3
2

rc
2

;
.

(2.7.38)

, (2.7.38) (2.7.37)
,

rt = a1

rt
.
rc a3

(2.7.39)

, (2.7.36),

n=

rt
.
rt
1
3
rc

(2.7.40)

n=

rt
.
e

(2.7.41)

e = 1 k 3 ,
k =

(2.7.42)

rt

rt
.
bt .
rc
rc
bc

, - .
102

 2.8.

2.8.

- . - , ,
. , .

, .
,
, . d (. 2.8.1).
A u .
u . u (. . A u A ), + d u + du ( B u + du
B ). n

n =

du
,
d

(2.8.1)

t =

2 ( + u) 2 u
= .

(2.8.2)

d , dz

d (. 2.8.2). -

. 2.8.1

. 2.8.2

103

 2. -

, ( ) t n .
, :

( n + d n )( + d )d dz n ddz t d dzd = 0 ,

n +

d n
t = 0,
d

d ( n )
t = 0 .
d

(2.8.3)

(2.8.4)

, , , , n t .
(2.2.6)

n =

1
( n t ) ;
E

t =

1
( t n ) ,
E

(2.8.1) (2.8.2)

n =

E du
u
+ ;

2
1 d

t =

E
1 2

u
du
.
+
d

(2.8.5)

(2.8.4) n t (2.8.5), :

d 2 u 1 du u
+

= 0.
d 2 d 2

(2.8.6)

(2.8.6)

d
d

du u
d + = 0 ,

d 1 d
(u ) = 0 .

d d

104

(2.8.7)

 2.8.

(2.8.7) u

u = C1 +

C2

(2.8.8)

C1 C 2 , .
(2.8.8) u .
(2.8.8) (2.8.5),

n =

E
1 2

1
C1 (1 + ) C2 (1 ) 2 ;

t =

E
1 2

1
C1 (1 + ) + C2 (1 ) 2 .

(2.8.9)

.
r1 r2 , p1 p2 (. 2.8.3).
-

.

:

n ( = r1 ) = p1 ; n ( = r2 ) = p 2 ,

(2.8.9)

C1 =

1 p1r12 p2 r22

;
E
r22 r12

1 + r12 r22
C2 =

( p1 p2 ) . (2.8.10)
E r22 r12
(2.8.10) (2.8.9) (2.8.8)

. 2.8.3

p1r12 p2 r22 r12 r22 p1 p2

2 2
;
n =
r22 r12

r2 r12

t =
u=

p1r12 p2 r22 r12 r22 p1 p2

+ 2 2
.
r22 r12

r2 r12

1 p1r12 p2 r22
1 + r12 r22 p1 p2

.
E
r22 r12
E
r22 r12

(2.8.11)

(2.8.12)

,
.
105

 2. -

1. . :

n ( = r1 ) = p ;

n ( = r2 ) = 0 .

(2.8.11)

n =

pr12
r22 r12

r2
1 22 ;

t =

pr12
r22 r12

r2
1 + 22 .

(2.8.13)

. 2.8.4
. , r1 :

t max = p

r22 + r12
.
r22 r12

, (2.8.13), n max = p .
, (2.7.23)

e = t max n max = p

r22 + r12
2r22
p
p
.
(
)

=
r22 r12
r22 r12

(2.8.14)

2. .

n ( = r1 ) = 0 ;
n ( = r2 ) = p ,
(2.8.11)

n =

pr22
r22 r12

r2
1 1 2 ;

t =

pr22
r22 r12

r2
1 + 1 2 .

(2.8.15)

. 2.8.5 n t

. 2.8.4

106

. 2.8.5

 2.8.

, e = n t
, . . = r1 . ,
(2.7.23),

e = 0 p

2r22
2r22

.
p
=
r22 r12
r22 r12

(2.8.16)

(2.8.16) (2.8.14), .
, r1 = 0 (. .
), , (2.8.16),
:
n =t = p .
- .

(. 4.2). () .
, .
. 1, 2 .

= u 2 u1 ,

(2.8.17)

u 2 ; u1 .
, p 0 . u1

p2 = p0 , r2 = .
p2 = 0, r1 = . , -

(2.8.12), p1 = 0,

u2 p1 = p0 ,
, ,
3
2
p0 ( 1) ( + 1)r1

E
2 r12

.
3
2
p (1 ) + ( + 1)r2
u2 = 0
E
r22 2

u1 =

p 0 ,

(2.8.18)

(2.8.18) (2.8.17)

2
2
2
2
E ( r1 )(r2 )
.
p0 =

2 3
r22 r12

(2.8.19)
107

 2. -

, , (2.8.19)

p0 =

C01 =

2 (C 01 / E1 + C 02 / E 2 )

2 + r12
1 ;
2 r12

C02 =

(2.8.20)

2 + r22
+ 2 .
2 r22

- . ,
() (: , , , , , ). ,
, . , .

. , , ,
. . ,
,
, .
, , , , , , , .
,
.
, , . , ,
. ,
.
,
, , , . , , ,
,
. 2.8.6
.
108

 2.8.

, p ,
(. 2.8.6). :
;
, ;
, ;
;
, , ;
.
dV . ,
( ) m t .
( 2.8.7).
: A, B, C D , , -

; m = O A = O B
ABCD ;

t = O B = O C ,
( , ); O O
; ds1 ds 2
AD ( BC ) AB ( CD ).
,
AB CD , -

. 2.8.7

109

 2. -

, () t . BC AD ,

, , , m . , p , ABCD . , , .

ABCD , . 2.8.7,

pds1 ds 2 2 t ds 2 sin

,

sin

d t
d
2 m ds1 sin m = 0 .
2
2

(2.8.21)

d t
d m

,
2
2
d t d t
ds

= 1 ;
2
2
2t

sin

d m d m
ds

= 2 .
2
2
2 m

(2.8.22)

(2.8.22) (2.8.21)
:

m t p
+
= .
m t

(2.8.23)

(2.8.23) m t , , . , , , .
(2.8.23). ,
R ,

m = t = R ;
m =t,
(2.8.23)

m =t =

pR
.
2

(2.8.24)

, , , , m ,

m / m 0 , t = R

t =

pRt

.
110

 2.9.

2.9.

.
. , - , , . ( ) , , . . .
.
,
, (. . , ,
) .
, ,
. n .

(. 2.9.1).
(. 2.9.1a), ,
, ,
. (. 2.9.1b),
, , .
(. 2.9.1c),
a)
.
,
,

, .

b)
( ) F (. 2.9.2).
.
.
c)
,
. 2.9.1
,
111

 2. -

. . , , . , ( ),
.
, ,
.
. .
. :
A , F ( ).
(. 2.9.2).
M nx
, . (2.5.22), :

EI min y = M nx .

(2.9.1)

I min (2.3.4),
M nx = Fy . ( . 2.9.2
, ). (2.9.1) ,
(2.9.2)
y + k 2 y = 0 ,

k2 =

F
.
EI min

(2.9.3)

, ,

y = C1 sin( kz ) + C2 cos( kz ) .

(2.9.4)

(2.9.4) ,
:
y(z = 0) = 0 ;
y(z = l) = 0 .
C 2 = 0 . C1 sin( kl ) = 0 , .
112

 2.9.

. 2.9.3

, C1 = 0 , , , . ,
sin(k l ) = 0 , k l = n , n .
(2.9.3)

F=

2 n 2 EI min

l2

(2.9.5)

(2.9.5) n ,
, n . , n
y , , . ,
n = 1 , n = 2
l , . . (. 2.9.3).
n

y = C1 sin

nz
l

(2.9.6)

, n . C1
, (.. , )
.
,
n = 1 n = 2
. , n = 1 , Flim ,
, :

Flim =

2 n 2 EI min
l2

(2.9.7)
113

 2. -

(2.9.7),
, ,
.
, , , ,
, .

. , .

. , , Flim , .
.
,
F = Flim . ,
(. 2.9.4),
Flim WF :
. 2.9.4

WF = Flim ,

(2.9.8)

W F U ,

U = WF .

(2.9.9)

C ,
(2.5.33)
l

1 k i M 2 dz
U = nx ,
2 i =1 0 EI i min

(2.9.10)

k ; i li . (2.9.10)
M nx (2.9.1), (2.9.10)
l

1 k i
U = EI i min ( y ) 2 dz .
2 i =1 0

(2.9.11)

dz d
114

 2.9.

d (. 2.9.4).
l F
lF

= d .

(2.9.12)

d = dz dz cos(d ) = 2 sin 2

d
dz .
2

sin

d d y
=
= ,
2
2
2
l

1F
= ( y ) 2 dz .
20

(2.9.13)

(2.9.8) (2.9.11) (2.9.9)

, (2.9.13) :
n

Flim =

EI

min

( y ) 2 dz

i =1 li

lF

( y )

(2.9.14)

dz

(2.9.14) , , . y = y ( z )
. , ,
, :

y = a 0 + a1 z + a 2 z 2 + a3 z 3 + a 4 z 4 + L + a n z n .

(2.9.15)

a 0 , a1 , a 2 , a3 , K , a n (2.9.15) , ,
, .
, ,
.
, ,
y = y ( z ) . ,
.
115

 2. -

, ,
,
lj

1 m
W F = F j ( y ) 2 dz ,

2 j =1 0

(2.9.16)

j , m ; l j
.
.
, ,
.

lim , .. , :

lim =

Flim
.
A

(2.9.17)

Flim =

2 EI min
,
(l )2

(2.9.18)

2.9.1

0,5

0,7

, ,
.
, . . . , , .
, . 2.9.1.
116

 2.9.

(2.9.18) (2.9.17),

lim =

2 EI min
,
(l )2 A

lim =

2E
,
2

(2.9.19)

= l / imin ; i min = I min / A

.
(2.9.19) . , lim
, , A (. 2.2.3),

lim A ,

(2.9.20)

, .
(2.9.19) (2.9.20)

lim =

2E
A,
2
2E
= lim .
A

(2.9.21)

(2.9.21) ,
, . .

lim = 2 E / A , - . ,
lim 110 , lim 80 , lim 100 .
; ,
lim 60 70 .
, (2.9.21)
(2.9.18) (2.9.19). , < lim , , (2.9.18)
(2.9.19). , , = 50 < lim , (2.9.19) lim 800 , ,
117

 2. -

. 2.9.5

. , :

lim = a b ,

(2.9.22)

a b , - .
, < < lim . , = 0,4 lim ; = 0,25 lim . < lim r .
. 2.9.5 , . .
lim = lim ( ) . , < lim
; < < lim
(2.9.22) I; > lim (2.9.19) II.
,

.

118

 2.10.

2.10.

.
. , , (. . ),

. , , . (1 2) 10 7 . , 107 , . , , ,
, .
(. 2.10.1a),
- (. 2.10.1b), (. 2.10.1c) (. 2.10.1d). , ,
- ,
. , , ,

.
, , ,
: (. 2.10.2a, 1) (
2). , .
a , , , ,
E , . , . ,
, , -

a)

b)

c)

d)

. 2.10.1

119

 2. -

b)
. 2.10.2

.
, (. 2.10.2b), . , u = a / 2 , . , , u . , ,
= max sin(2u / a) , max , . ,

= max

2u
.
a

(2.10.1)

(2.4.1) :

= G ,
(2.10.2)
G , = u / a .
(2.10.2) (2.10.1),

max = G / (2 ) .
max max
( (2.2.9) max = 2 max )
, = 0,3
G = E / 2,6 ,

max =

E
1
E.
2,6 8

(2.10.3)

(2.10.3) ,
,
E . , , ,
120

 2.10.

a)

b)
. 2.10.3

,
.
c (), . (. 2.10.3a) (. . , ),
. . , , .
, . ,
, .
, , , .
,
(. 2.10.3b).
. , , ,
, , , . ,
.
, ,
, .
. , ,
. . ,
. , -
.
,
. , , , .
,
121

 2. -

,
.
: , , , . . ,
, . , 01
, 0,5 . , , ,
.
. , ,
. .

, . , , .

. .
.
(). .
.
, .

min max , min max
. 2.10.4
. (. 2.10.4):
()

m =

am =

max + min
2

max min

R=
122

min
.
max

(2.10.4)

(2.10.5)

(2.10.6)

 2.10.

(. 2.10.5a)

am = max = min ,

m = 0, R = 1 ;

(. 2.10.5b)

abs( max ) abs( min ) ;

(. 2.10.5c)

min = 0, am = m = max / 2, R = 0 ;

(. 2.10.5d)

max = 0, am = m = min / 2, R = ;

( )

max = min = m , am = 0, R = 1 .

(2.10.7)

(. 2.10.5a).
.
, N , . . ,
, -

a)

b)

c)

d)
. 2.10.5

123

 2. -

.
. 2.10.6
,

.

. 2.10.6

m N = const , N N G
. (2.10.8)
= 1 = const , N > N G

m , .
, m

m = 5+

b
80

(2.10.8a)

b .
, . ,
lim N = 1 .
, ,
R , . ,
1 ,
, R = 1 . N G ,
,
.

b .

0 < N < 102 , . 102 < N < 103 .

, 10 3 < N < ,
. , ,
N = 10 2 10 3 , .
.
,
, . , ,
1 = (0,4 0,5) b , b
124

 2.10.

.
1 = (0,55 0,0001 b ) b .
.

:

1 = (0,5 0,6) 1 0,25 b ;

( , )

1 = 0,8 1 .

(2.10.9)

(2.7.35)
r = 0,5 r ( b = 0,5 b ),
, , , .
, N G = (1 3) 106 ,

N G = 2 106 .
. . , N = 108 .
. , , . .
.
1. . ,
()
, (. 2.10.7).
, . ,
, , , . .
,
.
,
, .
.


K K

. 2.10.7

125

 2. -

(
, , ).

, :

K =

; K = 1 .
1c
1c

(2.10.10)

K K -

c c , .

K = 1 + q( c 1); K = 1 + q( c 1) ,

(2.10.11)

q .
(2.10.11)
. ,
q , , 2.10.1.
, 25% .
2.10.1
q

01
, 0,2

0,4 0,6

0,6 0,7
0,9

c c (. 3.1) . ,
- (
3.3), . K

K ,
:

K = 12
, + 0,2

b 400

K = K .
126

1100

(2.10.12)

 2.10.

K = 15
, + 15
,

b 400
1100

K = K .

(2.10.13)

2. . ,
:

K d =

1d
,
1

(2.10.14)

1d ; 1 7 10 . ,
, . 2.10.8.
,
, .
:
,
.

.



1 ; 2
. 2.10.8

( ,
1.1). , , ,
. (, [19]).
3. .
,
:

K F =

; K F = 1 .
1
1

(2.10.15)
127

 2. -

( Rz 4 Ra ):

K F = 1 0,22 lg Rz lg b 1, Rz > 1 ; K F = 1, Rz < 1 ;

20

1
1
= 0.575
+ 0.425 .
K F
K F
,

(.
2.10.9). ,


K F ,
, 1 ; 2 ; 3 ;
4 ; 5
. 2.10.9
.
4. . . n . ,

n =

1
;
am

n =

1
.
am

(2.10.16)

, ,
, (2.10.16)

n =

; n = 1 .
K am
K am

K ,
:

1
K
1
;
K = +
1
KV
K d K F
128

(2.10.17)

 2.10.

K
1
1
,
1
K = +
K
K
K
F
d
V

(2.10.18)

KV ,
.
, , [19].
.
(. 2.10.10, 1), . ;
(), , . ,
m , am .
, (. 2.10.7)
, . . OD = 1 , , OC = b .
, , ,
, 1 b .
, .
. 2.10.10, 2. ,
, ( 3).
, r , 0 0, r .
,
, 2. A
. B
, , ,

n=

OB
.
OA

) (

(2.10.19)

,
, A :

m , -

. 2.10.10

129

 2. -

OL = am K . A , CD . OBD OA K ,

OB OD
=
,
OA OK

OK = OL + KL . , KL = m tg . tg =

= ; tg 1 = 1 = .
b
b

(2.10.19)

= 1 ;
K am + m e

n =

n =

= 1 .
K am + m e

(2.10.20)

. , :

= 0,02 + 2 10 4 b ;

= 0,01 + 10 4 b .

,
.
e e
e = K am + m .
(2.10.21)

e = K am + m .

(2.10.22)

. . :
:

n =

r
r
;
=
max am + m

(2.10.23)

n =

r
r
.
=
max am + m

(2.10.24)

r r .
,
, . 130

 2.10.

,
ee .

n=

1
.
ee

(2.10.25)

, (2.8.23):

e2
1 e2 + 4 e2 e2
=
=
+
4
.
n2
21
21
21

(2.10.26)

(2.10.9),

1 0,5 1 , (2.10.26)

1
1
1
= 2 + 2.
2
n
n n

(2.10.27)

. , , 1 , 2 3 . 2
, ee (2.7.23)

ee = e1 e 3 ,

(2.10.28)

e1 e3 , ,

e1 = K am1 + m1;
e3 = K am 3 + m3.

(2.10.29)

n=

1
.
( e1 e3 )

(2.10.30)

, (2.10.30) ,
, 2,5 .
n =15
,
.
, , N , N G < N < .

10 3 < N < N G , (2.10.6),

131

 2. -

1 , , 1 m

NG
,
N

N , m (2.10.8)
m=

1 b
5 +
.
Kd
80

n=

1 m

NG
N .

ee

(2.10.31)

(2.10.29) (2.10.30)
, .
, ,
. ,
,

(. 2.10.11). ,
ami -

ib . , .

. 2.10.11

, (. 2.10.25).
, (2.10.21)

amei = ami + mi .

(2.10.32)

, (2.10.21),
. (2.10.22)
.

. 132

 2.10.

,
, ,
. .
.
, . 2.10.12.
,
, . , . , . ,
,
.
.
.
. , i , ,
N i / N 0i , , (. 2.10.13). N i

i , N 0i , . ,
k

Ni

N
i =1

= 1,

(2.10.33)

oi

k . (2.10.33) .

. 2.10.12

. 2.10.13

133

 2. -

. 2.10.14

. 2.10.15

(2.10.8),
( 10 3 < N i < N G )

m1 N G
.
N 0i =
im

(2.10.34)

(2.10.34) (2.10.33),
k

N
i =1

m
i

= m1 N G .

(2.10.35)

e (. 2.10.14)
N 0 =

n , .
i =1

,
,
.
(2.10.8),

m1 N G = em N 0 ,

(2.10.36)

(2.10.35)

e =[

1
N0

N i im ] m .

(2.10.37)

i =1

max ,
. , ,
N e (. 2.10.15), .
134

 2.10.

, (2.10.36),
m
m1 N G = max
Ne ,

, (2.10.33),
k

Ne = Ni
i =1

im
.
m
max

(2.10.38)

(2.10.37)
(2.10.38)
.

.
.

.
( )
.
, , ,
.

,
. ,

.
,
(. 2.10.16). -

b)

c)
. 2.10.16

135

 2. -

(. 2.10.16)
(. 2.10.16b). ( 2.10.2).
(.
2.10.16). , .
.
, ,
. .
2.10.2. ,

2 ami ,

2 ami ,

2 ami ,

11

99

23

48

23

1010

1113

46

44

10

8,5

57

58

56

6,5

1213

9,5

1616

41

67

1414

88

10

1515

10,5

136

1112

 2.11.

2.11.

, . , .
75% . .
,
, , .
, , . , , , , ,
. . .
,

, .
.
, , :
;
;
;
;
;
;
.
. b , , .

.
,
E .
.
r ,
0,2 %.

. 1 ,
, .
137

 2. -

. , HB . HB D ,
F , d , . ,
, .
D d :

HB =

0,102 2 F

D D

(D

d2

))

,
:

b = 0,34 HB ;
b = 0,45HB ;
b = 0,35HB .

HB 450 , HB 200 , - .
.
h0 h .
, HRC .

,
. , , ,
.
, , .

.
.
,
.
,
.
. . ,
,
( 2.10), r = G / 2 . , , , 1001000
. , 138

 2.11.

, (. 2.10). ,
(
) ,
.

.
, . , , (. 2.10.3a).
,
, , . , ,
.
.
,
.
.
. , ,
.

,
,
.
,

.
. 2.11.1
. 1012 1013 -2,
, , .
, .
.
, ,
.
. 2.11.1
. ,
.
. Fe ,
55,85, 0,127 ,
1539 0 C . , , , Fe Fe .
139

 2. -

.
. 2.11.2 . Fe
- , T 9100 C
0
T = (1392 1539) C . -

T = (910 1392 ) C
Fe .

,
, .
Fe C
. 2.11.2
. ,
, , . .
Fe . , , 0,29 R , R .
Fe .
0,41R . .
, () Fe C . 2,14% ,
, 2,14% , . .
, .
, . . . , ,
.
0

. , ,
C < 0,25% , C = (0,25 0,6 )% C > 0,6% .
. 80%
140

 2.11.

. , , , , . .
b r , . , E ,

E = 2,1 10 5 = 0,3 .
.
, . . ,
. , , :
Cr;
Si;
Ni;
V;
Al;
Mn .
,
2,5 %, ;
(2,5 10)% ,
10% , .
- . , (13 25)% .
( ) , ,
( 0,5 1,1 )%.
. Fe ( 2%), , .
. .
, , , .
, ,
, . . ,
. , ,
,
.
141

 2. -

, , . , bc , bt .

. E = (4,5 5) 100 b , b

b = (100 300) .

, , , , .

. Fe, Si
C, Mg, P, S. (
), .
, .
, . Cr, Mg .
.
( ,
Mg, Cu, Si . .) , , . , .
. Cu
8,94 /3,
a = 0,31607 .
,
.
, ,
, - . : Cu Zn
.
(40 45)% . ;
r = 250 450 . .
(, Al, Zn, Si, Mn, Ni, Pb),
, .
: , .
142

 2.11.

.
,
, , .
,
.

, :
Sn;
Al;
Fe;
Si;
Cr;
Be .
Sn (10 12 )% .
, .
Zn, P, Pb, Ni, Fe .
Zn . P , Ni , Fe .
, Al,
9% . , , , Fe, Ni, Mg .
, , . ,
.
( 3,5% Si) . , Mg .

, .
Be, 2,7% , , .
. . , , , , .
, Pb, , . , . . ,
,
, .
143

 2. -

, , .
. Al 600 0 C .
a = 0,4041 .
, = 2,7 /c3, . , , - .
E = (7,0 7,5) 10 4 .
- , , . ,
. , , .
, , . . , .
, . Al-Cu, Al-Si, AlMg, Al-Cu-Mn, Al-Cu-Mg-Si, Al-Mg-Si, Al-Zn-Mg-Si. , . .
, ,
.
(Al-Cu, Al-Mg, Al-Si, Al-Zn-Mg-Si) , , , .
Al-Cu (), . Na. .
Al-Mg ,
. .
, Ti Ni,
,
, .

(Al-Cu-Mg), . Cu Mg
, Mn. ,
Cr, Zn, Fe Si.
.
0
(500 520 ) C
75 100 ( ). , 144

 2.11.

.
, , , . .
, , ,
. , .
.
, , .
,
.
. , .
, , , . .
.
.

,
.
. , . ,
, .
. , . .
,
.
, .
. ,
,
.
,
.
: , T 2500 C , 3500 C T 5000 C , 5000 C T 6800 C .
, , .
,
( ), . . . , .
. 145

 2. -

.
, .
, . , , , .
, T = (840 860 )0 C .
, . , , .
.
( , )
(). Al, Mg, Ni
. . , .
, . .
, .
. , . .
. .

, .
,
.
,
.
. ,
,
. ,
, ,
.

( ), -.
.
, ,
(10 30 )% . , ,
146

 2.11.

f = ( 0,05 0,09) , , .
,
.
()
(). () ,
(, . .). . .
, .
.
,
.
, , ( 10 30 , ),
, ,
.
,
.
, . . , , .
, , , .
(1 10 ) , ,
. . , , , , . .
.
.

147

 2. -

2.12.

, , , . .
,
.
, . , CAE\CAD\CAM.
, . .
, , , , , ,
.
, , , , .
, , .
, , . ,

,
, .
, .
. ,
.
, .
,
, .
, ,
. ,
.
, , , , .
148

 2.12. ,

( ) ( ).
.
( 2.22.8). ,
, . , . ()
,
. , .
2.10.
. . , , .
. ,
. ( , ), 2.9.
, . ,
, , , . , , ,
. . , ,
.

, .

. ,
, .
, . . 149

 2. -

. . , ,
.
, ,
, .
, - , , , . , ,
. , , ,
, .
.
.
.
, ,
.
. ()
.
.
, ,
. , . , , . , , .
, , , , .
. , , .
:

, . , ,
(, , , ,
).

. .
. ,
.
, ,
150

 2.12. ,

.
. , .
.
.
, , . H
N . , Hm N = const .
, N G = kHB 3 ,
k . ,
, .
. ,
,
, .
.
,
, , .
, , .
, . ,
. ,
, .

151

3.1.

-
.

. ( 2.7) ( 2.6)
. ,
. , . .
. , , (
),
.
-
(. . )
. , .
, .
, -
(. 3.3). , .
, -
. .
, , . , ,
. - , . , .
. , (. 2.7.1). A
, dx, dy
dz . 152

 3.1. -

. 3.1.2

. 3.1.1

(. 3.1.1),
[ ] :

x yx zx
[ ] = xy y zy .
xz yz z

(3.1.1)

, , , ;
,
.
(2.4.14),

xy = yx ;

xz = zx ;

yz = zy .

(3.1.2)

, (3.1.2), r (3.1.1) ,
- ,

T = [ x y z xy zx yz ] .
r

(3.1.3)

T , , .
, ,
, X , Y Z . , , ,
.
,
. ,
. 153

 3.

, , x . . 3.1.2
, .

yx

dx dydz x dydz + yx +
dy dxdz zx dxdz +
x +
x

(3.1.4)

+ zx + zx dz dxdy yx dxdy + Xdxdydz = 0.

z

(3.1.4) y z , dV = dxdydz ,

x yx zx
+
+
+ X = 0
x
y
z

xy y zy

+
+
+ Y = 0.
x
y
z

xz yz z

+
+
+ Z = 0
x
y
z

(3.1.5)

(3.1.5) ,

[ A]r + gr = 0 ,

(3.1.6)

[ ]

A ,

0
0
x 0
y z

[A] = 0
,
0
0
y
x
z

0
0
0

z
x y

r
r
- g : g T = [ X

(3.1.7)

Z ].

(3.1.5). .
dA
r
P
r

(.
3.1.3a),
T
P = p x p y p z , p x , p y p z

P . x , y z ODBC .
, .
154

 3.1. -

r
, . . n
(.3.1.3b),

r r
r r
l = cos i , n ; m = cos j , n ;

r r
t = cos k , n ; l 2 + m 2 + t 2 = 1 .

(3.1.8)

,
,
Ox ( . 3.1.3b ,
):

p x dA x ldA yx mdA zx tdA = 0 ,

x l + yx m + zx t = p x .

a)

b)
. 3.1.3

, Oy Oz , p y p z .
:

x l + yx m + zx t = p x

xy l + y m + zy t = p y .
xz l + yz m + z t = p z

(3.1.9)

(3.1.19)

l 0 0 m t 0
r
[ L] = P ; [L] = 0 m 0 l 0 t .
0 0 t 0 l m

(3.1.10)

. -
(2.7.8),

= [ E] ;
1

x

y
r z
= ;
xy

zx
yz
155

 3.

0
0
0
/E /E
1/ E
/ E 1 / E
0
0
0
/E

/ E / E 1 / E
0
0
0
[E ]1 =
.
0
0
1/ G
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 1/ G
0

0
0
0
0 1 / G
0

(3.1.11)

E G (2.4.11);
1
[ E ]
( ) [ E ] ,

0
0
0

(1 )

(1 )
0
0
0

(1 )
0
0
0

(1 2 )
E
0
0
0
0
0

[E ] =
2
(1 + )(1 2 )

(1 2 )
0

0
0
0
0

(
1 2 )
0
0
0
0
0

(3.1.11), ,
, .
, . (3.1.11)
. ,
r
r
= [E ] ,

(1 ) x + ( y + z )
(1 + )(1 2 )

y =
(1 ) y + ( x + z )
(1 + )(1 2 )
.

E
(1 ) z + ( x + y )
z =
(1 + )(1 2 )

xy = G xy ; yz = G yz ; zx = G zx

x =

(3.1.12) .
156

(3.1.12)

 3.1. -

. , ,
(. 2.1.3). , , .

. . 3.1.4 XOY
.
A
( x A , y A ), A1 ,

A
u v . ,
,
; , ,
. , . 3.1.4
A B , x ,
dx , B A x u x v ,
:

xu =

u
v
dx; x v = dx .
x
x

B
dx

u+

u
v
dx; v + dx .
x
x

, AB , -

u
dx , A x (. .
x
u
. ) x =
x
u
v
dy; v + dy ) C ( u +
y
y
u
y , y =
.
y
,

157

 3.

, (2.1.5), CAB . (3.1.4) ,

1 2 .
,

1 tg1 =

u u
x v v
= ; 2 tg1 = y =
.
dx x
dy y

, xy

xy = tg1 + tg 2 =

u v
+ .
y x

, ,

u
v
w

; y = ; z =
;

x
y
z

.
u v
w u
v w
=
+ ; zx =
+ ; yz =
+
y x
x z
z y

x =
xy

(3.1.13)

(3.1.13) .

r
T
= [ A] ur .

(3.1.14)

[ A] [ A] , (3.1.7), u
r
r
- , u T = [u v w] , -
(3.1.11).
(3.1.13)
(), ,
.
, .
.
(3.1.13) u , v w . (3.1.13) y , x , .
T

2
3u
3v
2 x y
u v
+ .
+
=
+
=
2
2
2
2
y
x
xy x y xy y x

(3.1.15)

(3.1.15) (3.1.13), , ,
(3.1.15), xy ,

2 x 2 y 2 xy
+
=
.
y 2
x 2
xy
158

(3.1.16)

 3.1. -

(3.1.16) :

2 x 2 y 2 xy
+
=

y 2
x 2
xy
2 y 2 z 2 yz
+ 2 =
.
z 2
y
yz
2 z 2 x 2 zx
+ 2 =
x 2
z
zx

(3.1.17)

(3.1.17) .
.
(3.1.13) : xy z , zx y , yz x .

xy zx yz
2u
+

=2
.
z
y
x
yz

(3.1.18)

(3.1.18) x , (3.1.13)

u
= x ,
x

xy zx yz
2 x

= 2
.
+

x z
y
x
yz

(3.1.19)

(3.1.19) , :

xy zx yz
2 x

= 2
+

x z
y
x
yz
2 y
yz xy zx

=2
+

.
y x
z
y
zx
zx yz xy
2 z

= 2
+

z y
x
z
xy

(3.1.20)

(3.1.20) , ,
.
159

 3.

. , : (3.1.5) (3.1.6),
(3.1.11) (3.1.12) ,
(3.1.13) - (3.1.20). , , - , : , . .
,
,
. (. . ) ,
.
.

U 0 , , (2.7.13),
1
dU
= ( x x + y y + z z + xy xy + yz yz + zx zx ) ,
U0 =
dxdydz 2

U0 =
r

1 rT r
.
2

(3.1.21)

T -, (3.1.2). (3.1.21) .
U (3.1.21) V :

1 r r
U = U 0 dV = T dV .
2
V
V

(3.1.22)

, r . r
P g .
, W ,
, 1 / 2 :

W = (Pxu + Py v + Pz w)dA ( Xu + Yv + Zw)dV .

A

(3.1.23)

(3.1.22) (3.1.23),

r
r r
1 r r
= U + W = T dV p T u dA g T udV .
2
V
A
V
160

(3.1.24)

 3.1. -

.
. , ,
, (, z )
. ,

z = 0; yz = zx = 0 ,
z , xy = yx = z
.
, , , . . .

,
z .
z .
(3.1.5)

+
+ X = 0
x y

.
y
+
+Y = 0

x y

(3.1.25)

( )
(3.1.9)

x l + m = p x
.
l + y m = p y

(3.1.27)

(3.1.13)

u
v
u v
; y = ; xy =
+ ;
x
y
y x .

z = yz = zx = 0.

x =

(3.1.28)

-
(3.1.16),

2 x 2 y 2 xy
+
=
.
xy
y 2
x 2
, ,
(2.7.7),

161

 3.

( x y )
E

1
y = ( y x )

E
,

z = ( x + y )
E

xy

xy = .

x =

E
( x + y )
2
1

y =
( y + x ).
2
1

E
= G xy =
xy
2(1 + )

x =

(3.1.29)

(3.1.16) (2.7.7) ,

2
2
2
(
)
(
)
(
)

=
2
1
+
.

y
x
y 2 x
x 2 y
xy

(3.1.30)

X Y ,
(3.1.25) x , y , .
2
2
2
1 x y
=
+
.
xy
2 x 2
y 2

(3.1.31)

(3.1.30) (3.1.31), ,
:

2 2
2 + 2 ( x + y ) = 0 ,
x y

2 ( x + y ) = 0 .

(3.1.32)
(3.1.33)

2 .
, : (3.1.25) (3.1.32)
(3.1.33). , ,
162

 3.1. -

( x, y ) .

2
2
2

;
=
;
=

yX xY .
(3.1.34)
y
y 2
x 2
xy
x =

(3.1.34) (3.1.25).
, X Y
:

2 2
2
X + X = 0
x y y xy

2 2
2
Y + Y = 0

y x x xy

(3.1.25). ,
(3.1.32). (3.1.34)
(3.1.32),

4
4
4
+
2
+
= 0.
x 4
x 2y 2 y 4

(3.1.35)

2 2 = 0 .

(3.1.36)
(3.1.36), , , (3.1.35), , . ,
(3.1.35), (3.1.27). (3.1.34)
.
, , (3.1.34) :

2
2
2
x = 2 ; y = 2 ; =
.
y
x
xy

(3.1.37)

(3.1.27) , (3.1.27) (3.1.37):

2
2

l
m = px
2
y
xy

.
2
2

l + 2 m = py

xy
y

(3.1.38)

163

 3.

3.2.

-
.
. ,
[24].
.

: . - , ,
, ,
. , , , ( ).
, , , .
:
;
, , , ;
;
;
, , ,
.

.
.
. . 3.2.1a
1 2 ,
z1 = f 1 ( x1 , y1 ) z 2 = f 2 ( x 2 , y 2 ) ,
,
. ,
,

a)
b)
a b (. 3.2.1b).
. 3.2.1
164

 3.2.

,
a b , .
, Hr (.
3.2.2).

( , ) .
E =

(1 )
2

. -

. 3.2.2
x, y

Hr ( , )d d
1
.
( x, y ) =

E ( x )2 ( y )2

(3.2.1)

, , (. 3.2.2b),

Hr = H 1 ( / a )2 ( / b )2 ,

(3.2.2)

H , = 0, = 0 .
(3.2.1)
(3.2.2).

( x, y ) =

b
a

abK Mx 2 (K M ) y 2 ,

aE
a
b

(3.2.3)

/2

K=

2
/2
1
b

; e = 1 ; M = ( K L) ; L =
1 e 2 sin 2 d .

2
2
e
a

1 e sin
0

, ,
z j ( j = 1,2 )

zj =

x 2j
2 j1

y 2j
2 j2

(3.2.4)

165

 3.

j1 j 2 ,
, (. 3.2.3).
,
(3.2.4)
XOY . , , ,

:

z1 + z 2 = ( 1 + 2 ) .

(3.2.5)

. 3.2.3

z1 + z 2 >
. ,
,
z1 + z2 = const ,

x2
y2
x2
y2
+
+
+
= const Ax 2 + By 2 ,
2 11 2 12 2 21 2 22

(3.2.6)

ij ( i, j = 1,2 ) (.
3.2.3), A B . (3.2.5)
(3.2.3) (3.2.6),

( Ax 2 + By 2 ) =
E =

2 E1E 2

(E + E )
1

2 H b
y2
x2
(
)
K
M
K

,
E
b2
a2

(3.2.7)

. (3.2.7)

x y , A, B
:

2 H bK

E
2 H bM
A=
.
E a 2

2 H (K M )
B=

E b

(3.2.8)

, (3.2.8) ,

166

 3.2.

F = H 1 ( / a ) ( / b ) dd .
2

(3.2.9)

F . (3.2.9) H ( = 0, = 0 ),

3 F
.
2 ab

H =

(3.2.10)

, , : kij = 1 / ij ( ,
, , ); C M =
.

1 12 1 22

+
E1
E2

a = na 3

3 CM

F3;
2 kij

3 CM 3

F ;
2 kij

b = nb 3

i, j

i, j

1
2

= n 3 CM2 F 2 kij .

ij

(3.2.11)

i, j

= k11 + k12 + k 21 + k 22 ; na , nb n ,

i, j

, (. 3.2.1)
. , ,

2 1
;
2 + 1

1
2

1 = (k11 + k 21 ) ;

1
2

2 = (k12 + k 22 ) .

a b (3.2.11) (3.2.10), H
2

3
1
2 na nb

H =

2 kij 1
i, j 3
3C F .
M

(3.2.12)

167

 3.
3.2.1.

na

nb

na

nb

0,01923

1,013

0,9873

0,9999

0,7673

2,141

0,5665

0,8168

0,06087

1,042

0,9606

0,9992

0,8166

2,381

0,5325

0,7775

0,1075

1,076

0,9318

0,9974

0,8441

2,557

0,5114

0,7509

0,1602

1,117

0,9005

0,9942

0,8741

2,805

0,4858

0,7163

0,2207

1,168

0,8660

0,9889

0,9077

3,199

0,4524

0,6675

0,2913

1,233

0,8271

0,9804

0,9150

3,311

0,4442

0,6549

0,3755

1,322

0,7822

0,9667

0,9225

3,441

0,4352

0,6409

0,4795

1,456

0,7278

0,9432

0,9303

3,594

0,4253

0,6251

0,5036

1,491

0,7152

0,9366

0,9383

3,781

0,4142

0,6071

0,5291

1,532

0,7019

0,9290

0,9467

4,014

0,4014

0,5860

0,5560

1,578

0,6876

0,9203

0,9556

4,320

0,3864

0,5608

0,5848

1,631

0,6723

0,9102

0,9649

4,750

0,3680

0,5292

0,6155

1,693

0,6557

0,8983

0,9749

5,432

0,3436

0,4864

0,6486

1,768

0,6374

0,8841

0,9861

6,837

0,3058

0,4186

0,6845

1,861

0,6171

0,8668

0,9923

8,609

0,2722

0,3579

0,7238

1,979

0,5938

0,8451

(3.2.12) ,
. ( ,
, . .
E1 = E 2 = E 1 = 2 = )

x = H

2 +
;
1+

y = H

1 + 2
;
1+

z = H , (3.2.13)

= b / a .
r1
r2 . , (3.2.10)

C M r1 r2 3
CM2 (r1 + r2 ) 3
3
F .
F ; = 0,8255
r1r2
r1 + r2
1

a = b = 0,9086

(3.2.14)

H
168

r1 + r2 13
= 0,57843
F .
C M r1 r2

(3.2.15)

 3.2.

, ,
r1 + r2 r1 r2 .
, r2 , , r2 , r1 = r . (3.2.14) (3.2.15)
1
3

a = b = 0,9086 C M r F ;
3

C2
= 0,8255 M F 3 ;
r

r 13
= 0,57843
F . (3.2.16)
2
C
r
M

.
, , , 11 ,
21 . 21 = 1 , 22 = 2 , a . ,
,

r =

H
b

(b 2 y 2 ) .

(3.2.17)

, ,

H =

2F
,
b l

(3.2.18)

l , b ,

b=

4 FC M 1 2
.
l 2 1

(3.2.19)

(3.2.19) (3.2.18) :

H =

1 F 2 1
.
lC M 1 2

(3.2.20)

(3.2.19) (3.2.20) , 1 2 > 1 (. .

). +.
2 , 1 = ,
(3.2.19) (3.2.20) ,

FC
b = 1,128 M ;
l

H = 0,5642
.
lC M

(3.2.21)
169

 3.

, .
, . .

.

2
2 F (1 12 ) 2 1

(1 2 ) 2 2
+ 0,407 . (3.2.22)
+ 0,407 +
ln
ln

E2
b
l E1 b

,
E 1 = E 2 = E 1 = 2 = , (3.2.22) :
2
2 F (1 ) 4 1 2

ln 2 + 0,815 .
E
b
l

(3.2.23)

, ,
,
, , .

y = z = H ;

x = 2 H .

(3.2.24)

(.
2.7), ,
, ,
, z = 0,78b max = 0,3 H .
, .
.

170

 3.3.

3.3.

,
.
.
.
, :
() ().
, , ,
( , , ) . ,
.
.
().
, ,
. (
) ,
, .
,
, ,

. , , . . . 3.3.1 .

, ,
. ,

,

, . .

,
. 3.3.1
. 171

 3.

: ,
, , .
,
,
. .

. 3.3.2

, .
, ( x1 , y1 ) ,
(x2 , y2 ) (x3 , y3 ) (. 3.3.2). -

, ( x, y )
, x y
u( x , y ) v ( x , y ) ,
:

u ( x, y ) = 1 + 2 x + 3 y
,
v ( x, y ) = 4 + 5 x + 6 y
r
r
u ( x , y ) = L( x , y ) ,

, ,

u ( x , y )
r
u ( x, y) =
;
v ( x , y )

[L( x, y )] =

(3.3.1)
(3.3.2)

y 0 0 0
;
0 0 0 1 x y
1

= [1 2 3 4 5 6 ] .
r

,
(3.3.1) . , .
(3.3.2) ,
u1 1 x1
v 0 0
1
u 2 1 x 2
=
v 2 0 0
u 3 1 x 3

v 3 0 0
172

y1
0
y2
0
y3
0

0 0
1 x1
0 0
1 x2
0 0
1 x3

0 1
y1 2
0 3 ,

y 2 4
0 5

y 3 6

 3.3.

r
ur = [ L( xy )] ,

(3.3.3)

u = u1 v1 u2 v 2 u3 v 3 .
(3.3.3) i . (3.3.3) i
,

1 =

4 =

u1
u2
u3

x1
x2
x3

y1
y2
y3

v1
v2
v3

x1
x2
x3
2

y1
y2
y3

2 =

2 =

1 u1
1 u2
1 u3

y1
y2
y3

2
1 v1
1 v2
1 v3
2

y1
y2
y3

3 =

6 =

1 x1
1 x2
1 x3

u1
u2
u3

2
1 x1
1 x2
1 x3
2

v1
v2
v3

(3.3.4)

, :

1 x1
= 1 x2
1 x3

y1
y2 .
y3

, (3.3.4) :
,
r
(3.3.3) u .
(3.3.4) (3.3.3) :
1
r
u ( x, y) =
(a + b x + c1 y )u1 + (a 2 + b2 x + c2 y )u2 + (a 3 + b3 x + c3 y)u3 , (3.3.5)
2 1 1
a1 = x 2 y 3 x 3 y 2 ; b1 = y 2 y 3 ; c1 = x 3 x 2 , 2 3. (3.3.5)

3
r
u ( x , y ) = i ( x , y )ui .

(3.3.6)

i =1

i ,

i =
.

1
(a + bi x + ci y ) ,
2 i

(3.3.7)
173

 3.

- (3.1.28),

x
x

r
= y =
.
y

xy u v
+
y x

, (3.3.6) (3.3.7),
3

( x, y ) = [ i ] u = [ ] u ,

(3.3.8)

i =1

x
r
u , [ i ] = 0

i
y

[ ] = {[ ][ ][ ]}
1

b1
1
; [ ] =
0
2
c1

i
, i = 1,2,3 ;
y
i
x

b2

b3

c1

c2

b1

c2

b2

c3

0
c3 .

b3

= [ E ] ,

(3.3.9)

1
E
[ E] =

1 2
0

1
0

0
0 .
1
2

(3.3.9) (3.3.6)

= [ E ][ ] ur .
r

(3.3.10)

174

 3.3.

(2.7.13). , (3.3.10),

r
1 r r
1r
T
U = T V = u T [E ] [ ] [ ] u V .
2
2

(3.3.11)

(3.3.11) , , .
.
, ,

U=

1 rT
1r r
T
r
u [ E ] [ ] [ ] u V = u T R ,
2
2

(3.3.12)

r
r
R = [ K] u ,

(3.3.13)

[ K ] = [ E ] [ ] [ ] urV .
T

(3.3.14)

(3.3.13) , [ K ] 6 6 . ,

K 11
K
21
K 31
E
[ K] =

4(1 2 ) A K 41
K 51

K 61

K 12
K 22

K 13
K 23

K 14
K 24

K 15
K 25

K 32

K 33

K 34

K 35

K 42
K 52

K 43
K 53

K 44
K 54

K 45
K 55

K 62

K 63

K 64

K 65

K16
K 26

K 36

K 46 .
K 56

K 66

(3.3.14):
2
K11 = y 23
+

1 2
x ;
2 32

K12 = K 21 =

1+
x y ;
2 32 23

1+
1
x 32 y13 ; K14 = K 41 = y 23 x 31 +
x y ;
2
2 32 31
1
1
K15 = K51 = y12 y 23 +
x 32 x 21 ;
K16 = y 23 x 21 +
x y ;
2
2 32 12

K13 = K 31 = y 23 y 31 +

2
K 22 = x 32
+

1 2
y 23 ;
2

K 23 = K 32 = y 32 x 31 +

1
x y ;
2 13 23
175

 3.

K 24 = K 42 = x13 x 32 +

1
1
y 23 y 31 ; K 25 = K52 = x 32 y12 +
x y ;
2
2 21 23

K 26 = K 62 = x 32 x 21 +

1
y y ;
2 12 23

2
K 33 = y 31
+

1 2
x ;
2 13

1+
1
x13 y 31 ;
K 35 = K53 = y 31 y12 +
x x ;
2
2 21 13
1
1 2
K 36 = K 63 = x 21 y 31 +
x13 y12 ;
K 44 = x132 +
y 31 ;
2
2
1
1
K 45 = K54 = x13 y12 +
x 21 y 31 ;
K 46 = K 64 = x 21 x13 +
y 31 y12 ;
2
2
1 2
1+
K55 = y122 +
x 21 ;
K56 = K 65 =
x y ;
2
2 21 12
K 34 = K 43 =

2
K 66 = x 21
+

1 2
y .
2 12

2 N 2 N ,
N .

(3.3.13) r
R , 2 N , .
, .
. 100 100
1 , ,
F = 1000 . -
.

, 0 1 . (. 3.3.3). 0 0, 3, 2; 1
0, 1, 3.
XY .
-

,
.
. . 3.3.3
.
176

 3.3.

E = 2 10 5 , = 0,3 .

K 0loc

38461,5 38461,5
0
0
38461
38461,5

109890
0
109890 32967
0
32967

32967 109890
109890
0
0
32967

0
0
38461,5
38461,5 38461,5
38461,5
38461,5 32967
109890 38461,5
148352 71428,6

38461,5 71428,6 148352

38461,5 109890 32967

, ,
0
0 0 38461,5 38461,5
0
38461,5
38461,5

0
109890 0 0
32967
109890 32967
0

0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0 0
0
0
0
0

K 0gl =
38461,5 32967 0 0 148352 71428,6 109890 38461,5

32967
38461,5
38461,5 109890 0 0 71428.6 148352

0
32967 0 0 109890
32967
109890
0

0
0 0 38461,5 38461,5
0
38461,5
38461,5

K1loc

109890
32967
0
32967
0
109890

0
38461,5
38461,5 38461,5 38461,5
0

148352 71428,6 38461,5 32967

109890 38461,5
=

38461,5 71428,6 148352

38461,5 109890
32967

38461,5 38461,5 38461,5

0
38461,5
0

109890
0
32967
0
109890
32967

K1gl

109890
0
32967
109890

0
38461,5
38461,5 38461,5

148352 71428,6
109890 38461,5

38461,5 71428,6 148352

32967
=

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

38461,5 38461,5 38461,5

0

109890
0
32967
32967

0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0

32967

38461,5
0

38461,5 32967

38461,5 109890

0
0

0
0

38461,5
0

0
109890
0

177

 3.

K gl

148351
0

109890

32967
=
38461

38461
0

71428

109890

148351
38461
38461
32967

38461
148351
71428
0

109890
0
71428 38461
0
32967

38461

71428
38461
32967 109890 71428
0

71428
0
0
38461 32967

148351
0
0
38461 109890
0
148351 71428 109890 38461

0
71428 148351
32967 38461
38461 109890 32967
148351
0

109890 38461
38461
0
148351
32967

38461

,
K gl = K1gl + K 2gl .

F ,
.
r
T
3, F = [0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1000] .
. , 1 2 , , , .
(3.3.13), :

u0
v
0
u1

v1
u = =
u 2

v 2
u
3
v 3

0
0

0.0024

0.0146
0 .

0
0.0032

0.0170

r
= u . :

[ ]

3.15 10 5

0
0 =
;
0.0017

178

2.42 10 5

1 = 2.42 10 5 .
9.00 10 5

 3.3.

. (3.3.9). ,

6.92

0 = 2.08 ;
6 10 5

6.92

1 = 6.92 .
3 10 5

. .
, , , ,

. ,
, .

, , . .
, .
, . (
(3.1.5), (3.1.11) (3.1.12), (3.1.13) (3.1.20)) .
, ,
, . -
(- ). -
, . ,
, -
. - ,
: .
, .
-
f = f ( x ) (. 3.3.4a). [ab] ,
, n (
). x = h .
, f
[x0 , x0 + h ] , x = x 0 + h :

f ( x0 + h ) = f ( x0 ) + f ( x0 )h +

1
f ( x0 )h 2 + L.
2!

(3.3.15)

179

 3.

i 1, i, i + 1 . x0 = xi
(3.3.15) i + 1 i 1 :

1
1

f ih 2 + f ih 3 + L;

2!
3!

1
1
2
3
= f i f ih + f ih f ih + L.
2!
3!

f i +1 = f i + f ih +
f i 1

(3.3.16)

(3.3.16) , . ,
, f ( x )
, f i 1 , f i f i +1 .
. :
(3.3.16),
- , .
, (3.3.16). , (3.3.16), f ( x ) i - ,

f i =

f i 1 + f i +1
f 2 f i + f i +1
; f i = i 1
.
2h
h2

(3.3.17)

(3.3.17) :
f i
2h , . . i - (. 3.3.4b).

a)

b)
. 3.3.4

180

 3.3.

f i :
, f i=
, f i=

d
( f )i ,
dx

d2
( f )i . ,
dx 2

d
( f )i = f i 1 + f i +1 ,
f i=
dx
2h

, (3.3.17),
f i=

( f i 2 2 f i 1 + f i ) + ( f i 2 f i +1 + f i + 2 )
2h h

f i 2 + 2 f i 1 2 f i +1 + f i + 2
2h 3

. (3.3.18)

(3.3.18)
f i .

f i IV =

f i 2 4 f i 1 + 6 f i 4 f i +1 + f i + 2
h4

(3.3.19)

(3.3.17) (3.3.19) ,
.
, i -
,
.
.
,
3.1 , :
(3.1.35)

4
4
4
+
2
+
= 0;
x 4
x 2y 2 y 4

(3.3.20)

(3.1.37)

x =

2
;
y 2

y =

2
2
;
=

x 2
xy

(3.3.21)

(3.1.38)

2
2
l
m = px

2
y
xy

.
2
2
l + 2 m = py

y
xy

(3.3.22)

181

 3.

= ( x, y )
,
.
x, y .
, x = y = h .
. 3.3.5 13 - . (3.3.17)
0

. 3.3.5

2 3 20 + 1
2 =
;
h2
x 0

2 4 20 + 2
2 =
.
h2
y 0

(3.3.23)

(3.3.23), - 0 :

( )
2

2 2
+ 2 + 3 + 4 4 0
.
= 2 + 2 = 1
h2
y 0
x

(3.3.24)

(3.3.24)

( ) = (
2

)0 =

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 4 0
h2

i = ( 2 )i , i = 1,2,3,4,0.

(3.3.24),

4 = 2 2 0 =

20 0 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ) + 2( 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 ) + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 (3.3.25)
.
h4

,
(3.3.17) (3.3.19) (3.3.20) :

2
6 8 + 10 12
=
;
=
4h 2
xy y x

4 5 4 1 + 6 0 4 3 + 9
=
;
x 4
h4
4 7 4 2 + 6 0 4 4 + 11
;
=
y 4
h4
182

(3.3.26)

 3.3.

4
2
=
x 2 y 2 x 2

2 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 + 4 0
2 =
.
h4
y

(3.3.26) (3.3.20) (3.3.25).

, (3.3.20)
4 =

20 0 ( 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ) + 2( 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 ) + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11
= 0. (3.3.27)
h4

(3.3.27)
.
,
( , ). . 3.3.6a
;
.
(. 3.3.6b),

;
x B

C = A + 2 h

.
y B

E = A + 2h

(3.3.28)

(3.3.22). (3.3.22). , l = cos =

(3.3.22)

dy
dx
, m = sin =
,
ds
ds

dy 2 dx 2
d
= p x
+
=
2
ds y
ds xy ds y

.
2
2
dx dy
d

=
= py
2
ds x
ds xy
ds x

a)

(3.3.29)

b)
3.3.6

183

 3.

(3.3.29)

= p y ds;
x

= p x ds .
y

(3.3.30)

dx dy
=
+
,
s
x ds y ds

(3.3.31)

(3.3.30)

= y p x ds x p y ds + (xp y yp x )ds + C1 x + C 2 y + C 3 .

(3.3.32)

(3.3.32) C1 x + C 2 y + C 3 . ,
, C1 ,C2 C3 .

. ,
.
AB (.
3.3.7) , (3.3.32) , M . 3.3.7
,

r
. n
N

dx dy
=
+

= l p y ds + m p x ds = N .
n x dn y dn
(3.3.32)

( x c ) = M ( x c );

x = xc

= N ( xc ) ,

(3.3.33)

x c .
(3.3.33) ,
M c , ,
N c .
184

 3.3.

,
(3.3.32) (3.3.33). , ,
,
.
(3.3.20), (3.3.25),
.
, (3.3.21):

2 2 20 + 4
=
y 2
h2

2 1 2 0 + 3

y = 2 =
.
2
x
h

2
8 + 10 12

=
= 6

4h 2
xy

x =

(3.3.34)

,
; h h / 2 , ,
.

185

 3.

3.4.

, -, - , . . , , , , , , . , ,
.
, ,
, .
, .
, .
, . , . . ,
, , (, ,
, ; , , ,
). , ,
.
3.4.1.
.

. , , ,
.
. . [4, 29]. , ,
, . , ( ,
). ,
( ),
, 186

 3.4.

b)
. 3.4.1

. ( ) .

, , , m1 m 2 , k11 k12
(. 3.4.1a). .
. x1 x 2 , ,

l1 = x1 , l 2 = x 2 x1 .
R1 R2 , l1 l 2 (. 3.4.1b):

R1 = k11 x1 ;

R2 = k12 ( x 2 x1 ) .

(3.4.1)

m1&x&1 = R1 + R2

.
d 2 x2
m2 &x&2 2 = R2
dt

(3.4.2)

, , , . .

x& =

dx
d 2x
&
&
; x = 2 . . (3.4.2)
dt
dt

(3.4.1),

m1&x&1 = k11 x1 + k12 ( x2 x1 )

.
m2 &x&2 = k12 ( x2 x1 )

(3.4.3)

(3.4.3), . , s
q j , j = 1,2,..., s . , ,
.
187

 3.

, q j ( ) Fk :
s

q j = jk Fk ,

j = 1,2,..., s ,

(3.4.4)

k =1

jk , j - , k - .
jk ,
Fk = 1 . :
j , k
, .
,
jk = jk ,
.
r
- () q ,

- F
[ ] ,

q1

r q2
q = ;

qs

F1
r F2
F = ;

Fs

11

[ ] = 21

s1

12
22

1s
2 s
,

s2
ss

(3.4.5)

(3.4.4) ,

r
r
q = [ ]F .

(3.4.6)

r
(3.4.6) F .
1
[c ] = [ ] , [ ] ,

188

c11
c
1
[c] = [ ] = 21

cs1

c1s
c2 s
.

cs 2
css
c12
c22

r
r
F = [c ]q .

(3.4.7)

 3.4.

[c ] . c jk , , . ,
, , k -,
, q k = 1 . c jk = F j , . . c jk j , k - . , , ,
c jk = c kj , .

F , ,
r
r
F = [a ]q&& ,
(3.4.8)
[a ] ,

a1s
a2 s
a22
.

ass
as 2

a11
a
[a] = 21

as1

a12

(3.4.9)

,
aij = 0 i j , . . .
(3.4.7) (3.4.8)

(a
s

k =1

jk

[a]q&r& + [c]qr = 0 ,

(3.4.10)

q&&k + c jk q k ) = 0 , j = 1,2,K, s .

(3.4.11)

(3.4.11) [a ]

a j q&& j + c jk q k = 0 , j = 1,2, K, s .

(3.4.12)

k =1

(3.4.10)
,

a11q&&1 + c11q1 + a12 q&&2 + c12 q2 + L + a1s q&&s + c1s qs = 0

a21q&&1 + c21q1 + a22 q&&2 + c22 q2 + L + a2 s q&&s + c2 s qs = 0

.

as1q&&1 + cs1q1 + as 2 q&&2 + cs 2 q2 + L + ass q&&s + css qs = 0

189

 3.

a)

b)
. 3.4.2

&&
[a ]q
r
, , [c]q . aij cij
. ,

,
.
mi . 3.4.2a. ,
, . 3.4.2b. , b,
. q j j - . 3.4.2a
j - . 3.4.2b, , ( , ),
F j = k j 1, j (q j q j 1 ) + k j , j +1 (q j +1 q j ) ,

k j 1, j , j 1 - j - (); k j , j +1 , j -

j + 1 - (). [a ] a [m] :
m1
0
[m] =

190

0
0
,

ms
0

0
m2

 3.4.

b [I ] :

I1
0
[I ] =

0
0
I2
.

Is
0
0

(3.4.13)

(3.4.12) :
a
b

r
m j q&& j = k j 1, j (q j q j 1 ) + k j , j +1 (q j +1 q j ) ;
r
I j q&&j = k j 1, j (q j q j 1 ) + k j , j +1 (q j +1 q j ) .

(3.4.14)

; . , , , . ,
. . , , :
, ,
.
s s ,
i . , ( ) s .
, (3.4.11)

q j = A j sin t + , j = 1,2,K, s ,
(3.4.15)

A j j - ; , q j .
(3.4.15) (3.4.11), s
A j :

(c
(c

2 a11 )A1 + (c12 2 a12 )A2 + K + (c1s 2 a1s )As = 0

2
2
2
21 a21 )A1 + (c22 a22 )A2 + K + (c2 s a2 s )As = 0
.

2
2
2
(cs1 as1 )A1 + (cs 2 as 2 )A2 + K + (css ass )As = 0
11

(3.4.16)

191

 3.

(3.4.16)

A1 , A2 ,K, As , , (
) , :

c11 2 a11 c12 2 a12 c1s 2 a1s

c21 2 a21 c22 2 a22 c2 s 2 a2 s

= 0.

(3.4.17)

cs1 2 as1 cs 2 2 as 2 css 2 ass

(3.4.17), s - 2 , ( ). , , .

(. . ), , [14], s ,
, .
(. . (3.4.12)) (3.4.17) : ,
,

c11 2 a1

c12
c22 2 a2

c21

c1s

c2 s

=0.

cs1

cs 2

(3.4.18)

L css 2 as

, , , . 3.4.1, q1 = x1 , q 2 = x 2 . (3.4.3) (3.4.15),

(k

11

+ k12 m1 2 A1
k12 A1

.
k12 m2 A2 = 0

k12 A2 = 0

(3.4.19)

(k11 + k12 ) m1 2

k12

k12
k12 m2 2

= 0,

m1 m2 4 {m1 k12 + m2 (k11 + k12 )} 2 + (k11 + k12 )k12 k122 ,

(3.4.20)

12 22 . (3.4.20)
(3.4.18), a1 = m1 ; a 2 = m 2 ; c11 = k11 + k12 ; c 22 = k12 ; c12 = k12 .
192

 3.4.

, [c ] [a ]

[c] =

k11 + k12

k12

k12
m1
; [a ] =

k12
0

0
.
m2

. , (3.4.1) , 1 < 2 < K < s (

). ,
(3.4.16). (3.4.16) , i2 , s
A1i , A2i , K , Asi ( ,
). [6, 14] ,
s 1 ( ).
, s s 1 . s 1 s , - , , ,
:

1i = const; 2i =

A2i
A
A
; 3i = 3i ; K , si = si .
A1i
A1i
A1i

(3.4.21)

(3.4.21) , , A ji i - ,

ji , , . . i - -

. , ,
,
. (3.4.17) (3.4.21). ji , - , , , ( ). 1i = 1 , (3.4.11),
,
s

q j = ji A1i sin ( i t +
i =1

) , i, j = 1,2,K, s , 1i = 1 .

(3.4.22)

(3.4.22) 2 s ( s A1i s

i ), . 193

 3.

, , qi
q& i t = 0 :

i =1
, j = 1,2,K, s .
s
q& j (0) = ji A1i i cos i

i =1
s

q j (0) = ji A1i sin i

(3.4.23)

: Arn
Arm , n - m - ,
s

A a
rn

r =1

, a jr = 0,
,

j =1

jr

A jm = 0 .

(3.4.24)

j r , . . , (3.4.24) s

a
r =1

Arm Arn = 0 .

(3.4.25)

.
:
s . ,
s B1 , B2 , K , Bs
s

B j = i A ji ,
i =1

j = 1,2,K, s .

(3.4.26)

s
(3.4.23), (3.4.26), [34].
i (3.4.24)
(3.4.25).

,

.
3.4.1,

k11 = k12 = k ; m1 = m2 = m. (3.4.19)

(2k m )A

kA1

194

,
k m 2 A2 = 0

kA2 = 0

(3.4.27)

 3.4.

(3.4.20)

2k m 2

k
k m 2

= 0,

k4 3

12, 2 =

k 2 k2
+ 2 = 0.
m
m

k
3 5 ,
2m

12 = 0,38

(3.4.28)

(3.4.28)

k
k
; 22 = 2,62 .
m
m

(3.4.29)

11 = 12 = 1 ,
(3.4.27):

21 =

2k m12
2k m 22
= 1,62 ; 22 =
= 0,62 .
k
k

(3.2.30)

. 3.4.3.
.
(3.4.10)

r r
q = A sin (t + ) ,

(3.4.31)

r
r
A - , AT = A1 A2 K As ,
r
A . (3.4.31) (3.4.10),

r
r
[a ]A 2 + [c ]A = 0 ,

r
([c] [a] )A = 0 .

(3.4.32)

- A ,

det ([c ] [a ] 2 ) = 0 ,

(3.4.33)

1
(3.4.17). (3.4.32) [a ]
.

[a]1 [c]A = 2 A .

(3.4.34)

. 3.4.3

195

 3.

,
2
r
1
[a ] [c ] , A .
. . ,

. (3.4.10)

[a]q&r& + [b]qr& + [c]qr = 0 ,

(3.4.35)

(a
s

k =1

jk

q&&k + b jk q& k + c jk q k ) = 0 , j = 1,2,K, s ,

(3.4.36)

[b ] ,

b1s
b2 s
.

bs 2
bss

b11
b
[b] = 21

bs1

b12
b22

(3.4.37)

(3.4.36)

q j = A j exp( pt ) ,

(3.4.38)

p , . .
p = + i . (3.4.38) (3.4.36) A j :

([a] p + [b] p + [c])A = 0 .

2

(3.4.39)

, ,
(3.4.39),

det [a ] p 2 + [b] p + [c ] = 0 .
(3.4.40)

, (3.4.37) ,
(3.4.40) . p = 2 (
)

q j = A j exp 2 t
196

(3.4.41)

 3.4.

A j . , . (3.4.40)
, , .
. (3.4.40)
p = + i , p = i , > 0 ,

q j = B j cos t + C j sin t exp t .

(3.4.42)

(3.4.36)
(3.4.41) (3.4.42).
3.4.2. .

, . , . , , ,
. , , .
s
. Q1 , Q2 , K, Qs
,
q1 , q 2 ,K, q s , Q j = Q j (t ) , j = 1,2,K, s .
(3.4.11)

(a
s

k =1

jk

q&&k + c jk q k ) = Q j , j = 1,2,K, s ,

(3.4.43)

a j q&& j + c jk q k = Q j , j = 1,2,K, s .

(3.4.44)

k =1

(3.4.43) (3.4.44) . , , , , .
,
.
. ,

Q j = F j sin (t + ) , j = 1,2,K, s ,

(3.4.45)
197

 3.

. . , . . (3.4.43)
(3.4.45)

q j = A j sin (t + ) , j = 1,2,K, s .

(3.4.46)

(3.4.46) (3.4.43),
s A j :

( a
s

k =1

jk

+ c jk )Ak = F j , j = 1,2,K, s ,

(3.4.47)

(3.4.44)
s

2 a j A j + c jk Ak = F j , j = 1,2,K, s .

(3.4.48)

k =1

, , exp(it ) ,
sin (t + ) .
(3.4.47) (3.4.48) , : ( ),
.
, . (3.4.48), :
s

Bi u ji

i =1

i2 2

qj =
Bi =

F u
k =1

ki

sin (t + ) , j = 1,2,K, s ,

(3.4.49)

, i = 1,2, K, s ; u ji i - -

, j = 1,2, K, s .
(3.4.49)
. ,
, i ,
(3.4.49) .
. , , , . . . . , (3.4.49)
198

 3.4.

.
, .
,
. 3.4.4
F sin t (. 3.4.4).
,
, q1 = x1 , q 2 = x2 .

m1&x&1 + (k11 + k12 ) x1 k12 x2 = F sin t

.
m2 &x&2 k12 x1 + k12 x2 = 0

(3.4.50)

(3.4.50) (3.4.46),
A1 A2 :

(k

11

.
k12 m2 2 A2 = 0

+ k12 m1 2 A1
k12 A1

k12 A2 = F

(3.4.51)

D (3.4.51)

D=

(k11 + k12 ) m1 2

k12

k12

k12 m2 2

(3.4.52)

D (3.4.52) , (3.4.51)
:

k122

F (k12 m 2 2 )
A1 =
k11 + k12 m1 2 k12 m 2 2 k122

)(

Fk12
A2 =
k11 + k12 m1 2 k12 m 2 2

)(

(3.4.53)

(3.4.53) ,
k11 + k12 m1 2 k12 m2 2 k122 = 0 ,
(3.4.54)

)(

,
1 2 .

k12 m2 2 = 0 ,

(3.4.55)
199

 3.

2 =

k12
. , m2

, , (3.4.53) A2 =

F
. k12

. :
m 2 , m2 =
m1 .

k12
,

.
)
.
(3.4.43)

aq&& + cq = Q(t ) ,
q&& + 2 q =

2 =

Q(t )
,
a

(3.4.56)

c
.
a

, (3.4.56) (. . ) (3.4.56).

q&& + 2 q = 0
q = A sin (t + ) ,

(3.4.57)

A . , q (0) = q 0 q& (0) = q& 0 ,

2
q0
q&
A = 0 + q 02 ; = arctg
.
q& 0

(3.4.58)

(3.4.56) ,
. . ,
, 200

 3.4.

, , [2, . 272].
: (3.4.56)
- ,
. .
t =
A0 , q ( ) = 0;

q& ( ) =

A0
.
a

(3.4.56) t > (3.4.56) (3.4.57)

q = A0 R(t , ); R(t , ) =

sin (t )
.
a

(3.4.59)

R (t , ) , ,
,
.
,
, . .
A0 = Q( )d , ,
t

1
q=
q( ) sin (t )d .
a 0

(3.4.60)

(3.4.60) .
b) s
. ,
.
, i ri . q r

ri ,
s

q r = ri i ,

(3.4.61)

i =1

i . (3.4.44) ( , , [29];
)

&& j + 2j j = Q j , j = 1,2,K, s ,

(3.4.62)

Q j ,
201

 3.
s

Q =

ij

2
ij

i =1
s

j = 1,2,K, s .

(3.4.63)

i =1

(3.4.62)
,
(3.4.60).
. 3.4.1a, , , q1 = x1 , q 2 = x 2 ; k11 = k12 = k ; m1 = m 2 = m.
, ,
(3.4.29) (3.4.30).

Q = F (1 e t ) ,
F .
(3.4.63)

0,28 F
Q

(1 e t )
=
2
m + m 1,62
m

.
0,73F
Q

t
(1 e )
Q2 =
=

m + m 0,622
m
Q1 =

(3.4.62)

k
0,28F

(1 e t )

m
m
.
k
0,73F
t
(1 e )
&&2 + 2,62 2 =
m
m

&&1 + 0,38 1 =

(3.4.60).

i =

, i = 1,2 ,
i

1
1
t
1 1 + 2 e 1 + 2 (sin 1t + 1 cos 1t )
1
1

0,22 F
1
2
(sin 2t + 2 cos 2t )
2 =
e t
1
k 1 + 22
1 + 22

1 =

0,28F
k

, xi = xi (t ) , (3.4.61),

x1 = 1 + 2

.
x2 = 211 + 22 2
202

 II.

, , ,
. , ,
. . , , , , , , , . ,
, .
, . ,
.
:
,
(, , , , .),
(, ) - (, ).

.
,
.
( , ,
, , , . .). , .

. , .
,
. , .
.
, . ,
, . , ,
.
203

 4.

4.1.

.
, (, , , .),
. ,
, , . .
,
. .
; .
, , ,
.
, , . .
(. 4.1.1ad):
(. 4.1.1a);
(. 4.1.1b);
( , )
(. 4.1.1c);
(. 4.1.1d).

(. 4.1.1e). , . -

a)

c)

b)

d)
. 4.1.1

204

e)

 4.1.

, .
. , .
,
.
:
d ;
d1 ;
d 2 ( );
,
;
r ;
p , ( );
n ;
tg =

pn
.
d 2

,
.
(. 4.1.1a)
= 600 .
. .
,
,

.

(. 4.1.1b). , = 300 ,
(. 4.1.1d).
, , ,
.
(. 4.1.1c), .
( ) dx / d , dx d . ,

dx xn d 2
=
= tg .
d 2
2

(4.1.1)
205

 4.

( : ; ; ; ,
) (, , ).
, -
.
, ,
.
,
.
( ), , ,
, .
.
.
(. 4.1.2ac).
, ( ). .
(. 4.1.2a).
, , (. 4.1.2b). , .
, .
, . ,
.
,
(. 4.1.2c). ,
,
.
,
.
. T , ,
. :
T = T1 + T2 ,
( 4.1.2)
T1 ; T2 .
, F0 . p 0 ,
. .

.
, ,
206

 4.1.

a)

b)

c)

. 4.1.2

.
.
.
, F0
( ).
() (. 4.1.3): R , Ft =

2T1
d2

Fa , F0 , . T1
, (4.1.2)
R , ,
Fn F f , F f = fFn , f
. , - , . .

. 4.1.3

207

 4.

R ,
. . 4.1.3 ,

F f = Fntg , Ft = F0tg( + ) .

(4.1.3)

(4.1.3)

T1 =

Ft d2
d
= F0 2 tg( + ) .
2
2

( 4.1.4)

,
,

= arctg

cos( / 2)

(4.1.4)

d2
tg ( + ) .
(4.1.5)
2
T2
T1 = F0

(
) , (. 4.1.4).
dr , r , T2
. 4.1.4

T2 =

D0 / 2

2r

p0 fdr .

(4.1.6)

d0 / 2

d0 , D0 . p 0 , F0 , , . .

p0 =

4 F0
, (4.1.6),
D02 d 0 2
F f
D03 d 03
T2 = 0
.
3 D02 d 02

(
(

(4.1.7)

(4.1.2) T
(4.1.5) (4.1.7)

d
f D 3 d 03
T = F0 2 tg ( + ) + 02
.
3 D0 d 02
2

(4.1.8)

, () . , 208

 4.1.

( F0 )
( d ),

F0 dx
.
T1d

(4.1.9)

dp d , (4.1.1),

dx = d

d2
tg ,
2

(4.1.10)

(4.1.5) (4.1.10) (4.1.9)

tg
.
tg ( + )

(4.1.11)

.
. , , ,
.
, .
(. 4.1.5), . ,
F0 ,
T1 . , ,
. ,


. ,
,

. ,
(
2.7), e

(2.7.32), e = 2 + 3 2 ,
F0 ; .

. 4.1.5

209

 4.

F0
,
d 1 ,

4 F0
.
d12

(4.1.12)

T1 d 1 ,
A (2.4.27)

T1 16T1
=
.
W p d13

(4.1.13)

(4.1.12) (4.1.13) (2.7.32)

4 F 2 16 F d tg ( + ) 2
0 2
.
e = 02 + 3
3
2

d
d1
1

(4.1.14)

(4.1.14) . - , ,
: d2 / d1 101
, , = 2 0 30 , f 0,15 .

e 1,3

4 F0
.
d12

(4.1.15)

. (4.1.15) ,
, 1,3 .

e 1,3

4 F0
a,
d12

(4.1.16)

a , . r

a =

r
n

(4.1.17)

n . n 210

 4.1.

. ,
, n = 1,3 1,5 . .
,
. , , , n = 1,5 2,5 , , .
, . , , ,
. , , , , , 52% ,
, 2%. , , .
- , , . : d ; 1,5d
; 2,0d .

( ) .
,
, , . , . , .

, .
.
, .
, .
, .
. 4.1.6.
. Fs 211

 4.

, , K s
, f . ,
F f ,
, . .

F f = F0 f Fs K s .

(4.1.18)

, ,

F0 =

. 4.1.6

Fs K s
.
f

(4.1.19)

,
K s = 1,2 1,4 .

k .
(4.1.19)

F0 =

Fs K s
.
kf

(4.1.20)

(4.1.16).
, . (. 4.1.7). , .
,
.
, .
, () ,

. 4.1.7
.
212

 4.1.

b)
. 4.1.8

as .

s =

4 Fs
as .
d 02

(4.1.21)

. , , .
, ,
, = c cos (.
4.1.8a). , . ,
.

. . , , ,
= c.
c (. 4.1.8b):
/2

Fs = 2 c
0

d0
l cos d ,
2

(4.1.22)

d , ; l
.
(4.1.22) c ,

c =

Fs
ac ,
d0 l

(4.1.23)
213

 4.

ac . ,
ac = (0,8 1,0) r ;
ac = 0,8 b .
r ; b
.
. , z ,
F ( , ),
, ,
,
FF =

F
.
z

(. 4.1.9a).
T (. 4.1.9b),
.
( )
, . ,
.
. ,
:

a)

b)

xc =

xi
i =1

yc =

y
i =1

(4.1.24)

( xi , yi ) -

c)
. 4.1.9

214

; (xc , yc ) .
, , i - ,
i
. FTi , , -

 4.1.

, . , .

T = FTi i .

(4.1.25)

FT max max ,
, .
,

FTi

FT max

max

(4.1.26)

zi , . . m .
, (4.1.26) FTi (4.1.25),

T=

FT max

max

z
i

i =1

2
i

(4.1.27)

(4.1.27) , , ,

FT max =

T max
m

z
i

i =1

FTi =

T i
m

z
i =1

(4.1.28)

2
i

(4.1.29)

2
i

(. 4.1.9c).

,
. (
r )
. Fsi , i - ,
:

r
r
r
Fsi = FTi + FFi ,

Fsi =

(F

2
Fi

+ FTi2 + 2 FFi FTi sin ( + i ) ,

(4.1.30)

i , .
215

 4.

,
r r
r
r
Fs1 , Fs 2 ,..., Fsi ,..., Fsz , -

Fs max :

r
r r
r
r
Fs max = max( Fs1 , Fs 2 ,..., Fsi ,..., Fsz ) .

(4.1.31)

, , ( (4.1.16), (4.1.20) , (4.1.21), (4.1.23)

) . ( 2.10).
,
, Fs max .
.
, , , .
. .
. ,
,
. ,
.
, , (. 3.3).
, F0 .
F
(. 4.1.10). , 1 , F1 . , F2 2 . ,
, , .
F1 F2
, F :
F = F1 + F2 .
(4.1.32)
1 2
(. .
; . 2.6),


1 2 . 1 = 2 ,
. 4.1.10

216

1F1 = 2 F2 .

(4.1.33)

 4.1.

(4.1.32) (4.1.33) F2 , ,

F2 =

F 1
= F ,
1 + 2

(4.1.34)

F1 , ,

F1 = (1 )F .

(4.1.35)

,
,
: =

1 + 2

- , , , .
. 4.1.11a

(. 4.1.11b) (. 4.1.11c). , , , ,

b)

c)
. 4.1.11

217

 4.

.
, .
,
. ,
,
tg = 0,4 0,5 .
1 , x
dx
:
l

1
4dx
1 =
,
E1 0 [( D0 + 2 xtg ) 2 d 02 ]

(4.1.36)

E1 , l .
4.1.11b,c. (4.1.36) ,

1=

1
( D + d 0 )( D0 + 2l tg d 0 )
ln 0
.
E1 d 0 tg ( D0 d 0 )( D0 + 2l tg + d 0 )

(4.1.37)

(4.1.37) ,
, . , , , , .
dH ,

1=

4l
.
E1[( D0 + l ) 2 d 02 ]

, ,
, - . , 2 , ( ) ,
. , E2
, l2i A2i i - (
m ) ,

2 =

1
E2

l2i

A
i =1

(4.1.38)

2i

,
, = 0,2 0,3 ,
.
218

 4.1.

, , . ,
.
F0 K c (1 ) F ,
(4.1.39)
K c , K c = 1,1 1,3 .
F0 (4.1.15) , 1,3 ( ), (4.1.34),
F2 , F , :

F = 1,3F0 + F .

(4.1.40)

d1 ,
(4.1.16),

4 F
a .
d12

(4.1.41)

. (2.10.4) (2.10.5) ,

m =
am

max + min

2
min
= max
2

;
.

2.10, ,
.
.
, -
(. 4.1.12). ,

= 1 + 1,1

p
,
r

(4.1.42)

. 4.1.12

219

 4.

p r
.
r = 0,144 p .


. ,
, .
: dc
, rh
(. 4.1.13).

dc
.
rh

= 1 + 0,55

. 4.1.13

(4.1.43)

,
, , rh / d c = 0,05 0,10 . -

= 2,8 3,5 .
, 2.10, n
(2.10.20):

n =

1
.
K am + m

,
, 0 .
, nam , (2.10.20)

nam = n =

1t
K

+
1 am
K d K F
KV

(4.1.44)

1t .
,
am lim = 1t / K (, (2.10.11)

K = 1 + q ( 1) ).

(2.10.18), K d , 4.1.1:
220

 4.1.

4.1.1. K d

10

1224

K d

0,75

0,7

0,65

, am lim
r . , , ,
.
, , , :

am lim = 1t / K 0,75 1 / K .

1t :

1t = 0,35b
;
1t = 0,28b + 90 .
(4.1.44),
:

nam =

am lim
= 2,5 4,0 .
am

(4.1.45)

,
. , z , ,
.
, Fn , ,
M (. 4.1.14). M x , M y , :
k

Fn = Fni ;
i =1
m

M x = M xj ;

(4.1.46)

j =1

M y = M yj ,
. 4.1.14

j =1

221

 4.

Fzi ; M xj , M yj
; k m . ,

. (. 4.1.14),

xc =

S y
A

yc =

S x
.
A

A ; S y S x -

X Y ; (xc , yc ) ,
X Y .
, .
,
.
. p0 ,
pFi , pM x i pM yi i -
,

pi = p0 + pFi + pM x i + pM yi ,

(4.1.47)

pi x y , .
N
. , , . .

p min = min( p1 , p 2 ,..., pi ,..., p N ) 0 .

(4.1.48)

(, ) , :

p max = max( p1 , p 2 ,..., pi ,..., p N ) p a ,

(4.1.49)

pa .
(4.1.47):
1) p0

p0 =
222

F0 z
;
A

(4.1.50)

 4.1.

2) pFi , Fn ,

pFi =

Fn (1 )
;
A

(4.1.51)

3) pM x i M x
, Ai , yi
(. 4.1.14):
N

M x (1 ) = Ai p Mxi y i .

(4.1.52)

i =1

N . ,
, . .

pM x i pM x max
=
,
yi
y max
(4.1.52) N Ai 0 ,

M x (1 ) = pM x max
A

y i2
p
I
dA = M x max x ,
y max
y max

pM x max = pM x =

M x (1 ) y max
.
Ix

(4.1.53)

ymax pM x
x , I x x . (4.1.53)

pM y =

M y (1 ) x max
Iy

(4.1.54)

pp (4.1.48)

pmin =

F0 z Fn (1 ) M x (1 ) ymax M y (1 )xmax

0.
A
A
Ix
Iy

(4.1.55)

(4.1.55) p min = 0
:

F (1 ) M x (1 ) ymax M y (1 ) xmax AK c
,
+
+
F0 = z

A
Ix
Iy

(4.1.56)

K c (4.1.39) .
223

 4.

, :

Fi = 13
, F0 + FF + FM x i + FM yi .

(4.1.57)

Fn
,
z
(. 4.1.34); FMxi ,
M x ,

FF =

M x = FMxi y0i .

(4.1.58)

i =1

yi (. 4.1.14)

FMxi Fmax Mx
=
,
y0 i
y0 max
Fmax M x y0 max , x ,
. (4.1.58)

FMx max =

M x y0 max
z

y02i

i =1

FMxi =

M x y0 i
z

y
i =1

Fi = 1,3F0 +

2
0i

Fn M x y0i M y x0i
+ z
+ z
.
z
2
2
y0i x0i
i =1

(4.1.59)

i =1

(4.1.59) F max , :

F max = max( F1 , F 2 ,..., Fi ,..., FN ) .

(4.1.60)

. , , (
) . .
224

 4.1.

[F0 z Fn (1 )] f

Fs K s .

(4.1.61)

(4.1.61)
. - , (4.1.61) , , .

225

 4.

4.2.

, , , .
. , ,
.
.
:
( , ,
, );
(, , . );
( ).
,
, , , . . .
4.2.1.

,
.

.
( ) .
:
;
;
, ..
.
,
, ,
.
, , ,
:
Fa , ;
T ;
Fr ;
M .
.
4.2.1a,b. . 4.2.1a p ,
, (, ).
226

 4.2.

a)

b)
. 4.2.1

. , . , , . ,
, . . .
.
(. 4.2.2).
, ,
, . F f

F f = pfdA ,

(4.2.1)

. 4.2.2

227

 4.

p , dA A
, f
.

, : -, ; -, , .
, , p . (4.2.1)

F f = pf dl .

(4.2.2)

d l
.
, Fa
(4.2.2)
F f = pfdl Fa ,

Fa K s
= p0 ,
dlf

(4.2.3)

p0 ,

; K s .
T ,

pdlf

d
T ,
2

2 TK s
= po .
d 2lf

(4.2.4)

Fa T
, Fs ,
Fa Ft ( ) ,

Fs =

(Fa )2 + (Ft )2 ;

Ft =

2T
,
d

p0 =
228

Fs K s
.
dlf

(4.2.5)

 4.2.

(4.2.3) (4.2.4) ,

f , . , , :
;
;
;
;
.

. f
4.2.1,
, .
4.2.1.

0,06 0,13

0,07 0,12

0,02 0,06

0,05 0,10

0,6 0,5

0,14 0,16

0,07 0,09

0,05 0,06

0,05 0,14

, .
,
. ,
(.
. 4.2.1 , ).
, , , K s = 12
, 14
, .
f , , ,
. , , ,
. , 30 40 %. , ,
, , , .
. ,
,
229

 4.

. 2.8. (2.8.20), .

po =

d (C01 E1 + C02 E2 )

(4.2.6)

c ; E1 , E 2 ; C 01 , C 02 ,

(
= (d

C01 = d 2 + d12
C02

2
2

+d

) (d
) (d

)
)+ .

d12 1;

2
2

, c ,
i . .
,
. , 1.2, Ra . , (
, ) , .
i
c u :

i = c + u .

(4.2.7)

u = 5,5 ( Ra1 + Ra 2 ) ,

(4.2.8)

R a1 R a2
.
.
, , 2.8, , , e1 e2
r1 r 2 .

e1 r1 ,
(4.2.9)
230

 4.2.

e2 r 2 .
(4.2.10)

(. 4.2.3) , . (2.8), :

e2 = t n =

2 po

1 (d d 2 )

(4.2.10)

2 po

1 (d d 2 )

r2 .

(4.2.11)

. 4.2.3

, , , ,
. , , (2.8.16).
.

.
. , p 0 ,
. Fr M .
.
) . , ,
. 4.2.4.

Fr . ,
A ,
.
. 4.2.4
231

 4.

, d , p .
, , ,

Fr = p
A

d
l cos d .
2

(4.2.12)

,
,
:
p = pmax cos ,
(4.2.13)
pmax .
(4.2.13) (4.2.12)

Fr = 4p max

dl
2

cos d .
2

(4.2.14)

(4.2.14)
pmax , pmax p
:

pmax =

2 Fr
2 F cos
; p = r
.
dl
dl

(4.2.15)

(4.2.15)

pmax pF =

2 Fr
p0 .
dl

(4.2.16)

(4.2.16) p0 , .
b) .

(. 4.2.5). x

dx d
px ,
dM i

. 4.2.5

232

dM i = p x

d
x cos ddx . (4.2.17)
2

 4.2.

(4.2.17) :
l 2 2

M = 8 p x
o o

d
xcos d dx .
2

(4.2.18)

p x pmax .
,

px = pmax

2x
, (4.2.13) ,
l

px = pmax

2x
cos .
l

(4.2.19)

(4.2.18) (4.2.19)
l 2 2

M = 8 pmax
o o

dx 2
cos 2 d dx .
l

(4.2.20)

(4.2.20)

pmax =

12M
pM .
dl 2

(4.2.21)

, ,

p o p F p M 0 ,

(4.2.22)

2 F 12M
p0 r +
Kc ,
2
dl dl

(4.2.23)

p0 , , ; Kc .
,
,
.
.
, .
, .
, . , .
233

 4.

. :
( );
( ).
Fao , . ,

Fao dlpo f .

(4.2.24)

f (. 4.2.2).
4.2.2.

0,20

0,14

0,10

0,08

t1 (), t 2 (). t1

t1 = 20

i +
,
d

(4.2.25)

; , (. 4.2.3).
t 2

t 2 = 20 +

i +
.
d

(4.2.26)

4.2.3.
d,

30 80

80 180

180 400

10

15

20

, ,
, , ,
.
234

 4.2.

4.2.2.

, .
.

T .
,
(. . ),
,
, , , (. 4.2.6).
, , .
. 4.2.6
K ,

dc2 dc1
= 2tg ,
l
; d c1 d c 2 ; l . ,
K =

.
, K
:

K = 130
: 150
: ;
K = 1100
:
.
, Fa
, ,
. (.
4.2.7), Fa . 4.2.7


p f . x
dx ,
, dA ,

dFa = p sin dA + pf cos dA = p (tg + f ) cos dA ;

dA = 2r dx / cos = 2 ( r1 + x tg )dx / cos ,

(4.2.27)
235

 4.

r x ; r1 = d c1 / 2
.
(4.2.27)
:
l

Fa = 2p (tg + f )(r1 + xtg )dx .

(4.2.28)

(4.2.28)

Fa = 2p l r1 + tg (tg + f ) = pld m (tg + f ) ,

2

d m =

(4.2.29)

dc1 + dc2
. ,
2

p=

Fa
.
d ml (tg + f )

(4.2.30)

, ,
(4.2.30)

T max

pd m2 lf
Fa fdm
=
=
.
2
2(tg + f )

,
T max T ,
(4.2.31)
Fa min , T ,

Fa min =

2TK s (tg + f )
.
fd m

(4.2.32)

K s , - . .
, , , , 14
, .
K s = 12
, Fa max . , 236

 4.2.

,
. ( 2.7) (4.2.13) (4.2.30)

Fa max
2

r2 .
d ml (tg + f ) [1 (d m d 2 )2 ]

(4.2.33)

. , - .
, Fa max .
, .
4.2.3.

(. 4.2.8)
, . ,
, , . ,
, .

. , .
. 4.2.8
-
, :
;
;
.
.
, .
.

l = ( 0,17 0,40)d ;

s = (0,08 0,125)d .

l s ; s = ( D d ) / 2 ; D
d .
237

 4.

,
. , .
, , .
( ), , .
,
(. 4.2.9). , , F0 ,

. 4.2.9

d m1 , ,
,

Fa0 =

F0
.
dm1

(4.2.34)

, ,

Fa1 =

F1
,
dm1

(4.2.35)

F1 .
,
,

Fa 0 Fa1 F f 21 F f 11 = 0
,
N 21 N11 = 0

(4.2.36)

N 11 N 21 ; Ff 11 = N 11 f 1

Ff 21 = N 21 f 2 , ;
f 1 f 2 -

. (4.2.36),

Fa 0 = Fa1 + N 21 ( f1 + f 2 )
,
N11 = N 21

238

 4.2.

Fa1 = Fa 0 N 21 ( f 1 + f 2 ) .

(4.2.37)

Fa 0 F f 21 F f cos N sin = 0
.
N 21 F f sin + N cos = 0

(4.2.38)

F f = f N , f ,
(4.2.38) N 21

N 21 =

Fa 0 (1 f tg )
.
f 2 f 2 f tg + f + tg

(4.2.39)

= arctg f 2 = arctg f 2 , (4.2.39)

N 21 = N 11 =

Fa 0

tg2 + tg( + )

(4.2.40)

(4.2.40) (4.2.37) Fa1 :

Fa1 = Fa0

tg( + ) tg1

tg( + ) + tg 2

= Fa0 .

(4.2.41)

, tg
. f 1 = f 2 = f = f
.
tg + 2 f

0
0
= (14 17 ) . = (3 5) ,
.
.
, (4.2.41),

Fa1 = Fa 0 ; Fa 2 = Fa1 = 2 Fa 0 ; Fai = Fa ( i 1) = i Fa 0 . (4.2.42)

i .

N 21 =

N 22 =

Fa1

tg( + ) + tg

Fa 0
;
tg( + ) + tg

Fa 2
Fa 0 2
=
= N 21 ; ;
tg( + ) + tg tg( + ) + tg
N 2i = i 1 N 21 .

(4.2.43)
239

 4.

, n
, (4.2.42)

Fa 0 = Fai = Fa1 (1 + + 2 + ... + n 1 ) = Fa1 i 1 .

i =n

i =1

i =1

(4.2.44)

, ,
(4.2.44),

Fa1 = Fa 0

i 1

i =1

Fa 2 = Fa 0

i 1

; ... ;

(4.2.45)

i =1

Fan = n 1 Fa 0

i 1

i =1

, T , n ,
. d m1 d m2 = d

T = T1 + T2 +... +T n = N 11 f1

d 2
2

i1 ,
i =1

(4.2.34) (4.2.40)

T=

F0 f 1d

2 tg2 + tg ( + )

i 1

(4.2.46)

i =1

(4.2.46) K s . , ,
. .
,
.
4.2.4.

, .
:
(. 4.2.10);
(. 4.2.10b);
(. 4.2.10c)
- (. 4.2.10d);
240

 4.2.

a)

d)

b)

e)

c)

f)

. 4.2.10

(. 4.2.10e);
(. 4.2.10f).
, , .
,

. -
.
. .
, . ,
. ,
, , . . ,
. ,
-
. .
( ),
241

 4.

.

.
a) .
. ( ) , ,
:
. 4.2.11
22; 33; 44; 55; 66; 87; 108;
128; 149; 1610; 1811; 2012; 2214; 2514; 2816; 3218; 3620; 4022; 4525;
5028; 5632; 6332; 7036; 8040; 9045; 10050.

, .
. ,
,
. . (. 4.1), .
,
(. 4.2.11),

d
,
2

(4.2.47)

2 103 T
ac ,
dl (h t1 )

(4.2.48)

103 T = c (h t1 )l

T , [T]=[]; c
; h ; t 1 = 0,6h
; l ( l < ls , ls
); d , . ,
.
, , ,

c =

ac .
(4.2.48)
:

l
242

2 103 T
.
d ac (h t1 )

(4.2.49)

 4.2.

ac r
. ac

, . :
ac = 0,80 r
;

ac = 0,6 r
ac = 0,55 r

;
.

, , ac = 80 100 ;
ac = 15 25 . , .
, , (), .
,
,
.
, . , , . ().
4.2.4.
dmin

dmax

1,4

3,8

0,6

1,5

2,6

6,8

0,8

2,5

3,7

9,7

2,9

10

6,5

15,7

1,4

5,3

10

12

21,6

1,8

7,5

12

17

10

24,5

2,3

17

22

13

31,4

2,8

10,5

22

30

15

37,1

3,3

12

30

38

10

17

50,8

3,3

13

38

40

12

19

59,1

3,3

16

t1

243

 4.

. 4.2.12

b) . (. 4.2.12) 4.2.4.

,
.
.
, (. 4.2.13).
, ,
, .

.
, .
N ,
(. 4.2.14).
, , Fa ,
. N

N=

Fa
.
tg + tg ( + )

(4.2.50)

, ,
, -

. 4.2.13

244

. 4.2.14

 4.2.

a)

b)
. 4.2.15

. , : (. 4.2.15a)
(. 4.2.15b).
, .
-
p
. , ,
,
p = p cos . , d , ,

dN = p

d
ld .
2

/2

d
N = 2 p l cos2 d = pld ,
0
2
4

(4.2.51)

p=

4N
.
ld

(4.2.52)

T T f
,

d h
Nf
2 2
Nx ,
x :
d h
T = T f + Nf + Nx .
(4.2.53)
2 2
245

 4.

T f , . ( ,
,
),
/2

Tf = 2

p
0

d2
2 Nfd
.
lf cos d =
4

(4.2.54)

(4.2.53)

h
d

Nx
2
2

. (4.2.54) (4.2.53)

T = 114
, Nfd .

(4.2.55)

N
, , ,
. ,
p p =

N
, b (. 4.2.15),
bl

.
,
pmin
= 0 ,

pmax
= 2 p =

2N
.
bl

(4.2.56)

(4.2.56) (4.2.57) ,

pmax
ac .

(4.2.57)

N 0,5 ac bl ,

(4.2.58)

Tmax (4.2.58)
(4.2.55)
Tmax = 0,57 ac blfd .
(4.2.59)
ac ,
.
.
.
,
0
, = (120 135) (. 4.2.16a,b).
246

 4.2.

a)

b)

4.2.17

. 4.2.16

b t , . 4.2.17.
Tmax , Ft (. 4.2.18). ,

, .

(4.2.54)

T = Ft

d 2 Ft fd
.
+

(4.2.60)

Ft
, p =

Ft
, l tl

. 4.2.18
. , p ac , (4.2.60)
Tmax :

4f
Tmax 0,5 ac t l d 1 +
.

(4.2.61)

(4.2.61) (4.2.59), .
4.2.5.

, , ,
. .
, , (
4.1).
.
247

 4.

a) (. 4.2.19).
T . T max .
,
. , T max ,

,
as . . 4.2.19
, s ,

2Tmax
= sd l ,
D
Tmax = 0,5 s dlD .

(4.2.62)
(4.2.63)

.
as . (2.7.35)

as = 0,5 r .

(4.2.64)

(4.2.62)

s =

2T
as .
D dl

(4.2.65)

b) (. 4.2.20). . ,
, .

s =
. 4.2.20

248

8T
as ,
D d 2 k

(4.2.66)

k .

 4.2.

4.2.6. ()

.
.
. -

)
. 4.2.21.

. . .
() :
(. 4.2.21a);
(. 4.2.21b);
(. 4.2.21c).
) ( ) , .
. , ,
( ).
: , .
: ,
.
, ,

.

. ,
.
z , d D f
(. 4.2.22). .
b)
( ) ,

. 4.2.22

249

 4.

. , , ,
. ,
. , z m . , ,
30 0 . . , , . .
c)
( ).
60 0 . .
, . . .
. , ,
z . . ,
, .

, ,
. , : , ,
.. , ,
. , l l 1,5d , , = 0,7 0,8 .
,
,

2 103 T
ac ,
(4.2.67)
d m z lh
c ; d m ;
h , .

c =

. ,

250

dm =

D+d
Dd
; h=
2f ;
2
2

 4.2.

d m = mz ;

h = m.

, c ,
. , , . ac 4.2.5.
4.2.5. ac

(HRC

30 35)

(HRC

> 35)

(HV

900 100 )

80 120

60 100

35 50

120 200

100 140

40 70

60 80

40 60

30 40

.
4.2.7.

, , (. 4.2.23),
. .
,
.
, . ,

(. 4.2.24).
, - . 4.2.23
.
251

 4.

. 4.2.24

, .
.
. . . , .
(,
, , ).
.
s

10 T = z max
3

z max s 2 l
y2
,
ldy =
s
3

(4.2.68)

T ; max
; z ; s l
(. 4.2.25).
(4.2.68) max .
, ,

max =

. 4.2.25

252

3 103 T

zls2

ac .

(4.2.69)

ac
(.
).
(4.2.69)
s . .
, -

 4.2.

= 900 , , = 90 / z ; = 360 / z . =

135
. R1 z
R1 =

s ;
tg

s
;
sin

tg
2 2
R 2

R2 =
R

s

sin
2 2

R1 + R2 s 1
1
=
+
(4.2.70)
.
2
2 tg sin
(4.2.70) s
R=

(4.2.69), :

max

3 103 T 1
1

=
+
2
4 zR l tg sin

ac .

(4.2.71)

(4.2.71) (4.2.67), ,
.
.
4.2.8.

(. 4.2.26a)
. (.
4.2.26b, c).

a)

b)

c)

. 4.2.26

253

 4.

. ,
,
.
, .
.
, .
,
.
. 4.2.27

, . , (. 4.2.27).
,
.

2 F0 fd 103 T ,

(4.2.72)

F0 ; T ; d ; f = 015
, 018
, .
Fa
4 F0 f Fa .
(4.2.73)
.
:
(. 4.2.28). . ,
p , b ,
:

. 4.2.28

254

 4.2.

0,5 pfdbd 103 T

(4.2.74)

Fa

pfdb Fa .
, p =

(4.2.75)

2 F0
, (4.2.74) (4.2.75)
bd

F0 fd 103 T

(4.2.76)

2F0 f Fa .

(4.2.77)

, , , , . . F0 , T ,
:
:

103 TK s
F0 =
,
2,5 zfd

(4.2.78)

K s = 1,3 1,5 ; z , ;
:

F0 =

Fa K s
.
5 zf

(4.2.79)

Fas,

2 10 3 T
Fas =
D

+ Fa2 .

(4.2.80)

.
.
4.1.

255

 5.

5.1.

( , ), . . , , ,
(. 5.1.1a).
,
(. 5.1.1b).
-
, .
-

, a)
b)

. 5.1.1
, , , , . .
. , , , , -

a)

b)
. 5.1.2

256

 5.1.

.
, , . .

(. 5.1.2a) , (. 5.1.2b).
, , , , .
, , d
10 .
, , ,
. .
. .
,
. , Fs , ,
.
. , , (. 4.1).
, s .
( ) (4.1.21)

s =

Fs 4 Fs
=
as ,
A d 2

(5.1.1)

A , as .
(5.1.1) :

4 Fs

as

(5.1.2)

. ,
.
as

as = 0,2 b .
(5.1.3)
, ,
, . . . , ,

c =

Fs
ac ,
d

(5.1.4)

.
257

 5.

ac = (0,4 0,5) b ,
(5.1.5)
b .
,
,
, , .
. : 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16,
18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 40, 42, 45, 48, 50, 52, 55, 58, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85,
90, 95, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 160, 170, 180 .
, ,
,
,

F
= a b min
Fmax

1,

(5.1.6)

Fmax Fmin ,
; a b , . a = 1; b = 0,3
a = 1,2 ; b = 0,8 .
, , 4.1.

258

 5.2.

5.2.

,
, . . . 5.2.1.
. , (,
. .)
(, .).
,
, , . .
. .
. ,
.
,
, . .

, . .
, ,
, .
, .
. , , .

, . , , ,
30%.
, , , ,
, .
:

-
. 5.2.1
;
259

 5.

- ,
, ;

;
,
, ;


, ;
.
. :
,
(. 5.2.2). , . , ,
(. 5.2.2ah; ).
. .
,
(. 5.2.3). ,

a)

e)

b)

c)

f)

g)
. 5.2.2

260

d)

h)

 5.2.

a)

b)

c)

d)

. 5.2.3

, . :
, (. 5.2.3a);
, (. 5.2.3b);
, (. 5.2.3c);
(. 5.2.3d).
, , ,
, (. 5.2.4). (. 5.2.4a), (. 5.2.4b,c).
(. 5.2.4a), .
,
(. 5.2.5).
, .
, ,
, ,
(. 5.2.6a).
a)
b)
c)

3 . . 5.2.4
-

a)

b)
. 5.2.5

a)

b)
. 5.2.6

261

 5.

,
. ,
, .
2 3 , (. 5.2.6b).
.
, .
, .
, . , ,
, :
, , ;
,
,
;
;
;
, ,
.
,
, , .

,
.
, ,
. . .
, . ,
,
. ,
.
262

 5.2.

.
.
, , .
(
atr )
5.2.1.

atr

r n ,
= r / n .
atr
n = 1,3 1,5 ( ).
, , ,
.
5.2.1.

,
,

atr

atr

0,65 atr

0,9 atr

atr

0,60 atr

0,3 atr

0,3 atr

0,5 atr

atr

ac

, .
(, , , ) .
:
, , ;

, 263

 5.

Fx , Fy , Fz M x , M y , M z ;
i
i
i
i
i
i
, Fy
, Fz
, Mx
, My
, Mz
,
Fx

i - ;

,

e1 , e 2 , e3 ,..., ei ,... en , n ;
, e max = max( e1 , e 2 ,..., ei ,..., en ) ;
.

D ,
F ,
T M ,

M x M y
(. 5.2.7).
,
,
.
. 5.2.7
F , Mx , My
T ( , . 5.2.8ad). :

F =
Mx =

F
;
D

T =

2T
;
D 2

M y y 8M y x
M x y 8M x y
=
; My =
=
.
3
Ix
D
D 3
Iy

(5.2.1)
(5.2.2)

, , . ,
x = 0, y = D / 2 ( M x )

x = D / 2 , y = 0 ( M y ), F T .
264

 5.2.

a)

b)

c)

d)

. 5.2.8

, ,
. e ,
(. 2.7),

e =

( F + M )

+ 4 a ; M
2
T

2
4M x 4M y
= 2 + 2
D D

(5.2.3)

, . . . , .
, ,
. , , ,

.
, , . , .
, . , .
.
. 5.2.9.
k (

3 k 20 ). ,

n n ,
= 45 0 , ,
, . . 5.2.9
265

 5.

,
, ,
. ,
, A = lk cos , l
, ,
= 450
A 0,7lk .
,

0,7 kL = F ,
(5.2.4)
L = 2l .
. 5.2.10
max (5.2.4) a ,

= max =

F
a .
0,7 kL

(5.2.5)

, , .
(5.2.5) 0,7 0,8 1,0 ,
.
, (5.2.4) ,
.
, , -

. , (. 5.2.10).
:

F a [ch (ax ) + ch (a (l x ) )]
,
4k 0,7ch (al )
a=

4G
,
EA

(5.2.6)

x .
, ,
, .
, 60k .
F (. 5.2.11). = 45 0 ,
266

 5.2.

. , . ,
.

( = 450 ) ,

. 5.2.11

F cos
;
0,7kL

F sin
.
0,7kL

(5.2.7)

,
.
,
, (5.2.4) (5.2.6),
.
. :

, , , ;
.
, . , .
,
.
. ,
, (5.2.5),
.
, , , 2.4 . = 0,7 k ,
. ,
, . (2.4.40):

max =

3T

l
i =1

267

 5.

. 5.2.13

. 5.2.12

= 0,7 k ;

l
i =1

a b , T (. 5.2.12).

max =

3T
a ,
2
2(0,7 k ) (a + b )

(5.2.8)

1
3T
.
0,7 2 a (a + b )

(5.2.9)

, F (. 5.2.13).
,

, (2.3.3):

a
0,7k a 2
2
S
2 = a
.
xc = y =
A
0,7k (2a + b ) (2a + b )
,
(. 5.2.14). ,
. , ,

F =
268

F
.
0,7k (2a + b )

(5.2.10)

 5.2.

,
T , .

M max =

3F (l x c ) sin

(0,7k )2 (2a + b )

(5.2.11)

, . , a)
b)
A
. 5.2.14
(. 5.2.14a),
, , ,
( r
r
r
s = M max + F . 5.2.14b).
s

s = M2 max + F2 2 M max F cos ,

(5.2.12)

= 180 0 .
2

6T F
6T F

+
s =
cos a . (5.2.13)
+ 2
2
2
(
)
(
)
k
L
k
L
0
,
7
0
,
7
(
)
(
)
k
L
k
L
0
,
7
0
,
7

(5.2.12) , 2.1 , ,
,
, .
. , , .

(. 5.2.15).

,
,
450 (. 5.2.15a),
a)
b)
c)
. 5.2.15
.
269

 5.

. 5.2.16

. 5.2.17

, ,
F (. 5.2.15b). , , (. 5.2.15c).
, (5.2.4):

F =

F
,
0,7kL

L = 2 l . , , , .
D (. 5.2.16), (. 5.2.17).
F , T M . Fz = F , M z = T , M x M y , , c = 0,7k , , :

2T
F
; T =
;
Dc
D 2c
M y 8M x y
;
Mx = x =
Ix
D 3c

F =

My =

M yx
Iy

8M y x

D 3c

(5.2.14)

. (5.2.14) (5.2.15)


2

2
F
4M x 4M y 2T
+ 2 a .
+
+
e =
2
2
Dc D c D c D c

270

(5.2.15)

 5.2.

(5.2.15) , . . .
,
(. 5.2.18), ,
. , ,
(5.2.1) (5.2.2).
,

e =

( F + Ms )2 + 3 T2 a ,

. 5.2.18

(5.2.16)

2
2
Ms = Mx
+ My
.

, .
, , .
,
. . , , , .
.
,
. ,
, . ,
, (.
4.1). Fsmax

4 Fs max
,
d 02

(5.2.17)

4 Fn max
,
d 02

(5.2.18)

. d 0 .
,
Fn max ,

271

 5.

.

, .
, 3 . , ,
.
. , ,
, . , , .
.
.
,
2.10. ,
, .
,
. .
, .
. .
,
. ,
,
, , -

. 5.2.19

272

 5.2.

. 5.2.20

, , . .
, ,
,
.
.
.
. 5.2.19 ,
.
.
, . 5.2.20 . 5.2.15,
.

,
. ,
. , , (2.10.10),
,
.
. .
.
.

. e :
3
3
ei1 = 1ami + 1mi ; ei3 = ami
+ mi
,

(5.2.19)
273

 5.

1 , 3 ; am , m
; ; i
.
5.2.2.
K

b ,

V K

400
600
800

1,2
1,25
1,3

0,1
0,12
0,14

400
600
800

1,55
1,7
1,85

0,12
0,125
0,16

400
600
800

1,6
1,75
1,9

0,1
0,1
0,14

, ,
= 0 . ( 2.10).
,
()
eei .
( 2.7),

eei = 1ei 3ei ,

(5.2.20)

n , ee1 , ee 2 ,..., een .

ci

(2.10.10):
K i = 1 + q ( ci 1) .

(2.10.20), (5.2.20) = 0

ni =

1
1
=
.
1
3
Ki ( ei ei ) Ki eei

(5.2.21)

. , n min > (2 2,5) .

274

 5.2.

5.2.2 , P = 0,5 . .

KP = K 0,5 (1 + u PVK ) ,
(5.2.22)
u P , VK .

5.2.3.
5.2.3

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,75

0,8

0,85

0,9

0,95

0,99

uP

0,253

0,324

0,675

0,842

1,036

1,281

1,645

2,326

K P = 0,95
:

K 0,95 = 1,7(1 + 1,645 0,125) = 2,05.

K 0,5 = 1,7; VK = 0,125; u0,95 = 1,645;

, .
,
.
(. 2.10.20):

n =

K am + m

(2.10.20) = 0 ,
,

n =

1
,
K am

(5.2.23)

am ,

am =

max min
2

275

 III.

6.

, , (),
, . , , .. ,
, .
,
, , .
:
;
, ;
, .
, , (, , , ..) ( ).
. .
, .
, , , ,
. .
.

.
, .
1) , [] = [ c 1 ].
t . ,

,
t

(6.1)

[ ] = [ c 1 ]. , 276

 6.

n , , ,
= 2n ,

2n
.
60

(6.2)

2) , [] = [/].
() v

v =

d
nd
.
=
2 60 103

(6.3)

d / 2 , .
3) P, [P] = []. , ,

P = T =

T n
,
30

(6.4)

T , [T] = []. ,
[P] = [],
P = T =

Tn 103
,
30

T = 9550

P
.
n

(6.5)

(6.6)

4) u. ,
, . .
. 6.1. (1), (2),

(3) (4). n1 ,
n5 . , ,

, , .
. 6.2 ,
. 6.1
277

 6.

. 6.3

. 6.2

, - .
(). . 6.3 ,
. , Pi , Ti , ni
( i ).
, , .
u
. ,
. 6.2,

u=

1 n1
= .
2 n2

(6.7)

(6.3) (6.7)

u=

d2
.
d1

(6.8)

u=

n1
.
n4

(6.9)

. 6.3

(6.9) ,

u=

n1 n1 n2 n3
= = u1u2u3 .
n4 n2 n3 n4

(6.10)

, ,

N , -

u = ui .
i =1

278

(6.11)

 6.

(6.8), .
.
,
.
.
,
. 6.4
.
, .
.
6.1.
6.1. ( )
u

0,95 0,97
0,7 0,9
0,94 0,96
0,94 0,96
0,9 0,95

26
10 40
26
25
24

, .
, . . (. 6.4;
z1 , K, z10 ). () .
.
() ,
, . ,

P2
.
P1

(6.12)

, - ,
279

 6.

, - , . . , ,
, < 1 . ,
, P = P1 P2 . ,
, , , . .
,
6.1. (. 6.3)

P4 P2 P3 P4
= = 1 23 .
P1 P1 P2 P3

(6.13)

, N ,

N

= i .

(6.14)

i =1

=
Ps =

PS
,
P1

(6.15)

P
i =1

. , < 0 ,
.
. , < 0 ,
. , , . , .
. , . .
, .
.
mi I i
N , . mi -

Vi , i , I i .
280

 6.

me Ve .
N ,
N

E = (miVi 2 + I ii2 ) / 2 = meVe2 / 2 ,

i =1

2
V 2
i
i
me = mi + I i .
V
i =1
Ve
e
N

(6.16)

, ,
2
V 2
i
i
I e = mi + I i .

i =1
e
e
N

(6.17)

(6.16) (6.17) , , .

281

 7.

. , , .
, .
(. 7.1).

a)

d)

b)

e)
. 7.1

c)

f)

.
(. 7.1a, b, c, d) , (. 7.1e)
(. 7.1f) .
( ) (. 7.1a, c) (. 7.1b). () .
(. 7.1d).
,
, ( ) .
,
, (. 7.1c).
() .
(
).
282

 7.1.

7.1.

7.1.1.

. . ,
( ) , .
, rb , (.
7.1.1).
E .
. M , r
v
OM . OM

r
OM =

rb2 + 2 = l ,

(7.1.1)

l 2 rb2 .

(7.1.2)

. 7.1.1 (7.1.1) (7.1.2) ,

tg =

rb

l 2 rb2
rb

= arctg

l 2 rb2
rb

(7.1.3)

. , , AB
MB ,

MB = rb ( + ) .

(7.1.4)

(7.1.3)
(7.1.4),

= tg .

(7.1.5)

tg
inv . . inv ,
(.
7.1.1) .

. 7.1.1

283

 7.

7.1.1.

y ( y = inv )

0,00 y 0,0013

= 3 3y

0,0013 y 0,0062

= 0,1006 + 2,355 0,8492 y 0,0005212

0,0062 y 0,023

= 0,1757 + 1,294 1,545 y 0,005146

0,023 y 0,060

= 0,2675 + 0,7764 2,576 y 0,02979

0,060 y 0,14

= 0,3818 + 0,4621 4,328 y 0,1407

0,14 y 0,32

= 0,5340 + 0,2476 8,077 y 0,7023

. 7.1.2 ,
rb1 rb2 O1 O2 . 1 2 AB ,
. ,
(
) . ,
, , .
P . O1 P O2 P . (
) , .
, ,
W .
rW 1 rW 2 , rb1 rb2 .

W (..
), .

u . . ,
. 7.1.2
,
284

 7.1.

,
:

V = 1rb 1 = 2 rb2 .

(7.1.6)

rb 1 = rW 1 cos W ,

rb 2 = rW 2 cos W ,

(7.1.7)

, (6.7), u (7.1.6) (7.1.7)

u=

1 rb2 rW 2
=
=
= const .
2 rb1 rW 1

(7.1.8)

, .
.
.
,
. , ,
, .
( ), .
(. 7.1.3). 1, .
p 2 ,
: . ,
.
. 7.1.4.

. 7.1.3

. 7.1.4

285

 7.

. 7.1.5

, p.
7.1.5, :
;

ha* = ha / m ( ha );

h *f = h f / m ( h f );

*
h = h / m ( h ,
h = h f + ha );

hl = hl / m ( hl );
c * = c / m ;
f ;
p .
, m =

, -

, , . , , ,
. ,
, , 7.1.2.
7.1.2.

1-

1; 1,25; 1,5; 2; 2,5; 3; 4; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 16; 20; 25; 32; 40; 50; 60; 80; 100

2-

1,125; 1,375; 1,75; 2,25; 2,75; 3,5; 4,5; 5,5; 7; 9; 11; 14; 18; 22; 28; 36; 45; 55; 70; 90

= 200 ; ha* = 1 ; hl* = 2 ; c * = 0,25 ; f = 0,38m .

= 200 ; ha* = 1 ; hl* = 2 ; c * = 0,2 ; f = 0,20m .

. , ,
. 286

 7.1.

d1 d 2 , a .
. aW .
) . ,
. .
. 7.1.6a , .
,
.
, :
d1 z1

d1 = mz1 ,

(7.1.9)

da1

d a 1 = d 1 + 2ha = m z1 + 2m ha = m (z1 + 2ha ) ,

(7.1.10)

d f 1

d f 1 = d 1 2,5ha = m z1 2,5m ha = m (z1 2,5ha ) .

(7.1.11)

, , :

a)

b)

c)

. 7.1.6

287

 7.

d2 = mz 2 ,

(7.1.12)

d a 2 = d 2 + 2ha = mz 2 + 2mha = m( z 2 + 2ha ) ;

d f 2 = d 2 2,5ha = mz2 2,5mha = m(z2 2,5ha ) ,

(7.1.13)

z 2 .
(7.1.13)

d a 2 = d 2 2ha = mz 2 2mha = m( z 2 2ha ) ;

d f 2 = d 2 + 2,5ha = mz2 + 2,5mha = m(z 2 + 2,5ha ) .

(7.1.14)

aW

aW = 0,5m( z 2 + z1 ) a ,

(7.1.15)

aW = 0,5m( z 2 z1 ) a ,

(7.1.16)

a .
(7.1.8), (7.1.9) (7.1.2) , :

u=

z2
.
z1

(7.1.17)

(7.1.9) (7.1.17) (7.1.15), -

u +1
,
u
2au
2a
d2 =
d1 =
;
.
u +1
u +1

: a = 0,5d 2

(7.1.18)

(7.1.18) +
.
(7.1.18)
.
b) . (. 7.1.6 b,c)
.
.
. 7.1.7 . )
.
b) , 1 288

 7.1.

. 7.1.7

0.
.
c) , 1 0.

, (. 7.1.6b),
. ,
, , . ,
, .

, . . 7.1.8
. ,
, .
.
.

(7.1.7):

rW 1 =

rb1
;
cos W

rW 2 =

rb 2
.
cos W

(7.1.19)

. 7.1.7 ,

rb = 0,5 d cos .

(7.1.20)

(7.1.19)
(7.1.20),

rW 1 = 0,5m z1

cos
cos
; rW 2 = 0,5m z 2
.(7.1.21)
cos W
cos W

. 7.1.8

289

 7.

(7.1.21)

cos
.
cosW

aW = rW 1 + rW 2 = 0,5m( z1 + z 2 )

(7.1.22)

(7.1.22) :

aW = a + ym ,

(7.1.23)

y . (7.1.22) (7.1.23)

cos

y = 0,5( z 2 + z1 )
1 .
cos W

(7.1.22) (7.1.15), ,

aW = a

(7.1.24)

cos
.
cos W

(7.1.25)

, ( z 2 + z1 ) -

(7.1.22) (7.1.24) ( z 2 z1 ) .

d a d f -

. (h + c) ,

)
+ 2m(h + x ) ;

d f 1 = d1 2m ha + c x1 ;

d a 1 = d1

(
+ 2m(h

d f 2 = d 2 2m ha + c x2 .

da 2 = d2

+ x2 ) .

(7.1.26)
(7.1.27)

x 1 x 2
. ,
,
2 y m , y = x1 + x 2 y .
(7.1.27)
:

d a 1 = d 1 + 2 ha + x1 y m ,

h1 = 0,5(d a1 d f 1 ) ,

d a 2 = d 2 + 2 ha + x2 y m ;

h2 = 0,5(d a 2 d f 2 ) .

(7.1.28)

s d sW d W .
(. 7.1.9) ,

sW = rW 2invW + 2inv ,
r

290

(7.1.29)

 7.1.

r = 0,5 d = 0,5 m z .

(7.1.30)

sW 1 = rW 1 1 2invW + 2inv ;
r1

sW 2 = rW 2 2 2invW + 2inv .
r2

(7.1.31)

,
,

sW1 + sW 2 =

2 rW 1

z1

(7.1.32)

, (7.1.30) rW 2 = rW 1

z2
z2
, r2 = r1
.
z1
z1

. 7.1.9

(7.1.31) (7.1.32)
2 rW 1
z1

rW 1 s1
r1

2rW 1invW + 2rW 1inv +

rW 2 s2
r2

2rW 2 invW + 2rW 2 inv . (7.1.33)

(7.1.33) W ,

invW = inv +

z1 (s1 + s2 ) 2 r1
.
2r1 ( z1 + z2 )

(7.1.34)

(. 7.1.10;
, ) 2 AB = 2mxtg .

s1 = m + 2 x1tg ;
s2 = m + 2 x2 tg ;
2

s1 + s2 = m + 2mtg ( x1 + x 2 ) .

(7.1.35)

(7.1.35) (7.1.34)

invW = inv +

. 7.1.10

2( x1 + x2 )tg
.
z1 + z2

(7.1.36)

(7.1.36) (. 7.1.1) W , (7.1.25)

aW .
291

 7.

. , , .
.
, ,
,
, .
,
,
= (8 15) 0 .
, . 7.1.11
,
: = (30 45) 0 .
.
, .
,
. .
.
n , t (. 7.1.11).

mt =

tg t =

mn
,
cos

(7.1.37)

tg
.
cos

(7.1.38)

W , tW .
. ,
, .
. ,
, . , . ,

z min =

2ha
,
sin 2

(7.1.39)

z min ,
292

 7.1.

, ha . , = 200 ha = 1 (7.1.39) z min = 17 .

, ,
, .
x , ,

x=

ha ( z min z )
z min

ha = 1 ,

x=

17 z
.
17

(7.1.40)

14 z
.
14

(7.1.41)

, ha = 0,8 , : z min = 14 .
, ha = 1

x=

,
JIS,

x > 1

z sin 2
= 1 0,05849 z .
2

(7.1.42)

. , .

. ,
, .
,
. , , .

,
. , ( ) ,
. , , ,
.
293

 7.

. , a b (.
7.1.12).
.
=

2
z

a

:

1 2
=
.
1
2

(7.1.43)

:
( 1) .

> 1.
(7.1.44)

, ,
,

1 =
. 7.1.12

(7.1.43) (7.1.45)

ab
rb1

ab z1 ab z2
=
.
2rb1 2rb2

(7.1.45)

(7.1.46)

ab ,

O1 Ab , O1 AP , O2 Ba O2 BP . 7.1.12,

ab = Ab AP + Ba BP ,

ab = rb 1 tg a 1 tg W + rb 2 tg a 2 tg W ,

(7.1.47)

cos a 1 =
294

rb 1
ra 1

cos a 2 =

rb 2
ra 2

(7.1.48)

 7.1.

(7.1.4) (7.1.46)

(7.1.49)

1
z1tg a1 z 2 tg a 2 m (z 2 z1 ) tgW .
2

(7.1.50)

1
z1 (tg a1 tgW ) + z 2 (tg a 2 tgW ) .
2

, .
,
:

1 2
=
.
1
2

(7.1.51)

, ,
.

b b sin
=
,
pa
mn

(7.1.52)

b ( ), pa
(. 7.1.11).
, , . > 11
:

= + .

(7.1.53)

= 0,

= > 1,2 .
(7.1.54)
, 20%
, .

. , . , , , = 0 ,
mn m .
295

 7.

7.1.3.

z1
z2
mn

ha
c
x1
x2
b1
b2 = bW

a=

2 cos
x = x 2 x1
tg
tgt =
cos
2 x tg t
inv tW =
+ inv t
z 2 z1
(z z )m cos t
aW = 1 2 n
2 cos cos tW

296

(z2 z1 )mn )

z1mn
cos
zm
d2 = 2 n
cos
z
u= 2
z1
d1 =

 7.1.

2aW
u 1
2a u
dW 2 = W
u 1
a a
y= W
mn

dW 1 =

y = x2 x1 y

)
)
d = d + 2m (h + x )
d = d 2m (h + c x )
)
d = d 2m (h + c x )
d a1 = d1 + 2mn ha + x1 y

a2

f1

f2

(
= 0,5(d

h1 = 0,5 d a1 d f 1

h2

a2

)
)

df2

+ , .

(), ;

da2 d f 2

d a 2 = d 2 2 ha x2 + y k m ,

k = 0,25 0,125 x2
k =0

x2 < 2 ;

x2 2 ;

d f 2 2aW + d a1 + 2cm .
7.1.2.

, .
,
,

( ). , , ,
, ,
.
297

 7.

. 7.1.14

. 7.1.13

dW d , W , , -

,
. ,
, , , .

r (. 7.1.13). Fn , ,

. , Ft Fr ,
, . ,

Fr = Ft tg .

(7.1.55)

Ft :

Ft =

2T1 10 3
2T2 10 3
=
,
d2
d1

(7.1.56)

(T2 ) () d 1 (d 2 ) , P1 ( P2 ) n1 (n2 )
T1

(6.6):

T1 =
298

9550 P1
;
n1

T2 =

9550 P2
.
n2

 7.1.

Fn
(. 7.1.14). :
Ft ,
Fa ( ),
Fr ,
S .
,
. ,

S=

Ft
F tg
.
; Fa = Ft tg ; Fr = S tg = t
cos
cos

(7.1.57)

. ,
, . .
.
,
, ,
, ,
. , , qn

qn =

Fn
Ft
=
.
b bcos

(7.1.58)

. ,
. , ,
, . . . .
,
, ( ).
.
a) K H . K H
qmax qm , (. 7.1.15):
K H = qmax / qm .
(7.1.59)
299

 7.

bd = b / d 1 < 1,6 . ,
,
(.
7.1.4). , . 7.1.4 . 7.1.15
,
.
7.1.4. K H

HRC 35

HRC < 35

1,0 < bd < 1,6

1,0 + 0,766 bd
1,0 + 0,275 bd
1,0 + 0,1388 bd

1,0 + 0,3466 bd
1,0 + 0,1275 bd
1,0 + 0,0086 bd

bd < 1,0

1,0 + 0,766 bd
1,0 + 0,275 bd
1,0 + 0,052 bd

1,0 + 0,4466 bd
1,0 + 0,1 bd
1,0 + 0,0373 bd

, ,
.
b) K F .
, K H ,
.
K F .
,
7.1.5.
300

 7.1.

7.1.5. K F

HRC 35

HRC < 35

1,0 < bd < 1,6

1,0 + 1,2 bd
1,0 + 0,417 bd
1,0 + 0,265 bd

1,0 + 0,733 bd
1,0 + 0,294 bd
1,0 + 0,125 bd

bd < 1,0

1,0 + 1,2 bd
1,0 + 0,42 bd
1,0 + 0,155 bd

1,0 + 11
, bd
1,0 + 0,22 bd
1,0 + 0,07 bd

c)

K Hv . , ,

. , , . . . , , , . ,

.

Np , . , , , . .
4-.
,
(
, . .),
, , , . ,
.
,
.
:

Np = int(10,1 0,2v )
Np = int(10,1 0,12v )

= 0 ,

(7.1.60)

> 0 ,

(7.1.61)
301

 7.

int , v . (7.1.607.1.61) Np = 5 8 .
K Hv ,
, Fd , . . F + Fd , F :

K Hv =

F + Fd
.
F

(7.1.62)

(7.1.62) ,

K Hv = 1 +

Fd
Hvbd1
,
=1+
Ft K H
2T1 103 K H

(7.1.63)

Hv (. . , ),

a
max .
u

Hv = H g O H v

(7.1.64)

d) K Fv .
(7.1.63)

K Fv = 1 +

Fv bd1
Fd
;
= 1+
Ft K F
2T1 10 3 K F

Fv = F gO F v

a
u

max .

(7.1.65)

(7.1.66)

(7.1.64) (7.1.66) H F
, 7.1.6a
( . 7.1.6a, F .); gOH
gOF ,
(. 7.1.6b).
7.1.6a.

H 1 < 350 HB
H 2 < 350 HB

H 1 > 35HRC H 2 > 35HRC

H = 0,006 , F = 0,016

H = 0,014 , F = 0,016

H = 0,002 , F = 0,006

H = 0,004 , F = 0,006

302

 7.1.

7.1.6a H1 H2
.
(7.1.64) (7.1.66) Hv Fv max :

max = ( 4 Np 15) m + 0,1Np 0,4 .

7.1.6b.

m ,

(7.1.67)

g O = g OF = g OH

m 3,55

17

28

38

47

56

73

3,55 < m 10

22

31

42

53

61

82

m > 10

37

48

64

73

100

e) K H K F (
).
, K H K F . K H

v .
,
K H = 1,0 1,1 . , . .

K H = 1,05 .

(7.1.68)

, K F ,

K F = 1 .

(7.1.69)

7.1.3.

, .
:
.
, , .
.
, ,
,
303

 7.

, .
, . ,
.
, , , ,
. , . . ,
, , .
, - .
, .
.
, ,
, , . .
,

- . ,
, .
. ,
, , , . , , .
,
(.
7.1.16).
:

1 2 .


p ( 3.2).
,
.
. 7.1.16
. 7.1.16.
304

 7.1.

H ,
(3.2.17),

H =

E1 E2
q
n ,
2
E1 1 + E2 1 1

2
2

(7.1.70)

E1 ,E 2 1, 2
; q n . 1/ :

(7.1.71)

+ ,
.
,

1 = BP = 0,5d1 sin ;

2 = DP = 0,5d 2 sin .

(7.1.72)

, (7.1.72), (7.1.71)

2(d 1 d 2 )

d 1 d 2 sin

2(u 1)
;
d 2 sin

u = d 2 / d1 .

(7.1.73)

, , . . , (7.1.59) (7.1.62)
K H K Hv (7.1.58),
:

qn max =

Ft K H K Hv
.
bcos

(7.1.74)

qn max =

Ft K H K H K Hv
bcos

(7.1.75)

,
,
, .
(7.1.73) (7.1.74) (7.1.70),
H :

H = ZM

2 Ft (u 1)K H K Hv
.
bcos d 2 sin

(7.1.76)

305

 7.

Z M , :

ZM =

E 1 (1

E1 E 2
2
2

) + E (1 )
2

2
1

(7.1.77)

, ,
, . Z , . Z
, :

Z =

(7.1.78)

Z =

4
.
3

(7.1.79)

b a , , ba = b / . , (7.1.56) Ft T 2 , (7.1.75) ,

H = Z M Z Z h

4T2 103 (u 1)K H K Hv K H

,
d 22 ba a

(7.1.80)

2
.
sin 2
, 10 3 (7.1.80) - , . . T2
. (7.1.80) d 2 (7.1.18),

Z h =

T2 103 (u 1) K H K H v K H
3

H = Z M Z Z h

a 3u 2 ba

Ha .

(7.1.81)

,
E1 = E 2 = 21
, 105 2 1 = 2 = 0,3 , = 200 ,
306

 7.1.

Z = 1,0 Z = 0,9
, (7.1.81) :

T2 (u 1) K H K H v K H
3

H = 11 103

a 3 u 2 ba

Ha ;

T2 (u 1) K H K H v K H
3

H = 9 10

a 3u 2 ba

Ha .

Ha (7.1.81)
. , ,
. . .
ba . ,
:
b a = 0,30 0,50 ;
b a = 0,25 0,40 ;
b a = 0,20 0,25 ;
b a = 0,40 0,60 .
(7.1.81),
,
. , . .
a (7.1.81)
Z M (7.1.77), Z (7.1.78) (7.1.79) Z h ,

, 105 2 1 = 2 = 0,3 ) ( E1 = E 2 = 21
( = 200 )

a = 495(u 1)3

T2 K H K H K Hv
,
2
bau 2 Ha

(7.1.82)

a = 430(u 1)3

T2 K H K H K Hv
.
2
bau 2 Ha

(7.1.83)
307

 7.

(7.1.80) (7.1.83), , .
. , , ,
,
. .
, M x Fn (.
7.1.17a). , . ,
,
.
(. 7.1.17b),
s , b , A = sb . , , .
, s b
.
Fn
( ), h , M x
M x = Fn h cos .
(7.1.84)
28 0 30 0 . , F ( ) :

F =

Fn h cos Fn sin

,
Wx
A

Fn sin
, A

a)

b)
. 7.1.17

308

(7.1.85)

 7.1.

; Wx =

bs 2
6

. (7.1.84) (7.1.85)
, (7.1.58) q n =

Fn
,
b

6h cos sin
(7.1.86)

.
s2
s

s h m ,

F = qn

. .

s = m ;

h = m .

(7.1.87)

. (7.1.87)
(7.1.86)

F =

qn
m

6 cos sin

(7.1.88)

,
, , , , . (7.1.88) q n q n max . ,
, .
, .
. 7.1.18 ,
, . , .

,
. ,
K F ,
K Fv . . 7.1.18
309

 7.

K F ,
Y , : Y = 1
Np = 8 Np = 9 ; Y = 0,8
Np = 5 7 . ,
:

qn max =

Fn K F K F K FvY
.
b

(7.1.89)

(7.1.88) (7.1.89), (7.1.56) (7.1.58),

2 103 T2 K F K F K FvYF Y
,
F =
d 2bm
YF =

(7.1.90)

6 cos sin
+

.

cos
2

YF , :

2,8 x + 0,93 112 x 2 154 x + 71

YF = 3,6 1
+
;
z
z2

(7.1.91)

Y F = 4,3

8 (1 + 0,23x )
z

0, 8
0

56x
0,33 10 4 z 0 (180 z )1 0,8 ,
z0

(7.1.92)

z z 0 ( ) ; x
.

YF = 3,5 4 .
d2 (7.1.18),
:

F =

T2 103 (u + 1)K F K F v K F YF Y
aubm

Fa .

(7.1.93)

Fa . 7.1.6.
(7.1.93) 310

 7.1.

. , (7.1.93)
Y F 2 Fa 2 , YF 1 Fa1 .
, ,
. m (7.1.93),

T2 103 (u + 1)K F K Fv K F YF Y
.
m
aub Fa

(7.1.94)

, (7.1.94) .
7.1.4.

,

.
. , (. .
),

.
,
, .

.
, ,
eeA
A (. 7.1.19).
. 7.1.19
ee : , .
k , ,

k=

d2y
dx 2
dy
3 1+

dx

eeA

(7.1.95)

(7.1.95) , -

d2 y
dy

A . .

dx
dx 2
311

 7.

4 x 2 cos 2 4 y 2
+ 2 = 1,
(7.1.96)
d2
d
, d .
(7.1.96) x ,
dy
(7.1.97)
2x cos 2 + 2 y
= 0.
dx
(7.1.97) A x = 0
dy
dx

= 0.
x =0

(7.1.96) :
2

d2 y
dy
2 cos + 2 + 2 y 2 = 0 .
(7.1.98)
dx
dx
d
A x = 0, y = , (7.1.98)
2
2

d2 y
2 cos2
=

.
d
dx 2

(7.1.99)

(7.1.99) (7.1.95)

eeA

2 cos 2
d
=
.
; eeA =
d
2 cos 2

(7.1.100)

(7.1.100) .
. 7.1.3 d =

dee =

mnz
.
cos 3

mnz
,
cos
(7.1.101)

, n . (7.1.101)
dee = m n zV ,
zV =

z
.
cos3

zV .
312

 7.1.

(7.1.90), (7.1.93) (7.1.94)

.
, ,
.
Y .
(7.1.90) (7.1.101)

T2 103 (u + 1)K F K F K FvYF Y Y

F =
Fa .
aubm

(7.1.102)

, Y

Y = 1

120

(7.1.103)

. Y

, Y = 1 , Y = 1 / ,
(7.1.43) .
YF , (7.1.91) (7.1.92)
z zV .
7.1.5. .

,
Y (.
7.1.20). , . ,
, . . . t , n ,
, /,

N = 60ntK n ,

(7.1.104)

K n
, (.
7.1.21). ,
,

.

. 7.1.20

313

 7.

( 2.10).

,
. 7.1.22.
(. . a)
b)
).
. 7.1.21
,
,
(2.10.8).
i i - N i , (
) N i 0 ,
N i / N i 0 , i (.
2.10.13). , , k

(2.10.33),

Ni

N
i =1

= 1 , k

i0

. (2.10.8)
im N i 0 = m1 N G = const ,
(7.1.105)
(2.10.33) (7.1.105)

im N i
= const ,

m
i =1 1 N G
k

(7.1.106)

1 , ; N G
.
2.10, ,
N e .
max ,
,
(7.1.105),
m
m1 N G = max
Ne ,

, (7.1.106),
m

N e = N i i . (7.1.107)
max
i =1
k

(7.1.107) (2.10.37).
314

. 7.1.22

 7.1.

N i ti , (7.1.107)
m

t
N e = N i i
i =1 t max

(7.1.108)

(7.1.90),

i = constF Ti ,
max = constF Tmax .

(7.1.109)

const F (7.1.109) (7.1.90). (7.1.109) (7.1.108),

t T
= N i i
i =1 t Tmax

N Fe

mF

(7.1.110)

N Fe ; mF
,
mF = 6 mF = 9 .
(7.1.110) ,
(7.1.81),

i = const H Ti ,

(7.1.111)

max = const H Tmax ,

const H , const F ,
(7.1.81). ,
(7.1.109),

t T
N He = N i i
i =1 t Tmax
k

mH
2

(7.1.112)

mH
, mH = 6 .
:

t T
= i i
i =1 t Tmax
k

K Fe

K He

t T
= i i
i =1 t Tmax
k

mF

;
mH
2

(7.1.113)

K Fe K He 315

 7.

.
, (.
7.1.21), (. 7.1.23), (7.1.113)
.

K Fe

T
= i
T
0 max

K He

T
= i
T
0 max

:
0 , 1 ,
2 ,
3 , 4 ,
5

. 7.1.23

7.1.7.

K He
mH = 6

K Fe
mF

=6

mF

mH
2

t
d i ;
t max
t
d i
t max

(7.1.114)

K He K Fe

mF
mF =9

1,0

1,0

1,0

0,5

0,3

0,2

0,25

0,14

0,1

0,18

0,06

0,04

0,125

0,038

0,016

0,063

0,013

0,004

, (. 7.1.23) 7.1.7.

, .
.
7.1.6. ,

, . ,
,
.
, , . 316

 7.1.

(0,1 0,6 ) %. , . ,
35 HRC .
( ) ( ).
, ,
- (, , ).
, .
() 3,5 4 . ,
3 .

2 .
.
,
, .
, .
,
, , .

b 3,5 HB = 35HRC .
600 .
. 600 ,
.
. . ,
. ,
, ,
, .
, ( N HG
N FG ) , . . N FG N Fe N HG N He ,

Ha =

H lim
SH

Z R Zv .

(7.1.115)

Fa =

F lim
SF

YR YS K XF K FC .

(7.1.116)
317

 7.

H lim

N HG ;

F lim

N FG ;

S H S F . , , S H = 1,2
: S H = 11
.
Z R Y R , YR = 1
YR = 1,2
. Z R . 7.1.8.
7.1.8. Z R

Ra ,

0,63 1,25

1,25 2,5

2,5 3,5

ZR

0,95

0,9

Z v ,
: Z v = 0,85v 0,1 , HRC < 35 ; Z v = 0,92v 0,05 , HRC 35 ;
Z v = 1,00 (
v = (5 24) /);
YS
, YS = 1,08 0,16 lg mF ;
K XF

,
5
K XF = 1,00 8,3 10 d a , d a .

K FC ,

T
, FC = 0,35 , HRC < 35 ; FC = 0,25 , HRC 35 ;
T
= 0,1 , ; T , T -

K FC = 1 FC

FC

, .
N HG N FG

N HG = 30(HB )

2, 4

N FG = 4 106.
318

340 (HRC )

3,15

+ 8 106 ;

 7.1.

H lim F lim
7.1.9 7.1.10.
, ,
, (7.1.115) (7.1.116)

Fa =

F lim
SF

YRYS K XF K FC mF

H lim

N FG
,
N Fe

N HG
.
(7.1.117)
SH
N He
, (7.1.115) (7.1.117)
Z R Z v 1 , YR YS K XF K FC 1 .

Ha =

Z R Z v mH

7.1.9. H lim
( )

H lim ,

350 HB

2 HB + 70

(38 50) HRC

(40 50) HRC

18 HRC + 150
17 HRC + 200

( 56) HRC

23 HRC

(550 750) HV

1050

7.1.10. F lim
( )

-

F lim ,

SF

(180 300) HB

(180 300) HB

1,8 HB

1,7

(48 55) HRC

(250 320) HB

600

1,7

(48 55) HRC

(32 42) HRC
(550 750) HV
(32 45) HRC
(56 62) HRC

600

1,7
1,7
1,6

300 + 12 HRC
800

319

 7.

7.2.

, . ,
= 90 0 . , , . .
, ,
, . ,
.

b)
. 7.2.1

. (. 7.2.1) (.
7.2.1b) .
,
(. 7.2.2). d 0
, .

320

. 7.2.2

 7.2.

()
,
23 /.
,


. , . 7.2.3


. , ,
n 350 .
,
.
2 1
2 2 (. 7.2.3).
1 , 2 ,

u=

1
.
2

(7.2.1)

d1 d2 , v

v=1
(7.2.3) ,

d1
2

d2
d1
= 2
.
2
2

= R sin 1 ;

d2
2

(7.2.2)

= R sin 2 ,

(7.2.4)

R . (7.2.1)

u=

1 d 2 sin 2
.
=
=
2 d 1 sin 1

(7.2.3)

= 1 + 2 = 90o , (7.2.3)
u = tg 2 = ctg 1 .

(7.2.5)
321

 7.

. ,
(. 7.2.4). ,
,


. ,
.

e .
, M , .
. 7.2.4
. .
. 7.2.4 ( , ) 7.1 7.2.1.
:
(.
7.2.5a, 1). ,
(. 7.2.5b,c 2).
(. 7.2.5d, 3). 1,
2,
. 2.
3 , .
me , , m .
, mte ,
mne mn . ,

d e1 = me z1 ;

a)

b)

c)
. 7.2.5

322

d e 2 = me z 2 ,

d)

 7.2.

d e1 = mte z1 ; d e 2 = mte z 2 ,
(7.2.6)
1 2

. ,
z .

R e (. 7.2.6), . , , b = Kbe Re ,
Kbe .


, .
. 7.2.6 , R e

Re =

d e1

d e2

2 sin1 2 sin 2

, 7.2.7)
. 7.2.6

Re =

2
2
d e21 d e22 me z1 + z2 me z1 1 + u 2
.
+
=
=
4
4
2
2

Re ( )
me mte .
R

R = Re 0,5b ,

(7.2.8)

m=

me R
.
Re

(7.2.9)
323

 7.

, ,
:

n = 200 ; ha = 1; c = 0,20; f = 0,20 ;

n = 200 ; ha = 1; c = 0,25; f = 0,25.

(7.2.10)

*f .

. , x 1
, x 2 ,

x1 = x2 .

(7.2.11)

(7.2.10)

x1 = 2(1 1 / u 2 ) cos3 n / z1 .

(7.2.12)

(7.2.11) n = 0 .
. , .
,
.
. ,
. . ,
, 1 ,

1 = 900 . (7.2.7) , (7.2.6)

z1
d
lim e190 (sin e1 ) = lim e1 = lim
2
2

2R
z1 + z 2

1,

z s

z1 = z s = z12 + z22 .
,
, .
, . , 324

 7.2.

. , ,
,
.
x 1 (
), :

x 1 = 0,03 + 0,008(u 2,5), u > 2,5;

x 1 = 0, u 2,5.

x 1 = 0,03 + 0,008(u 2,5) + 0,0025 n , u > 2,5;

x 1 = 0, u 2,5.

(7.2.13)

n .

x 1 x 2 = x 1 .

, 7.2.1.
7.2.1.

1.

zs = z12 + z22

me

2.
3.

Re = 0,5me z s
b 0,3Re

4.
5.

Kbe = b Re

6.

R = Re 0,5b

7.

m = me R Re

8.

9.

d1 = mz1

d 2 = mz2

u = z2 z1
325

 7.

tg 1 = 1 u

10.

2 = 90 0 1

11.

x1

x2

(7.2.12, 7.2.11)

x 2 = x1 ;

12.

x 1 = 0,03 + 0,008( u 2,5)

x 1 = 0

14.

16.

hae1 = (ha + x e1 )me

hae 2 = (ha + x e 2 )me

h fe1 = (ha + c xe1 )me

h fe 2 = (ha + c x e 2 )me

he1 = hae1 + h fe1

he 2 = hae 2 + h fe 2

se1 = (0,5 + 2 xe1tg + x 1 )me

se 2 = (0,5 + 2 xe 2 tg + x 2 )me

(
= arctg(h

)
R )

f 1 = arctg h fe1 Re

f 2

17.

fe 2

a 1 = f 2

a 2 = f 1

18.

a1 = 1 + a1

a 2 = 2 + a 2

f 1 = 1 f 1

f 2 = 2 f 2

19.

20.

326

u 2,5

15.

u > 2,5

x 2 = x 1

13.

 7.2.

21.

22.

23.

d e1 = me z1

d e 2 = me z2

d ae1 = d e1 + 2hae1 cos 1

d ae 2 = d e 2 + 2hae 2 cos 2

B1 = 0,5d e 2 hae1 sin 1

B2 = 0,5d e1 hae 2 sin 2

7.2.2.
,
1

1.

z s = z12 + z22

2.

Re = 0,5mte zs
b

3.

R = Re 0,5b

4.

Kbe = b / Re

5.

mn = (mte b z s ) cos n

6.

u = z2 z1

7.

tg1 = 1 u

8.

2 = 90 o 1

9.

xn1

(7.2.12, 7.2.11)

x n 2 = x n1

10.

7.2.13

mte = 2 Re z s

11.

12.

x 1

h f 1 = (ha + c x n1 )mn

h f 2 = (ha + c x n1 )mn
327

 7.

13.

14.

17.



18.

19.

20.

21.

tg f 1 = h f 1 R

tg f 2 = h f 2 R

a 1 = f 2

a2 = f 1

hae1 = 0,5btga1

hae 2 = 0,5btga 2

h fe1 = 0,5btg f 1

h fe 2 = 0,5btg f 2

ha1 = (ha + x n1 )mn

ha 2 = ha + xn 2 mn

hae1 = ha1 + hae1

hae 2 = ha 2 + hae 2

h fe1 = h f 1 + h fe1

h fe 2 = h f 2 + h fe 2

he1 = hae1 + h fe1

he 2 = hae 2 + h fe 2

a1 = 1 + a1

a 2 = 2 + a 2

f 1 = 1 f 1

f 2 = 2 f 2

23.

328

22.

24.

sn 2 = mn sn1

15.
16.

sn1 = ( 0,5 + 2 xn1tgn + x 1 ) mn

d1 = mn z1 cos n

d 2 = mn z 2 cos n

 7.2.

25.

26.

27.

d e1 = mte z1

d e 2 = mte z 2

d ae1 = d e1 + 2hae1 cos1

d ae 2 = d e 2 + 2hae 2 cos 2

B1 = 0,5d e 2 hae1 sin 1

B2 = 0,5d e1 hae 2 sin 2

28.

b sin n
mn

. Fn , , : Ft ,
Fr Fa .

2 103 T
Ft =
.
d

(7.2.14)

,

,
( ).
,

(.
7.2.7).
, a)
b)

. 7.2.7
(. 7.2.7a),
(. 7.2.7b).
, .
(. 7.2.8).

FV = Ft tg ;

Fr = FV cos = Ft tg cos ;
Fa = FV sin = Ft tg sin .

(7.2.15)
329

 7.

, , (7.2.15) Fr

Fa , , , 1 , , , 2 . (7.2.15) ( = 1 + 2 = 900 ) , Fa1 = Fr 2 Fa2 = Fr1 . ,

.

r (. 7.2.9).
Fn ,
,

r
r
r
FQ = Ft + FU . , ,

FQ =

r
r
r
Fn = FV + FQ . ,

Ft
F tg n
; FV = FQ tg n = t
;
cos n
cos n

FU = FQ sin n = Ft tg n .
r
r
, Fr Fa
Fr = FVy m FUy =

Ft
(tg n cos m sin n sin ) ;
cos n

(7.2.16)

Ft
(tg n sin sin n cos ) .
Fa = FVz FUz =
cos n
+ , , . ,
n .

. 7.2.8

330

. 7.2.9

 7.2.

. ,
.
, ,
. , , . ee .

.
,
.
. 7.2.10,

ree1 =

r1

cos1

ree 2 =

r2

cos 2

(7.2.17)

r1 r2 .
(. 7.2.11) ,
.
7.1 .
, ee 1 ee 2 :

ee1 = PP = ree1 sin ;

ee 2 = PP = ree 2 sin .

(7.2.18)

, (7.1.70), 7.1 ,

H =

. 7.2.10

E1E2
q
n .
2
E1 1 + E2 1 1 ee

2
2

(7.2.19)

. 7.2.11

331

 7.

, (7.1.70), ee , (7.2.17) (7.2.18)

ee

ee1

ee 2

ree1 + ree 2
r cos 2 + r2 cos 1
= 1
.
ree1ree 2 sin
r1r2 sin

(7.2.20)

, . 7.2.3,

r2 = R cos 1 ; r1 = R cos 2 ,
(7.2.20) 1 = 90 0 2

ee

R
r1 r2 sin

(7.2.21)

, . ,
7.1, K H K Hv qn max (7.1.74). (7.2.21) (7.2.19) (7.1.74),

H = Z M Z h Z

Ft uK H K H R
,
b d 22

(7.2.22)

8
sin 2
; Z = 1,0 ; u = d2 / d1

Z M (7.1.77) ; Z h =

.

( E1 = E 2 = 21
, 105 , 1 = 2 = 0,3 ) (

= 200 ), , Z M (7.1.77)

(7.2.14), (7.2.22)

H = 670

Ft uK H K H R
bd

2
2

= 3 10 4

T2 uK H K H R
bd 23

(7.2.23)

H = 3 10 4

T2 uK H K H R
bd 23

Ha .
332

Ha ,

(7.2.24)

 7.2.

(7.2.24)
K be =

b
, (7.2.8)
Re

R = Re (1 0,5 Kbe ) .

(7.2.25)

d2

d 2 = d e 2 b sin 2 = d e 2

bd e 2
= d e 2 (1 0,5K be ) .
2 Re 2

(7.2.26)

K be
:
Kbe = 0,25 0,3 . K be ,
Kbe = 0,285 . , , R 40 .
.
(7.2.24)
. , , . ,
.
H = 0,85 . (7.2.23) , (7.2.25 7.2.26),

T2uK H K H
3 104
H =
,
(1 0,5Kbe ) 0,85d e32 Kbe

(7.2.27)

(7.2.24)

H =

T2 uK H K H
3 10 4
Ha .
(1 0,5K be ) 0,85d e32 K be

(7.2.28)

, , d e 2 . (7.2.28)

d e 2 = 970 3

T2uK H K H

2
0,85(1 0,5K be ) K be Ha
2

(7.2.29)

, (7.2.29)
333

 7.

, (1 0,5 K be )

: (1 0,5 K be ) 1,03(1 K be ) .
2

d e 2 = 960 3

T2uK H K H
.
2
0,85(1 K be )K be Ha

(7.2.29). Ha , .

. ,
, .
.
n = 0 0 450 .
( ): 0, 10, 15, 20, 25,
30, 35, 40, 45. , > 1,6 . , , , n = 350 . ,
< 1,25 .
(7.2.28), ,
H :

H =

T2 uK H K H
3 10 4
Ha ;
(1 0,5K be ) H d e32 K be

d e 2 = 970 3

T2uK H K H
.
2
H (1 0,5K be )2 K be Ha

(7.2.30)

(7.2.31)

H :
H = 1,22 + 0,21u HRC 35 ;

, + 0,13u HRC 45 ,
H = 113
HRC 35 ;
H = 0,81 + 0,15u HRC 35 .
334

 7.2.

.
,

de1 =
zV 1 =

d1
= m zV 1 ;
cos 1

de2 =

d2
= m zV 2 ,
cos 2

(7.2.32)

z2
z1
zV 2 =

cos 2
cos 1

. ,
(7.1.90) , ,

F =

2 103 T2 K F K FvYF

F d 2bme

Fa .

(7.2.33)

YF 1 YF 2 ( zV 1 zV 2 ), K F K Fv , 7.1 . F = 0,85 .
. : -, ,
.
, ( 7.1.4)
.

zV 2 =

d ee1 =

d1
= mte zV 1 ;
cos 1 cos2 n

zV 1 =

z1

cos1 cos3 n

d ee 2 =

d2
= mte zV 2 ,
cos 2 cos 2 n

(7.2.34)

z2
.
cos2 cos3 n

, (7.2.33),

F =

2 103 T2 K F K FvYF
d 2bmteF

Fa .

(7.2.35)

335

 7.

F :

F = 0,94 + 0,080u HRC 35 ;

F = 0,85 + 0,043u HRC 45 ,

HRC 35 ;
F = 0,65 + 0,110u HRC 35 .

336

 7.3.

7.3.

. 90 0 .
- ,
.
:
(. 7.3.1).


z1 = 1 4 . ( )
, . , ,
,
(. 7.3.2).
, . . 7.3.1
,
.
(.
7.3.3b) (. 7.3.3a).

, ,

.
,
,
.
. 7.3.2
.

. ,
(. 7.3.4).

b)
. 7.3.3

337

 7.

. 7.3.4

,
,
. , .
, ,
, .
. ,
. .
, ,
,
.
.
, .
, , , .
, . .
.
. , , ,
( 7.1.1).

, ( , 7.1)
= 200 ; ha* = 1; h* = 2,2; c = 0,2 ( , , ).
.
7.3.5, . 7.3.6. .
338

 7.3.

. 7.3.6

. 7.3.5

d2
z 2

d 2 = mz2 ,

(7.3.1)

m = p , p . m
: m = 2,0; 2,50; 3,15; 4,0; 5,0; 6,3; 8,0; 10,0; 12,5; 16,0; 20,0; 25,0.
: m = 3,0; 3,5; 6,0; 7,0; 12,0
( 2 ).

.

m = (1,4 1,7)

a
,
z2

a , m ,
.
d1
d 1 = mq .
(7.3.2)
q , : q = 6,3; 8,0; 10,0; 12,5; 16,0; 20,0; 25,0; q = 7,1; 9,0; 11,2; 14,0; 18,0; 22,4.

, q q = 0,25z2 ,
.
7.3.1,
q m . (7.3.1) (7.3.2) ,

d 2 = d1

z2
.
q

(7.3.3)
339

 7.

7.3.1. m q
m

m
3,15

16; 20

12,5; 16;
20

8; 10
2,5

8; 10;

10;12,5

1,6

8; 10; 12,5;
16; 20

6,3; 8;

8; 10;

10; 12,5

12,5; 14; 16; 20

16

8;10;
12,5; 16

8; 10;

12,5;

16; 20

12,5; 16;

20

8; 10

20

. z1 , ,
7.3.2,

tg =

pz1 z1
= .
d1 q

(7.3.4)

, . -, - , z1 , 7.3.2.
7.3.2. u
z1
u

8 14

14 30

30

z1

, ( 7.1.1).
x . , :

d 1 = mq ;

dW1 = m(q + 2 x) .

(7.3.5)

, :
(7.3.6)
dW 2 d 2 = mz2 .
340

 7.3.

d a1 = m z1 + 2ha ;

d a2 = m z2 + 2 x + 2ha .

d f 1 = m( z1 2hf ) ;

d f 2 = m( z2 + 2 x 2hf ) .

(7.3.7)

,
1 x 1 .
daM 2 2 :

d a M 2 = d 2 + d 1 (1 cos ) .

(7.3.8)

2 , :
2 = 900 1100 ;
2 = 700 900 ,
.
a
a = 0,5(d1 + d 2 ) = 0,5m(q + z 2 ) ,
(7.3.9)
, ,

aW = 0,5m(q + z 2 + 2 x ) .

(7.3.10)

(7.3.2) (7.3.9)

z
a = 0,5d1 1 + 2 ,
q

d1 =

2a
.
z2
1+
q

(7.3.11)

(7.3.9) (7.3.11) d 2 :

2az 2
.
(7.3.12)

z2
q1 +
q

(7.3.10) x , d 2 = 2a d 1 =

x=

aW
0,5(q + z 2 ) ,
m

1 x 1 .

(7.3.13)

( ) b1 341

 7.

. ,
(. 7.3.3).
7.3.3. b1
x
1,0
0,5
0,0
0,5
1,0

z1 = 1 2
b1 (10,5 + 0,06 z 2 )m
b1 (8 + 0,06 z 2 )m
b1 (11 + 0,06 z 2 )m
b1 (11 + 0,1z 2 )m
b1 (12 + 0,1z 2 )m

z1 = 3 4
b1 (10,5 + 0,09 z 2 )m
b1 (9,5 + 0,09 z 2 )m
b1 (12,5 + 0,09 z 2 )m
b1 (12,5 + 0,1z 2 )m
b1 (13 + 0,1z 2 )m

b2

b2 = (0,315 0,355)a ,

(7.3.14)

z1 , , .
. ,
, , ,
.
. 7.3.7
,
.
,
, r
r
v1 v2 .
( )
. 7.3.7
,
r
r
. v1 v2
, 90 0 . r
r
v12 = vs ,

r
r r
v12 = v1 v 2 ,

(7.3.15)

. . ,

vs =
342

v1
v
= 2 .
cos sin

(7.3.16)

 7.3.

v1 = 0,51d1 ; v2 = 0,52 d 2 .

(7.3.17)

, . 7.3.7 (7.3.17),

tg =

v2 2 d 2
=
.
v1 1 d 1

(7.3.18)

, tg (7.3.4). (7.3.18) (7.3.4), (7.3.6) u =

u=

d2
z
= 2 .
mz1 z1

(7.3.19)

(7.3.19) . , ,
. , ,
dW 2 d 2 , dW 1 (7.3.5).
(7.3.19) (7.1.17) ,
, .

(, z1 =1 4 ),
, (
, , u = 10 60 , u 300 ).
. T1 Fn , .
.
,
.
Fa1 , Fa 2 , Ft 1 , Ft 2
Fr 1 , Fr 2 (. 7.3.8).

(.
. 7.3.8
7.3.9). n
343

 7.

, f
, f = f / cos n = tg (
, .
4.1), .

Fn
Fn cos n ,
F f = Fn f cos n .
(.
7.3.8) , Ft1
Fa2
, , . .

. 7.3.9

2T1 10 3
Ft 1 = Fa 2 =
;
d1

2T2 10 3
Ft 2 = F1 =
.
d2

(7.3.20)

, , (4.1.3):

Ft 1 = Fa 2 = Ft 2 tg ( + ) .

(7.3.21)

, .7.3.9,

Fa1 =

Fn cos n
cos( + ) .
cos

(7.3.22)

(7.3.20), (7.3.22)
:

Fn =

Ft 2 cos
.
cosn cos( + )

(7.3.23)

, (7.3.23)
(.. = 0 ). , , n , ,

Fn =

Ft 2
;
cos cos

Fr = Fn sin =

Ft 2 tg
.
cos

(7.3.24)

.
: , ( , ..),
.. ,
, , . 344

 7.3.

T2 2 Ft 2 d2 2
=
.
T1 1 Ft1d1 1

(7.3.25)

(7.3.25) (7.3.21) (7.3.4)

tg
.
tg( + )

(7.3.26)

, ,

tg( )
tg

(7.3.27)

7.3.4. f

vs , /

0,01

0,1 0,12

0,1

vs , /

50 40 6 050

2,5

0,03 0,04

10 40 2 0 20

0,08 0,09

4 0 30 5010

3,0

0,028 0,035

10 30 2 0 00

0,25

0,065 0,075

30 40 4 0 20

4,0

0,023 0,030

10 20 10 40

0,5

0,055 0,085

3010 30 40

7,0

0,018 0,026

10 00 10 30

1,0

0,045 0,055

2 0 30 3010

10,0

0,016 0,024

0055 10 20

1,5

0,04 0,05

2 0 20 2 050

15,0

0,014 0,020

0050 1010

2,0

0,035 0,045

2 0 00 2 0 30

(7.3.26) (7.3.27), , , , .
7.3.4.
:
z1 = 1
0,70 0,75 ;

z1 = 2
z1 = 4

0,75 0,82 ;
0,87 0,92 .

.
, , . 345

 7.

, , , . , .
, .
, , ,
(, , ).
, ,
, .

.

. ,
, , ( )
.
.
. . 7.3.10
.
e1 e2 .
, ,
(. 7.1.70),

H =

E1E2
q
n ,
2
E1 1 + E2 1 1 e

2
2

(7.3.28)

1 / e ,

e1

e2

, e1 = ,

e2 =

. 7.3.10

346

d2 sin
.
2

(7.3.29)

,
, .
,
1/ e (7.3.29)
(7.1.100)

 7.3.

2 cos 2
.
d 2 sin

(7.3.30)

(7.3.24)

qn =

Ft 2
Fn
=
,
ls
ls cos cos

(7.3.31)

ls ,
:

ls =

b2
.
cos

(7.3.32)

= 0,75 , - , 2 ; -

1,8 2,2 .
, ~

= 2 , = 10 0 ,
2 = 100 0 1,75 . b2

, . b2 b2 = 2

d1
0,87 d1 .
2

(7.3.32) ,

ls =

1,3d1
.
cos

(7.3.33)

qn , (7.3.31),
, .
, , .
K H (
) K H ( ) 7.1 . H (7.3.28)
(7.3.30), (7.3.31) (7.3.33)

H = ZM Zh

Ft K H K H
,
d 2 d1

(7.3.34)
347

 7.

ZM =

E1 E 2
4 cos 2
; Zh =
.
1,3 sin 2
E1 1 22 + E 2 1 12

, ( E1 = 2,1 10 5 /2,

2 = 0,3 ), ( E2 = 0,9 105 /2, 2 = 0,3 ),

10 0 ,
= 20 0 . (7.3.34)

H = 320

2T2 103 K H K H
.
d 22 d1

(7.3.35)

(7.3.35) d1 (7.3.11) d2 (7.3.12),

:

5300q
=
z2

z2 + q

T2 K H K H .
aq

5300q z 2 + q
=

T 2 K H K H Ha ,
z2
aq

(7.3.36)

Ha . ,

dW d ; aW a.

, (7.3.36)

5300 ( q + 2 x )
H =
z2

z2 + q + 2 x

T2 K H K H Ha .
a( q + 2 x )

(7.3.37)

, , (7.3.36) (7.3.37) a , :

a = 2 + 13
q

348

5300
z2

Ha q

K K T ;
H H 2

(7.3.38)

 7.3.

5300( q + 2 x )
K H K H T2 .

Ha z2

z2 + q + 2 x
3
aW =
q + 2x

(7.3.39)

.
, , .
7.3.5. Y F
zv

YF

zv

YF

zv

YF

zv

YF

20

1,98

30

1,76

40

1,55

80

1,34

24

1,88

32

1,71

45

1,48

100

1,30

26

1,85

35

1,64

50

1,45

150

1,27

28

1,80

37

1,61

60

1,40

300

1,24

, F , 7.1 .
YF ,
7.3.5. , YF zv , z v =

z
.
cos 3

(7.1.90) (7.3.20)

Ft 2 K F K FvYF
.
mls

F =

(7.3.40)

(7.3.40) (7.3.33)
:

F =

Ft 2 K F K F YF cos
1,3m 2 q

Fa ;

F =

Ft 2 K F K F YF cos
1,3m 2 (q + 2 x)

Fa .

(7.3.41)

Fa .
. , ,
, , .
349

 7.

, ,
.
, . , , K H K F (
, ). K H = K F = 1,05 1,15 .
, , , K Hv = K Fv = 1 .
. Ha Fa
, .
, ,
, . , ( ),
, . .

. , (
, ). .
,
, 7.3.6.
Ha
HRC 45

Ha = 0,9 b 8

10 7
,
N He

(7.3.42)

b ; N He . (7.3.42) :
0,55 b Ha 0,95 b . HRC 45 (7.3.42) 0,9 0,7 .
, ,
, vs (,
350

 7.3.

, ,
, ):

Ha =

0,7 b
4

1 + vs

10 7
,
N He

(7.3.43)

0,50 b Ha 0,80 b .

(7.3.43) :

Ha = (200 300) 25vs .

[ Ha ]=, [ vs ]=/.
7.3.6.

E.10-5
, HB

vs , /

0101

200
260

120
150

0,74
1,01

80100
100120

25

290

170

0,98

100120

35

0663

160
180

108
78

0,93

60
6076

12

0555

147
200

80
100

0,88
0,88

6068
6066

12

93

390
500
500

200
200

1,1

110
110140

10
10

1044
3822
15
18

600
300
314
353

400
130

0,98
0,9
0,9
1

170225
8096
163229
170241

10
10
3
2

. : , , .

Fa S F = 1,75

Fa =

(0,44 r + 0,14 b )
SF

106
;
N Fe

(7.3.44)

1,70 1 Ha 1,20 r .
351

 7.

1 r .

, 7.1 ,
N e , :

N H e = K He N S ;

(7.3.45)

N Fe = K Fe NS ,

(7.3.46)

N S . , K He K Fe ,

KHe

m
2

T t n
= 2i i 2i ;

i =1 T2max t s n2
k

K Fe

T t n
= 2i i 2i .
i =1 T2 t s n2
k

(7.3.47)

T2i , t i , n2i ; i
; m (. 7.3.7); T2 , n2 .
7.3.7.
7.3.7. K H e K Fe

KE

KH e

1,0

0,416

0,20

0,171

0,081

0,034

KFe

1,0

0,2

0,10

0,04

0,016

0,004

. : 0 ; 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 .

N He
(7.3.45) , N H e > 25 10 7 , N H e = 25 107 . N F e , 10 6 < N F e < 25 10 7 .
(7.3.46) N F e < 10 6 , N F e = 10 6 ,

N F e > 25 10 7 N F e = 25 10 7 .
352

 7.3.

. , . ,
, , .

.
. , ,
, ,
.
: Qi , , [ Qi ] = []; Q0 , , [ Q0 ] = []; P1 ,
[ P1 ] = []; K t = 12 18 , [ K t ] = [/(2)],
,
; t
, 0; t 0 , 0; A
,
[ A ] = [2]. ,

Qi = 10 3 (1 ) P1 ,

(7.3.48)

Q0 = K t (t t0 )A ,

(7.3.49)

, ,

Q i = Q0 .

(7.3.50)

A A = 12a1, 7 , a ,
.
(7.3.48) (7.3.49) (7.3.50)

103 (1 )P1 = K t (t t0 )A

t=

10 3 (1 )P1
+ t0 ta .
Kt A

(7.3.51)

t , (7.3.51),
t a
( ,
). t a
, t a = 950 C .
353

 7.

(7.3.51)
, ,
. ,
(. 7.3.8).
7.3.8. K t


n , /

750

1000

1500

3000

Kt ,

17

21

29

40

/(2)

,
, . ,
. , , .

354

 7.4.

7.4.

. , .
.
, . . ,
,
, .
, , .
, , , . , , .
.
. ( h). , , .
.
, , , . (. 7.4.1) , .

1 ;
2 ;
3 ;
4 .
. 7.4.1

355

 7.

.

,
. ,
. 7.4.1
1 ,
, a ,
b .
u 8
. 7.4.2
. b ,
2 4,5 (. . 7.4.1), .
,
1 a ,
(. 7.4.2), , (6.11),
. , 2 , u 16 ,
, 1 , .
, . ,
.
3 4 1 2 , , .
.

,
, . ,
1 b .

, hb . , a b ah bh :

ah = ba bh ;

bh = hb ,

(7.4.1)

ba a . b
, ,
uah

ba
u = b ,
h
b
ah

(7.4.2)

a b .
356

 7.4.

,
, .
h
(7.4.2)
u ab
h
uab
=

ah ab hb
b
=
= 1 uah
.
h
b
h
b

(7.4.3)

h
u ab

h
, uab
=

(7.4.3)

zb
, z a , z b a b ,
za
b
u ah
=1+

zb
.
za

(7.4.4)

. , 2 ,
b , g f
z g z f ,

z g zb
ah ab hb
b
u = h =
=
1

u
=
1

,
ah
hb
b
za z f
h
ab

b
uah
= 1+

z g zb
.
za z f

(7.4.5)

7.4.1.
7.4.1.

b =1 +
uah

zb
za

2,88

a =1+
ubh

za
zb

1,281,6

b
uah

z z
=1+ g b
za z f

<16

h
(1 ab
) 0.98

1
bha = 1 1 a (1 abh )
ubh

1
b
uah

1
b
uah

ahb = 1 1

ahb = 1 1

h
(1 ab
) 0.96

abh = agh fbh

357

 7.

b =1
uah

3
b
uha

1
= b
uah

b =1
uah

4
b
uha

z g zb

za z f

z g zb

za z f

1
= b
uah

<25

1600

<16

31,51600

ahb = 1 1

1
b
uah

h
(1 ab
) 0.96

hab =

hab =

h
1 ab
b
1 + h (uha
1)
ab

1
ahb = 1 1 b (1 abh ) 0.96
uah

1 h b
1 + h ab (uha
1)
ab

. . ,
, , , .
:
;
;
.
, . 1
aWa g = aWb g ,
(7.4.6)
24
aWa g = aWb f .
(7.4.7)
, , :
1 z b z a = 2z g ;
2 ( z a + z g )m1 = ( z b z f )m2 ;
358

 7.4.

3 ( z a + z g )m1 = ( z b + z f )m2 ;
4 ( z a z g )m1 = ( zb z f )m2 .
m1 m 2 a g
b f .

(. 7.4.3). ,
:

AB = aW sin > d as / 2 ,

(7.4.8)

= / ns ; ns

. 7.4.3

das ; OA = aW .
. ,
, . :
1
2

za + zb
=N;
ns

za z f + zb z g
n s d fg
za z f zb z g

3 4

n s d fg

N ;

d fg

=N;
=N,

(7.4.9)

z f zg .
.
.
,
3 . , ,
b .
b
ah
=

Pp
Ph Pa Pp
= 1
=
,
Pa
Pa
Pa

(7.4.10)

Pa , Ph Pp
.
359

 7.

,
h
Pp
Pb Pa Pp
=
= 1 h ,
=
h
Pa
Pa
Pa
h
ab

h
)Pah ,
Pp = (1 ab

(7.4.11)

Pah = Ta a h ; Pa = Ta a ; Ta a .
, . (7.4.10) (7.4.11)

ahb = 1

(1 )P
h
ab

h
a

Pa

h
= 1 (1 ab
)(1 1/ uahb ) .

(7.4.12)

, ,
(. . 7.4.1).
.
, , 1,

b . . 7.4.4.
,
, () Fta , Ftb Fra , Frb .
.
Ta ,

Fta = Ta / ra ,

. 7.4.4

(7.4.13)

ra . ,
, , Fta = Ftb ,

Fth = Fta + Ftb = 2 Fta .

T h

Th = 2 Fta
360

ra + rb
.
2

(7.4.14)

(7.4.15)

 7.4.

. 7.4.5

. 7.4.6

rb .

Fra = Ftatg ; Frb = Ftbtg ,

(7.4.16)

. Tb , b ,

Tb = Ftb rb = Fta rb .

(7.4.17)

, ,

Ta + Th + Tb = 0 .

(7.4.18)

Ta a + Th h + Tb b = 0 .

(7.4.19)

T a , T b T h , (7.4.18) (7.4.19).
,
, .

( 3 , . 7.4.5). Fta rg = Ftb rf ,

Ftb = Fta

rg
rf

Fth = Fta Ftb .

(7.4.20)

( 2, . 7.4.6)

Fta rg = Ftb rf ;

Ftb = Fta

rg
rf

Fth = Fta + Ftb .

(7.4.21)

.
361

 7.

.
, . , , -
, ,
.
K p .
, . , ,
.
, K p = 1,35 1,5 .
, .
K p = 1,10 1,15 .
,
, .
.
, .

, , .

, .
.
, 1 , .
h
u ab
:
h
uab
=

a h
.
b h

(7.4.22)

(7.4.22)

b =

a + h (uabh 1)
h
uab

b ,

(7.4.23)

(7.4.23) :

b =
362

a + h (uabh 1)
h
uab

(7.4.24)

 7.4.

(7.4.24),
,

.
h
u ab
= 2 , b = ( a + h ) / 2 , .

. 7.4.7
.

(. 7.4.7),
, (7.4.24),
. , ,
, .

, .

363

 8.

8.1.

(. 8.1.1).
d1 d2 ,
1 2 , (
). T1
, , . , , .
, , . .
: , ; , 1000 5000 ; , .
(.
8.1.2), (. 8.1.2b) (. 8.1.2c), (. 8.1.2d).
- , .
.

(. 8.1.2a).
b
() .
,
, .
. 8.1.1

,
.
,

-
a)
b)
c)
d)

. 8.1.2
. 364

 8.1.

,
v 30 /.
b b0 , h (. 8.1.2b). .
(. 8.1.1). ,
u 7 10 .
8.1.1.

b0

l0

l min l max d min

T1

y0

8,5

10

2,1

0,47

1320

400

2500

63

< 30

0,06

11

13

2,8

0,81

1700

560

4000

90

1560

0,10

14

17

10,5

4,0

1,38

2240

800

6300

125

45150

0,18

19

22

13,5

4,8

2,30

3750 1800

10600

200

120600

0,30

27

32

19

6,9

4,76

4500 3150

15000

315

420 2400

0,62

32

38

23,5

8,3

6,92

7100 4500

18000

500

1600 6000

0,90

SPZ

8,5

10

2,0

0,56

1600

630

3550

63

150

0,07

SPA

11

13

10

2,8

0,95

2500

800

4500

90

90400

0,12

SPB

14

17

13

3,5

1,58

3550 1250

8000

140

3002000

0,20

SPC

19

22

18

4,8

2,78

5600 2000

8000

224

> 2000

0,37

2,4

4,0

0,72

710

400

2000

40

40

0,09

4,8

9,5

3,56

1600 1250

4000

80

1840

0,45

9,5

16,7

11,37

2240 2000

4000

180

> 130

1,6

b(t )

m0

l0

d min

l min

( );

m0 ,

b0 b(t )

A,
2

T1

l max

( 1 ).

.
(. 8.1.2; . 8.1.1).
365

 8.

.
, : , .
. ,
T1 S 0 (. 8.1.3).

, (
) S1 , S 2 .
, , :
S1 + S 2 = 2S0 . (8.1.1)
. 8.1.3
,

S1 S 2 S1 > S 2 , Ft ,
S1 S 2 = Ft .
(8.1.2)
(8.1.1) (8.1.2)

S1 = S0 + Ft / 2 ; S 2 = S0 Ft / 2 .

(8.1.3)

,
, , , (8.1.3) , . . , v1
v2 . .
, . , S 1 S 2 , A S 1 AS 2 ,
S 1 S 2 . , , ,

As1v1 s1 = As 2v2 s 2 .

(8.1.4)

, , , . S1

AS1 = A(1 S1 ) 2 ;

366

S 1 = /[(1 + S1 )(1 S1 ) 2 ] ,

(8.1.5)

 8.1.

A , S 1

S1 . S 2 .

(8.1.4) (8.1.5) ,

v1 =

v2 (1 + S 1 )
v2 (1 + S 1 S 2 ) ,
(1 + S 2 )
v2 = v1 (1 ) .

(8.1.6)

= S 1 S 2 = ( S1 S 2 ) / EA .
(8.1.6) ,

v1 v2
.
v1

(8.1.7)

v1 = 1d1 / 2 ;

v2 = 2 d2 / 2 .

(8.1.8)

(8.1.8) (8.1.7)

= 1

v2
d
= 1 2 2 .
v1
1 d1

(8.1.9)

u=

1
d2
.
=
2 d1 (1 )

(8.1.10)

, = 0,01 ,
= 0,015 0,02 .

. 0 , S 0 ,

0 =

S0
.
A

(8.1.11)

,
0 = 1,2 1,8 .

(. 8.1.4). : ( S1 S 2 ,
367

 8.

. 8.1.4

), c ( ) F (
). .
. S1 S 2 , , .
d ,
. 8.1.5. F f = fdN ,

f , dN
, S , dS .

n

Fxi = 0;
i =1

F yi = 0 ,

(8.1.12)

i =1

. 8.1.5

Fx i Fyi
. (8.1.12) ,

d
d
dN (S + dS ) sin S sin = 0 ;
2
2
d
d
(S + dS ) cos 2 S cos 2 F f = 0 .
368

(8.1.13)

 8.1.

sin
(8.1.13)

dN dS

d d
d

; cos
1.
2
2
2

d
Sd = 0;
2

dS F f = 0 .

(8.1.14)

(8.1.14) F f = fdN dS d 2 ,

dN = S d ; dS = fdN ,

dS
= fd .
S

(8.1.15)

(8.1.15) . , , , ,
, g . (8.1.15) ,
S1

dS
S S =
2

f d ,

(8.1.16)

S1 = S 2 e

f g

(8.1.17)

(8.1.17) f
f ,

f =

f
sin

(8.1.18)

(
= 1800 ).
= 400 .
(8.1.18) () . , = 400 , f 3 f . ,
, .
(8.1.17) 1 2 , .

1 = S1 / A;

2 = S2 / A .

(8.1.19)
369

 8.

(8.1.17) (8.1.2) ,

S2 =

Ft

f g

S1 =

f g

Ft e
e

f g

(8.1.20)

(8.1.1),

S2 =

2S 0

f g

+1

S1 =

2S0 e

f g

+1

f g

(8.1.21)

(8.1.20) (8.1.19)

q=e

f g

, t =

Ft
,
A
q t
1 =
;
q 1

2 =

t
q 1

(8.1.22)

, .
, , ,
. Sc , (. 8.1.6).

d dm , v ,
dFc ,

dFc =

v 2 dm
= r dA 2 r ,
r

(8.1.23)

r .

. 8.1.6

2 S c sin

d
= dFc .
2

(8.1.24)

(8.1.24) d (8.1.23), Sc

S c = Ar 2 2 .

(8.1.25)

Sc
= 2r 2 = v2 .
A

(8.1.26)

c ,
,

c =
370

 8.1.

(8.1.26), ,
, ,
. c
.
.
, ,
. , F ,
.

. dl . ,
, d (. 8.1.7). l a l f

la = dl + 2 AB , l f = dl 2 AB .
. 8.1.7 ,

AB =

d
2

(8.1.27)

(8.1.28)

(8.1.28),

F =

2 AB
Ed
.
E=
2dl
dl

(8.1.29)

rd = dl , r
,

F =

E
2r

E
d

(8.1.30)

,
d1 , d2 . , (8.1.30),
, . , , ,
.
d1 ,
. , , d1 / . 8.1.7
d1 / = 25 45 . ,
371

 8.

.
R20 .
(8.1.30)

F =

2 y0 E
,
d1

(8.1.31)

y 0 . ,
E = 200 300 , E = 600
E = 500 600 .
.
, , , c F (.
8.1.4).

max , ,
:
max = 1 + c + F 1 .
(8.1.32)
(8.1.22), (8.1.26), (8.1.30) (8.1.32) :

E
q
t + v 2 +
;
d1
q 1

(8.1.33)

2y E
q
t + v 2 + 0 .
d1
q 1

(8.1.34)

max =

max =

.
, , : d1
d2 ; a
( ); 1 2
; l (. 8.1.8). .
a) 1 2

1
. 8.1.8

372

1 = 1800 2 ,

(8.1.35)

 8.1.

, O1 BO2 (. 8.1.7), sin =

sin , =

d 2 d1
.
2a

d 2 d1
d d1
, = 57 0 2
. (8.1.35)
2a
2a
d d
1 = 1800 57 0 2 1 .
(8.1.36)
a

: 1 1500 ;

1 1200 .
2 , (8.1.36)
- + .
b) l :

l = 2a cos +

(d 2 + d1 ) + (d 2 d1 ) .

(8.1.37)

cos 1 0,5 2 , (8.1.37)

2
d2 d1 )
(
.
+

(8.1.38)
(d2 + d1 )
2
4a
c) a
, (8.1.38),

l 2a +

a=

2l (d2 + d1 ) +

[2l (d2 + d1 )]

8 (d2 d1 )

(8.1.39)

, ,
. ,
. , :

a 15
, (d2 + d1 ) ;
(8.1.40)

a 0,55 (d2 + d1 ) + h .

(8.1.41)

h .
373

 8.

, .
,
T ,
r
Fr ,
(.
r
8.1