International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2014)

Feasibility Study Of Hybrid Power Generation System At

Kallar Kahar Pakistan
Fawad Ahmad1, Naveed Khan2, Muhammad Numan3
1,2

University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan,

3
CECOS University Peshawar, Pakistan
The Pre-feasibility study of stand-alone hybrid energy
systems for applications in Newfoundland is carried out
by [5]. Another study is carried out by [6] about the
system performance of autonomous photovoltaicwind
hybrid energy systems using synthetically generated
weather data. The work done on weather data and
probability analysis of hybrid photovoltaicwind power
generation systems in Hong Kong is presented by [7].
In this paper a prefeasibility study will be carried out
for Kallar Kahar Pakistan, the coordinates of which are
coordinates are 32.783 N and 72.700 E [8]. The
proposed block diagram for hybrid power generation
system is shown in fig. 1.

AbstractThe first step in the design of hybrid power

generation system (HPGS) is the feasibility study. This
paper discusses the feasibility analysis of a hybrid power
generation system at Kallar Kahar Pakistan. The feasibility
study mainly focuses on the technical and economic analysis
of the components of hybrid power generation system for
the selected site. The hybrid power generation system is
based on the wind and photovoltaic technology with storage
batteries. The site has an average wind speed of 7.11 m/s
and solar irradiance of 5.02kWh/m2 and is suitable for wind
and photovoltaic power generation systems. The system is
designed for single house initially which can be expanded
further for the whole village. The total electrical power
demand of single home is 1 kW so properly sized
components will be selected to meet the required power
demand of single house. This paper also discusses the
importance of diesel generation as backup source. The
HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric
Renewable) software developed by National Renewable
Electric laboratory USA will be used to study the feasibility
analysis of hybrid power generation system.
KeywordsDiesel generator, Feasibility study, HOMER,
Kallar Kahar, solar, wind.

I. INTRODUCTION
The importance of energy in our lives is significant.
People all over the world use energy to make their lives
more productive and easier. The need for energy is
steering up rapidly. As the conventional sources of
energy are becoming depleted, the worlds attention has
turned towards the renewable energy sources. These
sources include sun, wind, biogas, tides, geothermal and
water. The sun rays fall on the surface of earth for about
8 to 10 hours per day in a given region. The average daily
solar irradiance on the earths surface is 250 W/m2 or
6kWh/m2/day. Pakistan receives an average solar
irradiance of 5.3kWh/m2/day [1, 2]. Pakistan also has
prospective wind sites such as coastal areas of Sindh,
Kallar Kahar in Punjab, Mardan in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
and northern areas of Pakistan. Pakistan has recently
installed a 50 MW wind farm at Jhimpir in Sindh [3].
There is a lot of research work in the field of
renewable energy technology. The Optimized model for
community based Hybrid Energy a system is studied by
[4].

Fig.1. Block diagram of hybrid power generation system

The photovoltaic array converts the solar energy into

electrical energy. The energy produced by the
photovoltaic system is stored in the energy storage device
and is also given to the power combining network
through the inverter. The inverter is used to convert the
DC power produced by the photovoltaic panel and
energy storing device into AC power. The diesel
generator is used as a backup source.
The wind turbine enables the wind driven generator to
convert wind energy into electrical energy and is given to
the power combining network. No energy storing device
is connected with the wind power generation system
because then recitifiers and inverters has to be used in the
system which makes the system as well the cost of
energy high. The power combining network combines
the power from all the subsystems and provide it to the
load.

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2014)
II. MODELING OF HYBRID POWER GENERATION
SUBSYSTEMS

Tc=Ta+It (/UL) (1c/)

The term /UL in Eq. 4 cannot be find out directly, so

the manufacturers often define nominal operating cell
temperature, NOCT, for photovoltaic cells. It is the
temperature of the cell due to irradiance of 800 W/m2 at
wind speed of 1 m/s and temperature of 20 oC under no
load operation. The value of /UL in Eq. 5 can be found
by rearranging it as follow:
(6)
/UL= (Tc, NOCTTa, NOCT ) / It, NOCT

It is necessary to understand the physical modelling of

the subsystems of hybrid power generation system. The
subsystems of HPGS include photovoltaic generator and
wind turbine with storage system.
A. Wind Turbine Model
The power contained within the wind is proportional
to the cube of wind speed and is given by the following
equation [9]:
Pwind=1/2AV3

Where, Tc,NOCT is the cell temperature at nominal

condition in oK, Ta,NOCT is the ambient temperature at
nominal condition in oK and It,NOCT is the solar irradiance
at nominal condition in kW/m2. Equation 5 shows that
for a given value of Tc,NOCT, the value of /UL can be
calculated. This value is further used in Eq 5 to find the
temperature of photovoltaic cell. The value of in Eq 5,
is not generally known but an approximate of 0.9 is used.

(1)

Where, is the density of air in kg/m3, A is the swept

area of the turbine blades in m2 and V is the speed of
wind in m/s. The swept area is the area through which the
rotor blades of the wind turbine rotate.
A German Physicist Albert Betz showed that only 59
per cent of the power in wind can be converted by the
wind turbine into useful power. The maximum
theoretical power efficiency of any wind turbine is 59%.
It is known as power coefficient and is denoted by Cp.
This limit is called the Betz limit [10, 11]. The
extractable power from the wind by a turbine is given by
the following equation:
Puseful=1/2AV3Cp

C. Battery Model
In kinetic battery model, the battery is modeled as two
tanks, namely, available charge tank and bound charge
tank. The available charge tank contains charges that are
consumed by the load ia(t), while the bound charge tank
provides charges to available charge tank through fixed
conductance, z, as shown in Fig. 2. A fraction d of total
capacity is put in the available charge tank, denoted by qa
(t) and a fraction 1-d is put in the bound charge tank,
denoted by qb (t).

(2)

B. Photovoltaic Generator Model

The photovoltaic cells are sensitive to temperature.
The increase in temperature leads to an increase in
current. The increase in photovoltaic current with
temperature is given by the following equation [12]:
IL = (It/Iref) [I , sc (TcTc, ref) + IL, ref]

(5)

(3)

Where, Tc is the temperature of the photovoltaic cell,

K. It is the irradiance on the photovoltaic cell in kW/m2,
I, sc is the coefficient of temperature of the short circuit
conditions.
The analysis carried out in [13] is helpful in
calculating the temperature of photovoltaic cell. The
energy balance equation of the photovoltaic array is
given by the following equation:
(4)
It =cIt+UL (TcTa)
o

Where is the transmittance of cover that may be over

the cells, is the fraction of incident radiation that is
absorbed, c is cell efficiency in converting incident light
to electrical energy, UL is the loss factor that determines
heat loss by convection or radiation from top and bottom
of the mounting framework that is present at an ambient
temperature, Ta in oK, Tc is the cell temperature in oK.
The following equation is obtained by solving Eq 4 for
the temperature of photovoltaic cell:

Fig. 2. Two tank model of kinetic battery

Charge flow takes place between the two tanks due

height difference between the two tanks. The height of
the available charge tank is ha and the height of the
bound charge tank is hb [14]. The differential equations
that describe the rate of change of charges of two tanks
are as follow,
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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2014)
d[qa (t)]/dt= - ia (t) + k (hb ha)

(7)

d[qb(t)]/dt= - k (hb ha)

(8)

3) Annualized Cost
The annualized cost of a component is the yearly cost
of the component for a given period of project life and is
given by the following equation [15]:

When the battery is loaded, the charge in the available

tank is reduced. This creates a difference of heads in the
two tanks. When the load is removed, the charge from
the bound charge tank begins to flow to the available
charge tank until the two heads become equal. So, when
the battery is in idle condition, more charge is available
in the available charge tank and the battery takes longer
time to discharge than when the load is connected.

Acost = CRF*NPC
Where, Acost is the annualized cost.

4) Cost of Energy
The cost of energy of a hybrid power generation
system is given by the following equation [16]:
CE = Atotal cost / Eserved

D. Economic Modeling
The overall cost of the system and cost of energy are
important considerations in the design of hybrid power
generation systems. The factors that are considered in the
economic analysis of a hybrid power generation system
are as follows:

III. INPUT PARAMETER OF HYBRID POWER GENERATION

SYSTEM
The simulation of hybrid power generation system is
carried out in HOMER software. The first step in
simulation is to insert the input parameters of the region
to HOMER.
The input parameters necessary for
simulation are AC load, solar irradiance and wind speed
data of the selected site.
1) AC load data
Scaled annual average: 24kWh/d
Scaled peak load:

1 kW

Load factor:

1.00

(9)
Fig. 3. Load profile of Kallar Kahar

Where, c0 is the initial cash flow, c1 is the first cash

flow and cn is the n-th cash flow.

The load is considered constant throughout the year

with a load factor of 1.

2) Capital recovery factor

The capital recovery factor, CRF, is the annuity of an
investment for a given period of time at a certain interest
rate. By annuity we mean a bond by which one receives
fixed payments on an investment. [15]:
CRF=r (1+i) n/ [(1+i) n-1)]

(12)

Where, Eserved is the electrical energy served.

1) Net Present Cost

The Net Present Cost (NPC) is defined as the
difference of the present worth of all cash inflows and
cash outflows over a specified period of time. The cash
inflow is the revenue that comes from the project,
whereas the cash outflow in the investment in the project.
All cash outflows are taken as negative. The net present
cost determines whether a project is accepted or not. The
condition is as follow [15].
a. NPC > 0: In this case, the cash inflows are greater
than the cash outflows. The project makes profit
and it is accepted.
b. NPC < 0: In this case, the cash inflows are less than
the cash outflows. The project loses money and is
rejected.
c. NPC = 0: In this case, the project neither makes
profit nor loses money.
The formula for calculating the net present cost is as
follow [15]:
NPC = c0/ (1+d)0 + c1/ (1 + d)1 + c2/
(1+d) 2 +.+ cn/ (1+d) n

(11)

2) Photovoltaic input parameters

The photovoltaic module parameters are given in
table I.

(10)

Where, i is the interest rate.

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2014)
TABLE I
PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE INPUT PARAMETER

The parameter that measures irradiance that is lost in

the atmosphere is known as clearness index and is
defined as the ratio of irradiance on the surface of earth
to the actual irradiance from the sun. The minimum
clearness index is assumed to be 0.05. It is represented by
Kc [58].

Model No. 1
500W
5000
1000
50
20 yrs
80%
Two Axis
32.7 deg

Size
Capital cost ($)
Replacement cost ($)
O&M cost ($)
Lifetime
Derating factor
Tracking system
Slope

3) AC wind turbine parameter

The input parameters of the wind turbine are given in
table III.
TABLE. III
WIND TURBINE INPUT PARAMETER

The solar irradiance of Kallar Kahar is given in table II

[17].

Size
Capital cost ($)
Replacement cost ($)
O&M cost ($)
Lifetime
Hub height

TABLE. II
SOLAR IRRADIANCE OF KALLAR KAHAR

Month

Clearness Index

Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec

0.519
0.536
0.596
0.596
0.634
0.604
0.586
0.556
0.602
0.650
0.619
0.565

Average Radiation
(kWh/m2/day)
2.844
3.625
5.056
6.013
7.045
6.939
6.605
5.801
5.423
4.716
3.562
2.868

Model No. 1
500W
660
132
60
20 yrs
90m

The wind speed data of Kallar Kahar is given in table

IV [17].
TABLE.IV
WIND SPEED DATA FOR KALLAR KAHAR

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec

The average annual solar irradiance for Kallar Kahar is

about 5.05kWh/m2/day. The average daily solar
irradiance is also shown in fig 4.

Wind Speed
(m/s)
7.00
7.04
7.87
7.82
8.71
8.65
6.92
5.32
6.25
7.35
7.14
6.63

The average wind speed is 7.22 m/sec. These wind

speed are recorded at anemometer height of 10m. The
graphical representation of wind speed statistics for
Kallar Kahar is also shown in fig 5.

Fig. 4. Average solar irradiance of Kallar Kahar Pakistan

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TABLE VII
INVERTER INPUT PARAMETERS

size
Capital cost ($)
Replacement cost ($)
O&M cost/yr ($)
Lifetime
Voltage
Inverter efficiency
Lifetime throughput

Model No. 1
500W
100
20
5
10yr
12V
90%
1000kWh

Fig. 5. Wind resource of Kallar Kahar.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4) Diesel generator input parameter

The diesel generator input parameters are given in
table V.

Feasibility study is the first step of designing a hybrid

power generation system. In this paper a brief description
about the component used in the design of hybrid power
generation system is given. The design of the hybrid
power generation system well be discussed in the next
paper which will based on the following configurations.

TABLE. V
DIESEL GENERATOR INPUT PARAMETERS

Size
Capital cost ($)
Replacement cost ($)
O&M cost/hr ($)
Lifetime
Minimum load ratio
Fuel used
Consumption limit

Model No. 1
500W
100
20
0.1
17,520 hrs
30%, 100%
diesel
300L

One of the possible configurations of subsystems of

hybrid power generation system to meet the 1kW
household load is to use a 500W wind turbine and
500W
photovoltaic
systems.
The
500W
photovoltaic system consists of a 500W inverter and
two batteries of 357Ah.
The other possible combination may be to use a
500W diesel generator in operation with the
existing 500W wind/PV systems, so that if any of
the wind or PV system is not working the diesel
generator may provide the deficit power.

5) Battery parameters
The battery input parameters are given in table VI.
TABLE VI
BATTERY INPUT PARAMETERS

Nominal capacity
Capital cost ($)
Replacement cost ($)
O&M cost/yr ($)
Lifetime
Voltage
Number of batteries
Lifetime throughput

V. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper HOMER is used to analyze different
subsystem of hybrid power generation system at Kallar
Kahar. The meteorological data of Kallar Kahar shows
that the area has good solar irradiance and wind speed
throughout the year. The feasibility report shows that the
site is most suitable for designing hybrid power
generation system. Since Pakistan has not yet designed a
hybrid power generation system, this paper contributes a
lot to the power generation in the country. In this paper
the importance of diesel generation is also discussed. In
the absence of sun or wind the diesel generator will
incorporate with the other technology to provide the
required power.

Model No. 1
357Ah
1033
206
10
5yr
12V
2
1000kWh

6) Inverter input parameter

The parameters of inverter given to HOMER are in
table VII.

718

International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2014)
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