Coordinate regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

Pasteur Effect: anaerobic cells

exposed to air use less glucose

Bypass 2

Freeze-clamp data

13.11

p. 549

Substrate cycles in glycolysis and

gluconeogenesis

Regulation can only be

imposed on reactions
displaced far from
equilibrium
13.7

Control at bypass 2

13.18

13.19b

= F2,6 BP

13.18

13.19a

13.18

Where does fructose-2,6-bisphosphate come from?

(bifunctional)

p. 553

Regulation of bifunctional PFK-2/FBPase-2 by phosphorylation

Un-P-enzyme: kinase #"
bisphosphatase !

S32
N

P-enzyme: kinase !"

bisphosphatase #

13.20,21

Kinase

Phosphatase C

Coordinate regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

Bypass 1

13.18

Coordinate regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

Bypass 3

(not in liver,
which expresses
hexokinase IV)

13.18

Coordinate regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

13.18

Glycogen Metabolism
Storage polymer
Osmotic advantage
Rapid delivery of phosphorylated glucose:
Anaerobic glycolysis yields 2 ATP/glucose converted to lactate
Glucose from glycogen is already phosphorylated (glucose-1-P),
so anaerobic glycolysis yields 3 ATP/glucose

Glycogen granules in hepatocyte

2 major storage
sites:
liver (2-10% wt)
skeletal muscle
(1-2%)

total body glycogen has energy content = 6800 kJ

(total body glucose has energy content = 340 kJ)

13.26

Glycogen breakdown: Glycogen phosphorylase

9.18b

p. 562

13.25

Glycogen breakdown:
debranching enzyme

13.27

Glycogen breakdown
glycolysis

glycogen
phosphorylase

Glucose-6-P

Glucose-1-P

phosphoglucomutase

Glycogen synthesis:
Glycogen synthase

13.29

Synthesis of UDP-glucose

(phosphoanhydride exchange)

13.28

Branching enzyme

Complete oxidation of glucose-6-P in muscle yields 37 ATP:

overall efficiency = 97% (36/37)
13.30