Sensors

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Limit Sw )
Physical Quantitty sensors ( Pressure Sensor Temp Sensor Flow
Sensor Wieght Sensor
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There are different types of sensors for different purposes

To sense different goals in the shape and method of work and raw
Material in terms of being a metal or dielectric and at different
distances.
and also to measure various physical quantities such as pressure
and temperature and distance
There are Different theory of the work of the various sensors and
function and the type of the O/P signal and also the method of
Connections and the Source voltage
Then, sensors can be divided into several divisions depends on set
of properties:
Proximity sensors : ( Inductive Inductive magnetic Capacitive)

Optical sensors : (Through beam Retro reflective Diffuse )
Switches : (Reed SW Pressure SW liquid level SW Flow SW
Limit SW )
Physical quantity sensors : ( Pressure sensor Temperature sensor
Flow sensor - Wight sensor)
Source Voltage :
There are different Source Voltage for sensors
Where : 220 VAC & 24VDC
Classification
O/P types
Usage
types
Digital sensor
Analog sensor
: O/P O/P - 0 0VDC
- DC volt ( 0VDC 10VDC)
- 1 24VDC
- mille AMP (4MA 20MA)
: O/P : O/P O/P =1
sensor range
O/P= 0

Sensors

object
limit SW sensor
Proximity sensors :
- Physical quantity sensors :
( inductive capacitive inductive
( Pressure sensor Temperature
magnetic )
sensor Flow Quantity sensor Wight
- Optical :
sensor)
( Through beam Diffuse Retro
reflective )
- Switches :
( Reed SW Pressure SW Liquid
6
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. ABSW
D EL
level SW
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-
Contact Arrangement:
Contacts are available in several configurations. They may be

normally open (NO), normally closed (NC), or a combination of
normally open and normally closed contacts.
Mechanical limit switches, use a different set of symbols.

Highlighted symbols are used for illustrative purposes only
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Over Head Crane
Sensor
Advantages
Disadvantages
Applications
Limit Switch
High Current
Capability
Low Cost
Familiar "LowTech" Sensing
Requires Physical
Contact with
Target
Very Slow
Response
Contact Bounce
Interlocking
Basic End-ofTravel Sensing
used to detect the presence of a conductive metal object.

they detect the presence of an object without coming into
physical contact with it.
Inductive proximity sensors are available in a variety of sizes

and configurations to meet
inductive proximity sensors are

operated using (ECKO) principle.
(ECKO) principle :
Eddy Current Killed Oscillator
This type of sensor consists of four
elements:
coil, oscillator, trigger circuit, output.
The oscillator is an inductive
capacitive tuned circuit that creates
a radio frequency.
The electromagnetic field produced
by the oscillator is emitted from the
coil away from the face of the
sensor.
The circuit has just enough

feedback from the field to keep the
oscillator going.
When a metal target enters the

field, eddy currents circulate within
the target.
This causes a load on the sensor,
decreasing the amplitude of the
electromagnetic field.
As the target approaches the

sensor the eddy currents increase,
Increasing the load on the
oscillator and further decreasing
the amplitude of the field.
The trigger circuit monitors the

oscillators amplitude
The trigger circuit monitors the

oscillators amplitude
At a predetermined level switches

the output state of the sensor from
its normal condition (on or off).
As the target moves away from the

sensor, the oscillators amplitude
increases.
At a predetermined level the trigger

switches the output state of the
sensor back to its normal condition
(on or off).
Proximity Sensors O/P Configuration.
PNP : Sourcing Proximity Sensors
NPN : Sinking Proximity Sensors
Tow Wire Sensor Connection
Three Wire Sensor Connection
Four Wire Sensor Connection
Target
Will detect any conductive material
Quoted distances are for mild steel

Sensor performance can be affected by: Temperature
Target material
Target dimensions.
Oscillation
Amplitude
Sensor
output
signal
ON
OFF
Sensor
A standard target is defined as having a flat, smooth surface, made of

mild steel that is 1 mm (0.04) thick.
If the target is larger than the standard target, the sensing range does
not change.
However, if the target is smaller or irregular shaped the sensing distance
(Sn) decreases.
The smaller the area of the target the closer it must be to the sensing
face to be detected.
Applications:
Application
Detecting the
Presence of a Broken
Drill Bit
Application
Detecting Presence of
Set Screws on Hub for
Speed or Direction
Control
Applications:
Application
Detecting Full Open or
Closed Valve Position
Application
Detecting Broken Bit
on Milling Machine
Capacitive proximity sensors are similar to inductive

proximity sensors.
The main difference between the two types is that capacitive
proximity sensors produce an electrostatic field instead of an
electromagnetic field.
Capacitive proximity switches will sense metal as well as nonmetallic
materials such as paper, glass, liquids, and cloth.
The sensing surface of a capacitive sensor is

formed by two concentrically shaped metal
electrodes of an unwound capacitor
Sensor is looking for a change

in capacitance in the active
field
Electrostatic field
Active surface
Active electrode
Earth electrode
LED indicator
Adjusting screw
Connection cable
When an object nears the sensing

surface it enters the electrostatic field
of the electrodes
Changes the capacitance in an

oscillator circuit.
As a result, the oscillator begins

oscillating. The trigger circuit reads
the oscillators amplitude
when it reaches a specific level the

output state of the sensor changes.
As the target moves away from the

sensor the oscillators amplitude
decreases,
Switching the sensor output back to

its original state.
Detects any material denser than air

(as long as there is enough of it)
Can be adjusted for sensitivity
Can be affected by dusty
environments
Detects any Materials denser than air

Can Be Adjusted for sensitivity
Can be affected by dusty environment
Applications:
Sensor is adjusted so that it

does not Detect the wall of
the vessel
Applications:
As the Level rises the Fluid

affects the sensor Field .
Applications:
Until the sensor Switches its

Case
Applications:
Application
Detecting Milk in
Cartons
Capacitive Sensor
Application
Controlling Fill level of
solids in a bin
Capacitive Sensor
Applications:
Application
Detecting Presence of
Can and Full
A photoelectric sensor is another type of position sensing

device.
Photoelectric sensors , use a modulated light beam that is
either broken or reflected by the target.
Thru-Beam Scan Techniques:
Thru-beam sensors consist of:

Transmitter : which emits ultrasonic pulses
Receiver: Which receive the Ultrasonic pulses
If the beam between the transmitter and the receiver is interrupted
the output of the receiver switches state
Thru-Beam sensors consist of a transmitter

and a receiver.
The transmitter sends a narrow continuous

tone.
When a target is positioned between the

transmitter and the receiver the tone is
interrupted
Which causes the output of the receiver to change

state.
The operating voltage is 20-30 VDC.

The switching frequency is 200 Hz at 40 cm
sensing distance.
Type: Through-beam
Long sensing distance : up to 30 metres with
some devices
Will detect all but very transparent materials
Target
Must be accurately aligned
Transmitter
Receiver
Operating Modes.
Dark operate ( DO ) :
is an operating mode in which the load is energized
When light from the emitter is absent from the receiver.
Operating Modes.
Light operate ( LO ) :
Light operate is an operating mode in which the load is
energized
When light from the emitter reaches the receiver.
Thru-Beam Sensor Connection:
Applications
Application
Verifying Objects in
Clear Bottles
Sensor
M12 Thru Beam
Application
Car Wash
Sensor
SL Thru Beam
Applications
Application
Verifying Objects in
Clear Bottles
Sensor
M12 Thru Beam
Application
Car Wash
Sensor
SL Thru Beam
Applications
Application
Controlling Height of a
Stack
Sensor
SL Thru Beam
Retro-reflective Scan Techniques:

Transmitter
Reflector
Type : Retro reflective
Transmitter
/Receiver
Sensing distance : 1/2 to 1/3 of through-beam type
Reflector
(prismatic)
Not suitable for reflective or transparent targets

Target should be larger than the reflector
Retro-reflective with Shiny Objects:
100
Retro-reflective Sensor Connection:
101
Applications
Application
Flow of Pallets
Carrying Bottles
Sensor
K40 Retroreflective
Application
Counting Cans
Sensor
K50 Polarized
Retroreflective
102
Applications
Application
Counting Bottles
Sensor
SL18 Retroreflective
Application
Counting Cartons
Sensor
K65 Retroreflective
103
Applications
Application
Detecting Persons
Sensor
K50 Retroreflective
Application
Controlling Parking
Gate
Sensor
SL Retroreflective
104
Applications
Application
Counting Boxes
Anywhere on a
Conveyor
Sensor
SL18 Right Angle
Retroreflective
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
Type : Diffuse
Transmitter
/Receiver
Sensing distance: actual distance depends on colour and reflective nature

of the surface
Larger targets result in longer sensing distances
Not suitable for dirty environments
114
Diffuse Sensor Connection:
115
Applications
Application
End of Roll Detection
Sensor
K31 Diffuse
Application
Car Wash
Sensor
SL Thru Beam
116
Applications
Application
Detecting Caps on
Bottles
Sensor
K20 Diffuse with
Background
Suppression and
K31 Thru Beam
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
Interference from other magnetic fields must be avoided.

If positioned in mid stroke, switching point will vary depending on direction of
approach.
Maximum current must be limited to avoid burning of the reed contacts.
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
Inductive Principle of Operation but only reacts to magnetic

Fields
Interference from other magnetic fields must be avoided
Solid State Device higher Switching Frequency 1 kHZ
138
Inductive Principle of Operation but only reacts to magnetic

Fields
Interference from other magnetic fields must be avoided
Solid State Device higher Switching Frequency 1 kHZ
139
SENSOR SYMBOLS
Inductive
Capacitive
+
18 to 30 Volts DC.
Optical
Output
Magnetic
Ultrasonic
0V
Normally
open
Normally
closed
140
SENSOR SYMBOLS
Capacitive Sensor with

Normally open function
+
18 to 30 Volts DC.
Output
0V
141
SENSOR CONNECTION
PNP Type
24v DC
Output is Positive
Positive switching
18 to 30 Volts DC
Output
0V
0v
142
SENSOR CONNECTION
NPN Type
24v DC
Output switches
through to 0v
18 to 30 Volts DC
Negative switching
Output
0V
0v
143
SENSORS
144
145
VARIABLE RESISTORS -- POTENTIOMETERS
Potentiometer a three-terminal resistor whose value

can be adjusted (within set limits) by the user
Rac = Rab + Rbc
146
CONSTRUCTION
147
SETTING THE VALUE OF RESISTANCE
148
POTENTIOMETER VOLTAGES
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
This type of sensors is relatively expensive because it

requires many photocells be mounted and aligned very
precisely
If it wasnt aligned properly, it may report completely
erroneous data
156
157
158
( C ) Resistance Probe
159
160
161
162
163
164

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Join Us In Industrial Automation Group For Training & Consulting

EN G . AB DEL K AW Y MOUB ARAK | 01014 87107 5

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5

There are different types of sensors for different purposes

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5

Proximity sensors : ( Inductive Inductive magnetic Capacitive)

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5

Contacts are available in several configurations. They may be

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5

Mechanical limit switches, use a different set of symbols.

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5 10

Over Head Crane

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EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5 13

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5 14

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5 15

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EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5 17

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5 18

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5 19

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5 20

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5 21

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5 22

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used to detect the presence of a conductive metal object.

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5 24

Inductive proximity sensors are available in a variety of sizes

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5 25

inductive proximity sensors are

The circuit has just enough

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5 27

When a metal target enters the

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5 28

As the target approaches the

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5 29

The trigger circuit monitors the

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5 30

The trigger circuit monitors the

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5 31

At a predetermined level switches

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As the target moves away from the

EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5 33

At a predetermined level the trigger

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EN G . AB D EL K AW Y MOU B ARAK | 01014 87107 5 35

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Proximity Sensors O/P Configuration.

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PNP : Sourcing Proximity Sensors

NPN : Sinking Proximity Sensors

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Tow Wire Sensor Connection

Three Wire Sensor Connection

Four Wire Sensor Connection

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Quoted distances are for mild steel

A standard target is defined as having a flat, smooth surface, made of