The Caliphs of Umayyad Reign

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ÊÊ
Ê jj ± j
ÊÊ Mu āwīya ibn Abī Sufyān

Ê j
Ê May j, j

Ê Ali ibn Abi Talib

Ê Yazid I
Ê Umayyad
Ê Abu Sufyan ibn Harb

Ê Hind bint Utbah
Ê (Arabic: !"Ê #$ Ê#Ê % & '( ; Transliteration: O

<;
(j±j< is the first Caliph in the Ummayad Dynasty. In Sunni Islam he is perceived as having
two main parts to his life which are of major historical note. The first part was as one of the
staunchest enemies of Mohammad and of Islam; indeed Muawiya was after the Battle of Badr
the heir-apparent to the pagan throne of Mecca which was occupied in effect by his father Abu
Sofyan and mother Hinda.[ After the defeat of his family following the fall of Mecca in AH
Muawiya said that he was then a Muslim and hence is regarded within Sunni Islam as a Sahabi
(companion< of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. Also he was 3 Æ (inspiration
writer<[ ± he later became a member of the Umayyad caliphate in Damascus.[ Shia Muslims
refuse to recognise the sincerity of his conversion, and cite as evidence his allegedly being
cursed by Mohammad (see section on physical appearances below< and Muawiya's waging of
continual civil war against the caliphate led by Ali, al-Hassan and many of the early
companions.[ He engaged in a major civil war against the fourth and fifth (final< Rashidun
(Rightly Guided Caliphs<, Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib< (Muhammad's son-in-law< and Muhammad's
eldest grandson Al-Hassan, and Mu'awiya met with considerable military success, including the
seizure of Egypt. He assumed the caliphate after Ali's assassination and forcing the abdication of
al-Hassan by threatening further bloodshed in jj and led until j.
Because of his involvement in the Battle of Siffin against Ali, whom the Shia Muslims believe
was Muhammad's true successor (see Succession to Muhammad<, the belief that he broke the
treaty he made with Hasan ibn Ali by appointing his son Yazid as ruler and the belief that he was
responsible for the deaths of various companions, Mu'awiyah has been hated and reviled by
generations of Shi'a and is not regarded as a rightly guided caliph by some Sunni Muslims.[

Ê
[hide
÷Ê Early life
÷Ê His wives
÷Ê Ô Governor of Syria
÷Ê ë Conflict with Ali
÷Ê Rule
÷Ê j Mu'awiya and Mawalis
÷Ê Appearance and habits
÷Ê Legacy
÷Ê % Sunni View
÷Ê Shi'a View
÷Ê See also
÷Ê References
÷Ê Ô External links
)Ê* ÊÊ
Umayyad Mosque, established during Muawiyah's era.
Mu'awiyah ibn Abi-Sufyan was born in j C.E. into a powerful clan, the Banu Umayya, of the
Quraysh tribe. The Quraysh controlled the city of Mecca, in what is now western Saudi Arabia,
and the Banu Abd-Shams were among the most influential of its citizens.Like Abu Sufyan,
Mu'awiya was a staunch follower of the pre-Islamic polytheism that was Abu Sufyan, opposed
Muhammad before becoming a Muslim after Muhammad conquered Mecca.
In jÔ CE, Muhammad and his followers conquered Mecca, and most of the Meccans, including
the Abd-Shams, formally submitted to Muhammad and accepted Islam. General consensus
among early Islamic historians is that Mu'awiyah, along with his father Abu Sufyan, became
Muslims at the conquest of Mecca when further resistance to Muslims became an
impossibility.[Ô[ë Some scholars hold the view that Mu'awiya was the second of the two to
convert, with Abu Sufyan convincing him to do it.
Muhammad welcomed his former opponents, enrolled them in his army and gave them important
posts in what was to become the Caliphate. After Muhammad's death in jÔ, he served in the
Islamic army sent against the Byzantine forces in Syria. He held a high rank in the army which
was led by his brother Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan.
)Ê+Ê,Ê
This article
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Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
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Historian recorded that Muawiyah had many wives, one of them is Maysun bint Jandal a
Christian poetess and singer from Bani Kalb in south Syria. She gave birth to Yazid I in jë
when Muawiyah was a governor of Syria pointed by Umar ibn al-Khattab. However, he divorced
her later and she took Yazid her only son back to her tribe.
Another wife was Fakhinah bint Qarzhah from the clan of Abdumanaf. He had sons with her:
Abdullah and Abdulrahman. Abdullah was dumb and was nicknamed "Abu al-Khayr".[

Abdulrahman died when he was young.
The third wife was Katwah bin Qarzhah, Fakhinah's sister. When Muawiyah invaded Cyprus he
took her with him and she died there.
The fourth wife was Na'ilah bint Ammarah from the same tribe as Maysun. He divorced her after
a while.[ Na'ilah was married to Habib al-Nu'man ibn al-Bashir al-Ansari.
)Ê-
,
Ê
Ê Ê
Caliph Umar (Umar ibn al-Khattab< had appointed Muawiyah Ibn Abu Sufyan as governor of
Syria. In the year jë, Umar appointed Muawiyah as governor of Syria when his brother died in
an outbreak of plague. Muawiyah gradually gained mastery over the other areas of Syria,
instilling remarkable personal loyalty among his troops and the people of the region. By jë,
Muawiyah had built a Syrian army strong enough to repel a Byzantine attack and, in subsequent
years, to take the offensive against the Byzantines in campaigns that resulted in the capture of
Cyprus (jë%< and Rhodes (jë< and a devastating defeat of the Byzantine navy off the coast of
Lycia (j<. At the same time, Muawiyah periodically dispatched land expeditions into Anatolia.
According to the chronicler Theophanes the Confessor, Muawiyah I, after capturing Rhodes sold
the remains of the Colossus of Rhodes to a traveling salesman from Edessa. The buyer had the
statue broken down, and transported the bronze scrap on the backs of % camels to his home.
Pieces continued to turn up for sale for years, after being found along the caravan route.
All these campaigns came to a halt with the accession of Ali to the caliphate, when a new and
decisive phase of Muawiyah's career began.
)Ê
ÊÊ.Ê
Muawiyah fought a protracted campaign against Ali, allegedly seeking justice for the
assassinated caliph Uthman Ibn Affan. Aisha (Aisha bint Abu Bakr< (Muhammad's widow<,
Talhah (Talha ibn Ubayd-Allah< and Al-Zubayr (Abu µAbd Allah Zubayr ibn al-Awwam< were
all in agreement with Muawiyah that those who assassinated Uthman should be brought to
justice. However, Ali refused to apprehend and punish Uthman's murderers, citing rebel
infiltration of the Muslim ranks, resulting in Muawiyah's refusal to acknowledge Ali's caliphate.
Muawiyah did not participate in the campaign by Aisha, Talhah and Al-Zubayr against Ali that
ended in the Battle of the Camel.[ The city of Basrah went over to them but they were defeated
in battle by Ali. Talhah and Al-Zubayr were killed. Ali pardoned Aisha and had her escorted
back to Medina.
Ali then turned towards Syria, where Mu'awiyah was in open opposition. He marched to the
Euphrates and engaged Mu'awiyah's troops at the famous Battle of Siffin (j<. Accounts of the
clash vary ± however, it would seem that neither side had won a victory, since the Syrians called
for arbitration to settle the matter, arguing that continuing civil war would embolden the
Byzantines.[j There are several conflicting accounts of the arbitrations.
In the meantime, dissension broke out in Ali's camp where some of his former supporters, later
known as Kharijites, felt that Ali had betrayed them by entering into negotiations. Ali set out to
quell the Kharijites. At about the same time, unrest was brewing in Egypt. The governor of
Egypt, Qais, was recalled, and Ali had him replaced with Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr (the brother
of Aisha and the son of Islam's first caliph Abu Bakr<. Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr's rule resulted
in widespread rebellion in Egypt. Mu'awiyah ordered 'Amr ibn al-'As to invade Egypt and 'Amr
did so successfully. Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was killed under Mu'awiyah's orders and stuffed
into a donkey. It is said that Aisha never ate meat again in her life after this act.
When Alī was assassinated in jj , Mu'awiyah, as commander of the largest force in the Muslim
Empire, had the strongest claim to the Caliphate. Ali's son Hasan ibn Ali signed a truce and
retired to private life in Medina.
Muawiyah said later: "I never fought against Ali, only about Uthman's death"[. That was
attested by Al-Sharif al-Radi in his book Nahj al-Balagha, he said:
In the war... When we met people of Al-Sham, it seemed that our god is one, our prophet is the
same, our calling is the same, and no one is more of a believer than the other about believing in
Allah, or the prophet. The misunderstandings were about Uthman's blood, and we have nothing
to do with it.
²
)ÊÊ
After being granted the title Amir al-Mu'minin (Commander of the Faithful< in the year jj ,
Mu'awiyah governed the geographically and politically disparate Caliphate, which now spread
from Egypt in the west to Iran in the east, by strengthening the power of his allies in the newly
conquered territories. Prominent positions in the emerging governmental structures were held by
Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served in Byzantine governments. The
employment of Christians was part of a broader policy of religious tolerance that was
necessitated by the presence of large Christian populations in the conquered provinces,
especially in Syria itself. This policy also boosted his popularity and solidified Syria as his power
base.
Mu'awiyah instituted several Byzantine-style bureaucracies, called , to aid him in the
governance and the centralization of the Caliphate and the empire. Early Arabic sources credit
two s in particular to Mu'awiyah: the 3 (Chancellery< and the
(Postal Service<, both of which greatly improved communications within the empire.
To have an insight into Mu¶awiyah¶s character, we may mention what Ibn Katheer reports in his
history book Al-Bidayah wal-Nihayah.
"At the height of tension when fighting was about to erupt at Siffin between Imam Ali and
Mu¶awiyah, Mu¶awiyah was informed that the Byzantine Emperor raised a very large army and
was drawing very close to the borders of the Muslim state. He wrote to him, giving him a very
clear warning, 'By God, if you do not stop your designs and go back to your place, I will end my
dispute with my cousin and will drive you out of the entire land you rule, until I make the earth
too tight for you.' The Byzantine Emperor was scared off and abandoned his plans"
However, other scholars contend that he simply placated the Byzantine emperor with offers of
land, gold, and slaves.[
Mu'awiyah died May j, j, allegedly from a stroke brought on by his weight. He was
succeeded by his son Yazid I. Mu'awiyah had held the expanding empire together by force of his
personality, through personal allegiances, in the style of a traditional Arab sheikh. However
Mu'awiyah's attempt to start a dynasty failed because both Yazid and then his grandson Muawiya
II died prematurely. The caliphate eventually went to Marwan I a descendant of another branch
of Mu'awiya's clan.
)Ê /ÊÊ Ê

It was in the time of Umar that discrimination was made amongst Muslims on the basis of race,
for he had begun the system of Mawalis (non-Arab converts to Islam who became clients of
Arabs / token Arabs with their own taxation system and exclusion from certain jobs<.[% This
unpopular system was restored by Muawiya[ . Umar had also rehabilitated Mu'awiya
within the power structure of the Islamic state after his ostracisation during the time of
Muhammad, by appointing him to the Governorship of Syria - Syria became Muawiya's
powerbase. Umar had said that Mu'awiya would be the Caesar of the Arabs, a reference to his
imperial ambitions. In accordance with the ways of Empire, Mu'awiya favoured his Arab
subjects over non-Arab Muslims (the Mawalis< - the discriminatory treatment of non-Arab
Muslims by the victorious Umayyad forces are documented by both Sunni and Shia sources as in
the example below concerning Mu'awiya's commands to his governor Ziyad ibn Abih[ [ [
Mu'awiyah, in a famous letter addressed to Ziyad ibn Abih, the then governor of Iraq, wrote:
Be watchful of Iranian Muslims and never treat them as equals of Arabs. Arabs have a right to
take in marriage their women, but they have no right to marry Arab women. Arabs are entitled to
inherit their legacy, but they cannot inherit from an Arab. As far as possible they are to be given
lesser pensions and lowly jobs.
)Ê. ÊÊ0Ê
There are conflicting reports regarding his appearance. According to certain sources, he was
handsome and athletic and a proud horseman and warrior.[ Ô
(The following is unclear as no specific hadith is mentioned<It has been argued that in the Arabic
culture and language the expression is a colloquialism which means a wish that the person's belly
be so full of blessings of Allah (in the form of food< that his belly cannot take anymore, or that
he wishes the persons blessings to be without an end. This is similar to the English saying of a
father saying to his son in a soccer match to "Break a leg". However, the two pre-eminent
Masters of Sunni Hadith, Imam Bukhari and Imam Muslim, have rejected absolutely the latter
apology for Mu'awiya, and Imam Muslim indeed places the Hadith-e-Muawiya in the Chapter of
those Cursed by Mohammad.[ ë Further, the Imam Nisa'i was murdered when he recited this
Hadith in the presence of pro-Muawiya Arab-speaking Syrians as it was perceived as a curse of
Mu'awiya, which debases the unreferenced suggestion that the term was a form of praise and not
condemnation.[ Shias often question why there are no reliable precise accounts of Mu'awiya
actually participating in any battles after his conversion to Islam - no names of enemies he
personally defeated in combat are known.
)Ê1Ê
Mu'awiyah greatly beautified Damascus likening it to Rome, and developed a court to rival that
of Constantinople. He expanded the frontiers of the empire, reaching the very gates of
Constantinople at one point, though the Byzantines drove him back and he was unable to hold
any territory in Anatolia. Sunni Muslims credit him with saving the fledgling Muslim nation
from post civil war anarchy. However, Shia Muslims charge that if anything, he was the
instigator of the civil war, and weakened the Muslim nation and divided the Ummah, fabricating
self-aggrandizing heresies[ j and slander against the Prophet's family[ and even selling his
Muslim critics into slavery in the Byzantine empire.[
One of Muawiyah's most controversial and enduring legacies was his decision to designate his
son Yazid as his successor. According to Shi'a doctrine, this was a clear violation of the treaty he
made with Hasan ibn Ali, in which Muawiyah said he would not make his son his successor.
Yazid was regarded by many Muslims of the time as a moral degenerate, a sadist and a hedonist,
and in many accounts his beliefs hovered between polytheism and atheism[
)ÊÊ2Ê
Many Sunni historians view Muawiyah as a companion of Muhammad, and hence worthy of
respect for this reason, and many Sunnis Muslims indeed revere him, taking great issue with the
Shia criticism and vilification of him.[ % However other Sunni Muslims, while refusing to adopt
the negativity of Shia sentiment to Muawiya nevertheless quietly withhold according him
religious status owing to his rebellions against Ali and al-Hassan, who are regarded as pious
rulers, Muawiyah being regarded as a wordly king of dubious sincerity. Sunnis believe that the
imperial legacy of Muawiyah was overshadowed by his materialistic ambition for personal
power and materialistic dominion - he fought against Ali, causing great bloodshed and slaying
many highly regarded companions of Muhammad who took the side of Ali over many years,
often cruelly murdering them; and though Ali defeated Muawiyah in battle Muawiya continued
to raise the banner of war and civil strife against Ali's legitimate successor Al-Hassan. Finally
Muawiyah transformed the caliphate from an elective monarchy with some emphasis on
religious qualification into a hereditary one with no such stringent requirement, by designating
his son Yezid as his successor.
A Sunni hadith says:
"..Muawiyah who was really the best of the two men said to him, "O 'Amr! If these killed those
and those killed these, who would be left with me for the jobs of the public, who would be left
with me for their women, who would be left with me for their children?" Then Muawiya sent
two Quraishi men from the tribe of 'Abd-i-Shams called 'Abdur Rahman bin Sumura and
Abdullah bin 'Amir bin Kuraiz to Al-Hasan saying to them, "Go to this man (i.e. Al-Hasan< and
negotiate peace with him and talk and appeal to him." So, they went to Al-Hasan and talked and
appealed to him to accept peace..."[
Sunni scholars interpret Hasan's willingness to abandon his claims in favor of Mu'awiyah as
proof that Al-Hasan, Muhammad's eldest grandson, did not go so far as to view Muawiyah an
apostate, renegade and hypocrite. Al-Hasan, they say, did so for the sake of peace and ending the
civil war. Some Sunni Muslims say Hasan entered into the treaty simply to prevent further civil
war and bloodshed. Pro-Alid Sunnis also say as Shias do that Al-Hassan aimed to show the
Muslim world that the Umayyads should not be entrusted with responsibility for protecting the
religion founded by Al-Hassan's grandfather since Muawiya would violate all the terms of the
treaty, thereby proving himself untrustworthy.
)Ê/Ê2Ê
The Shi'a view Mu'awiyah as a tyrant, usurper and murderer. His supposed conversion to Islam
before the conquest of Mecca is dismissed as a fable, or mere hypocrisy. He is also described as
a manipulator and liar who usurped Islam purely for political and material gain. He was also
widely regarded as a tyrant and usurper by both Shia Arabs and Persians, who despite being
ruled by Sunni Arabs and their vassals for centuries, ultimately found the egalitarian Shia creed
more palatable than the oppressive, Arab-supremacist tribal rule of Mu'awiya. Ali was noted for
upholding the rights of non-Arab Muslims, whereas the Umayyads are remembered in Persian
history for squashing them. The Umayyads suppressed Persian culture and language, and a
number of Iran's greatest contributors to Persian literature - both Shias like Ferdowsi and Sunnis
like Sa'di - took the side of Ali, not Mu'awiyah.
Mu'awiya opposed Ali, the rightful Imam, out of sheer greed for power and wealth. His reign
opened the door to unparalleled disaster, marked by the persecution of Ali, slaughtering of his
followers,[ and unlawful imprisonment of his supporters,[ which only worsened when Yazid
come into power and the Battle of Karbala ensued. Mu'awiya is alleged to have killed many of
Muhammad's companions (Sahaba<, either in battle or by poison, due to his lust for power. A
few historical figures killed by Mu'awiya include: the Sahaba Amr bin al-Hamiq,Muhammad ibn
abu bakr[Ô Malik al-Ashtar,[ë Hujr ibn Adi[ (to which the families of Abu Bakr and Umar
condemned Mu'awiyah for,[j and the Sahaba deemed his killer to be cursed[< and Abd al-
Rahman bin Hasaan (buried alive for his support of Ali<.[
÷Ê Kokab wa Rifi Fazal-e-Ali Karam Allah Wajhu, Page ëë, By Syed Mohammed Subh-e-
Kashaf AlTirmidhi, Urdu translation by Syed Sharif Hussein Sherwani Sabzawari,
Published by Aloom AlMuhammed, number B Shadbagh, Lahore, January %jÔ.
÷Ê Habib Alseer Rabiyah AlAbrar, Volume , Alama JarulAllah Zamik (Ô Hijri<,
÷Ê Hadoiqa Sanai, by Hakim Sanai (Died Hijri, at Ghazni<, Page j-j,
÷Ê Namoos Islam, by Agha Hashim Sialkoti, Published Lahore, %Ô% - Pages jj±j
÷Ê Tazkarah Tul-Aikram Tarikh-e-Khulafa Arab-Wa-Islam by Syed Shah Mohamed Kabir

Abu Alalaiyi Dana Puri, Published Le Kishwar Press, Lakhnow, April %ë/ Ôëj
H</ref>
Mu'awiyah was also responsible for instigating the Battle of Siffin, the bloodiest battle in Islam's
history, in which over , people (among them many of the last surviving companions of the
Prophet Muhammad< were killed. Notable among the Companions who were killed by
Mu'awiyah's forces was Ammar bin Yasir, a frail old man of % at the time of his murder. Shi'i
Muslims see his being killed at the hands of Mu'awiyah's army as significant because of a well-
known hadith narrated by Abu Hurayrah in which the Prophet is recorded to have said: "Rejoice
Ammar! The transgressing party shall kill you."[%
When the tide of the battle was turning in Ali's favor, Mu'awiyah stalled Ali's troops by raising
the Qur'an on the tip of a bloody spear as a sort of "holy book shield" against attack by
Muslims.[Ô This sort of act is widely regarded as blasphemy and desecration of God's word, and
Shia scholars condemn Mu'awiyah for it, arguing such a practice would today be condemned by
Sunni Muslims just as much as Shia Muslims.
The killing of the two children of Ubaydullah ibn Abbas can also be found in Sunni and Shi'a
texts.[Ô
[... Then he [i.e. Mu'awiyah was informed that Ubaidullah had two infant sons. So he set out to
reach them, and when he found them - they had two (tender< forelocks like pearls - [and he
ordered to kill them.[Ô
From the Shia point of view, Imam Hasan ibn Ali did not sign the treaty with Mu'awiya because
he liked him; rather, he did so to prevent even worse bloodshed than had already happened at
Siffin. Hasan's intention was to preserve the Muslim Ummah and eventually restore the
Caliphate to its rightful heirs, the Prophet's family (as per the terms of the treaty<. Unfortunately
he was unable to do this as he was fatally poisoned on Mu'awiyah's orders, according to remour,
but never verified.[
Ê
Ê
÷Ê Second Fitna
)Ê Ê
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mÊ Namoos Islam, by Agha Hashim Sialkoti, Published Lahore, %Ô% - Pages jj-j
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Ô.Ê^ http://www.ezsoftech.com/islamic/siffin.asp
Ô .Ê^ Sunni: Tarikh Kamil, Volume Ô page %ë Dhikr ë Hijri; Shadharath al Dhahab, page
jë Dhikr Hijri; Tarikh Taabari (English translation< Volume pages - ;
Murujh al Dhahab, Volume Ô page Ô ; al Istiab, Volume page ë%, Chapter: Busar;
Tarikh ibn Asakir, Volume page ëj ; Asad'ul Ghaba Volume page Ô Dhikr
Busar; Tarikh Islam by Dhahabi, Volume page . Shia: :j Secrets of Mu'awiyah
from Al-Amali: The Dictations of Sheikh al-Mufid
Ô.Ê^ Shia: :j Secrets of Mu'awiyah from Al-Amali: The Dictations of Sheikh al-Mufid
Muawiyah I
Ê4
Sunni Islam titlesPreceded by
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jj ± jSucceeded by
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jj ± jSucceeded by
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78ÊÊ
Ê
ÊÊ4ÊÊ
Ê j ± jÔ
ÊÊ Yazīd ibn Muµāwīyati ibn Abī Sufyāni

Ê jë
Ê jÔ

Ê Mu'awiya I

Ê Mu'awiya II
Ê Umayyad
Ê Mu'awiya I

Ê Maysun
78<Ê0Ê =>Ê0Ê.0<Ê> Arabic: ϥΎϴϔγ ϲΑ΃ ϦΑ ΔϳϭΎόϣ ϦΑ Ϊϳΰϳ (July Ô, jë - jÔ<,
commonly known as 78Ê, was the second Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate (and the first
hereditary one<, ruling for three years from j CE until his death in jÔ CE. The period of
Yazid's rule was a great disaster for the Muslims and his rule is still remembered by many,
especially Shia Muslims. His period witnessed the tragedy of Kerbala, the Muslim forces
suffered losses in North Africa, their supremacy at sea was lost. During this period, Muslims also
saw the spoliation and profanation of the holy cities of Makkah and Madinah by the Yazidi
army.

Ê
[hide
÷Ê Oath of Allegiance of Yazid

÷Ê Husayn ibn Ali and Ibn az-Zubair
÷Ê Ô Setbacks
÷Ê ë Death
÷Ê Sunni view of Yazid
÷Ê j Shi'a and Sunni view of Yazid
÷Ê References
÷Ê See also
)Ê?Ê
Ê.Ê
Ê78Ê
Muawiyah I was succeeded by his son Yazid I. As it was common in Arabia at those time, Yazid
asked Governors of all provinces to take the oath of allegiance to him. The necessary oath was
secured from all parts of the country except from Husain and Abdullah ibn Zubayr [ [
)Ê+Ê0Ê.ÊÊ0Ê8560 Ê
Main article: Battle of Karbala
Main article: Ibn al-Zubair's revolt
Husayn ibn Ali did not give his oath of allegiance to Yazid. He was living in Madina with his
family, but Yazid considered him a threat to his rule and ordered his governor either to take oath
from Husayn by any mean or execute him. Husayn ibn Ali refused this demand and hence was
pushed to a limit that he finally decided to leave Madina. He first went to Makkah with an
intention to perform Hajj. But even at this holy place he couldn't do it with peace as Yazid
conspired to kill him in the Kaaba during Hajj. So Husayn had to cut short his plan and
performed Umrah instead of Hajj.
Kufa, a garrison town in what is now Iraq, had been Caliph µAlī's capital and many of his
supporters lived there. Husayn ibn Ali received many letters from the Kufans expressing their
offer of support if he claimed the caliphate. They were also trying to restore Kufa's power against
Damascus, the Umayyad capital.
Abd-Allah ibn Abbas and Abdullah ibn Zubayr held a meeting with Husayn in Mecca to advise
him to refuse to travel to Iraq. Meanwhile, Husayn corresponded with nobles of Basrah and
asked them to support him. Major tribes of Basrah gathered and prepared for the fight against
Yazid I.
At the same time Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad, governor of Basrah, executed one of Husayn's
messengers and then addressed the people and warned them to avoid the insurgency. Husayn
departed towards Kufa despite many warnings and during the trip, he and many members of his
family were killed or captured at the Battle of Karbala.
The complications of Yazid's accession to the Caliphate didn't end there. Many Sahaba and
fellow Muslims refused to give their oath of allegiance to Yazid simply because they saw it as
usurpation of power and not the proper way of choosing a Caliph by the Shura or Council. The
most prominent among these resistors was Abdullah ibn Zubayr.
Abdullah ibn Zubayr opposed Yazid's position as Caliph. He launched an insurgency in the
Hejaz, the heartland of Islam, where Mecca and Medina are. Yazid sent armies against him in
jÔ. After the Ê
Ê5+ , Medina was recaptured and Mecca was also besieged.
During the siege, the Kaµbah was damaged. The siege ended when Yazid died suddenly in jÔ
CE.
)Ê0 Ê
During the caliphate of Yazid Muslims suffered a great deal of setbacks. In j AD Yazid
restored Uqba ibn Nafi as the governor of North Africa. Uqba won battles against the Berbers
and Byzantines.[Ô From there Uqba marched on thousands of miles westward towards tangier,
where he reached the Atlantic coast, and then marched eastwards through the Atlas Mountains.[ë
With a cavalry of about Ô horsemen, he proceeded towards biskra where he was ambushed by
a Berber force under kaisala. Uqba and all his men died fighting. The berbers launched an attack
and drove Muslims from north Africa for a period.[ This was a major setback for the Muslims,
because of this they lost supremacy at sea, and had to abandon the islands of Rhodes and Crete.
)ÊÊ
Yazid I died at the age of Ô. He ruled for Ô years. Yazid I was succeeded by his son Muawiyah
II[j.
)ÊÊ,Ê
Ê78Ê
Main article: Sunni view of Yazid I
Ahmad ibn Hanbal was reputedly asked by his son about Yazid , and he is said to have replied
with a reference to the Qur'an and said it was in reference to the murder of Husayn:
Do you then have the sign that if you get the authority, spread disorder in the land and sever your
ties of Kinship? These are they whom God has cursed and made them deaf from the truth and
made their eyes blind.[Qur'an ë:[
÷Ê Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari records under the year ë% Hijri (or jj%-j CE< during
the reign of Muawiyah I, a number of forces, including one under Yazid attacked
Constantinople. However Yazid was not in the first army that attacked constantinople and
it was the th attack in which Yazid participated, the first attack being in ë Hijri.[ This
First Arab siege of Constantinople was a naval assault lasting through the years j-j.
Abu Ayyub al-Ansari was also among the notables accompanying Yazid. This journey
marks an important event in the life of young Yazid ( at that time<.
While most Sunni and Shi'i scholars consider Yazid to be a villain of Islamic history on account
of his hatred towards the household of Muhammad, many Islamic scholars also believe that
Yazid should not be cursed.[%
÷Ê Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi Maliki another scholar did not hold permissible the cursing and
abusing of Yazid nor declaring him to be a disbeliever.
³If it is said justice and knowledge are from the conditions of Caliphate and Yazid neither
had justice nor knowledge, then we would have to ask, by what evidence this conclusion
was drawn that Yazid had no justice or knowledge.´
[
³Where are those historians who wrote against Yazid in mentioning alcohol and open sinning, do
they not have any shame?´ ± meaning where are the evidences for these accusations.[
÷Ê Abdul Mughith Hanbali has the unique distinction of being one of the earliest known
biographers of Yazid .Ibn Kathir said about Abdu l-Mughith that, ³He was from the
righteous Hanbali¶s who the common folk referred to.´[ Abdul Mugheeth was also not
in favor of cursing Yazid or declaring him to be a disbeliever, rather he authored a
biography of Yazid with the titles # ' and # ' .[
÷Ê Ibn Kathir reported on Allamah Abu l-Khayr Qazwini:
³After he left Qazwain he went to Baghdad where he became a teacher in Madrassa

Nizamia and he would admonish and deliver lectures to the people. So on the day of
Ashuraa he sat on the minbar to admonish the people, it was said to him to curse Yazid
bin Muawiyah. He replied, ³He was but an Imam Mujtahid.´[ Ô
÷Ê Ibn Salah was also not in favor of cursing Yazid or saying he was a disbeliever. Ibn Hajr
the Meccan writes,
³Ibn Salah who is from our jurists and scholars of Hadith, I have seen in his Fatwa
Ê that when he was asked concerning the individual who would only curse Yazid @Ê
because he ordered the death of Husayn. Then in answer to this he said, according to
us Yazid ordering the death of Hussain is not a correct report and cursing and
abusing Yazid is not the sign of a believer.´- ( ( ( (pg.<<
÷Ê Ibn Taymiyyah was neither in favor of cursing Yazid nor declaring him to be a
disbeliever.{{quote³And the people who curse Yazid and other such people like him then
it is upon them to bring evidence, Firstly: that he was an open sinner and an oppressor
and therefore prove he really was an open sinner and an oppressor as allowing him to be
cursed needs to be proven that he continued this open sinning and oppression to the end
up until his death. Secondly: Then after this they must prove that it is permissible to curse
specific people like Yazid. ... and the verse, "May the Curse of God be upon the
oppressors" is a general verse like the verses concerning punishment... And the Hadith
compiled by Bukhari states the army to wage Jihad against Constantinople is
forgiven and it is clear that their commander Yazid ibn Muawiyah was a member of this
army and is included in this forgiveness.}} - (ref books:
$ #$ (3 ) * (/<, (
+ $ (3 (pg.%<. However, as
discussed above, this Hadith clearly did not refer to Yazid as he did not take part in the
first battle of Constantinople[, it was his father Mu'awiya[ ë during the reign of Caliph
Uthman [ therefore this verse did not apply at all to Yazid. In fact according to the
scholar Ibn Khaldun Yazid was unwillingly to take part in the st Jihads against
Constantinople, and was eventually forced to attend the th by his father.[ j
)Ê/ÊÊÊ,Ê
Ê78Ê
For Shi'a and Sunni Muslims, Yazid is viewed as a tyrant for killing Husayn, the grandson of
Prophet Mohammad, and his family. All Muslims believe that God had purified the household of
Muhammad (ahl al-bayt<,[ however they differ on the definition. Furthermore, all Shia's
believe that God commanded the Muslim community to have intense love (Al-Muwadata< and
kindness for them.[
Shi'a scholars, while very vocal in their views towards Yazid, show their stand on his nature
even through Sunni texts:
÷Ê Ibn Taymiyyah, a Sunni scholar stated the following concerning the nature of Yazid's
position:
³Yazid had the sword and hence he had the power to deal with anyone that opposed
Ê him. He had the power to reward his subjects with the contents of the treasury, and
could also withhold their rights. He had the power to punish criminals; it is in this
context that we can understand that he was the khalifah and king. Issues such as @Ê
Yazid's piety or lack of it, or his honesty or lack of it, is another matter. In all of his
actions Yazid was not just, there is no dispute amongst the people of Islam on this
matter.´
[ %
÷Ê Shaykh al-hadith Muhammad Zakaria, an Indian Sunni scholar, has stated the following
regarding the manner in which Yazid came to power:
³The army that Yazid had sent to Madinah comprised of j, horsemen and
Ê , foot soldiers. For three days they shed blood freely, women were raped
and named Quraysh and Ansar were killed. Ten thousand women and children
were made slaves. Muslim bin Uqba forced people to give allegiance to Yazid in
such a manner that people were enslaved and Yazid could sell them as he pleased, no
Sahaba who were [with the Prophet at Hudaibiya were spared.´ @Ê
[
÷Ê Ibn Kathir a famously renowned Sunni Islamic scholar, himself reports on the character
of Yazid:
³Traditions inform us that Yazid loved worldly vices; would drink; listen to music;
Ê kept the company of boys with no facial hair; played drums; kept dogs; made frogs,
bears and monkeys fight. Every morning he used be intoxicated, and he used to bind
monkeys with the saddle of a horse and make the horse run.´ @Ê
[
÷Ê Ibn Sa'd, another Sunni scholar, writes in his book, 0AÊ.5B0 @ regarding the
nature of Yazid:
³Abdullah bin Hanzala the Sahaba stated, 'By Allah we opposed Yazid at the point
Ê when we feared that stones would reign down on us from the skies. He was a Fasiq
who copulated with his mother, sister and daughters, who drank alcohol and did not
offer Salaat.´ @Ê
[
÷Ê After Yazid's death, when Muawiyah II (Yazid's son< was made to be the caliph, he stated
the following in his inaugural address with regards to his father and his grandfather
(Muawiyah I<, as recorded by Ibn Hajr al-Haythami another scholar of the Ahl us-
Sunnah:
When Yazid's son came to power he gave the speech: ³Khilafat is from Allah. My
Ê grandfather fought for khilafat against an individual who was more entitled to it, that
being Ali. He (Mu'awiya I< performed actions that you are all aware of, and he is
suffering in his grave for that. Then my father Yazid became the khalifah even
though he was not deserving of khilafat. He fought the cousin of Rasulullah , Husayn
ibn Ali and is suffering in the grave on account of his sins.´ [Muawiyah II then
proceeded to cry, ³It is a terrible thing that we are fully aware of Yazid's bad deeds:
Ê ÊÊÊ
ÊÊ
ÊÊÊ

Ê+ÊÊÊ Ê

ÊÊB/0;´ @Ê
[Ô
÷Ê Although many Sunni Muslims are against the cursing of Yazid, Yazid is cursed even
according to the definitions of Muhammad, as recorded by Ibn Kathir:
³Rasulullah said, whoever perpetuates injustice and frightens the residents of

Ê Madinah, the curse of Allah, His Angels and all people is on such a person.´ @Ê
- [ë
The events at Karbala figure as fundamental in Shi'a thought, and many Islamist movements
liken their causes to Husayn ibn Ali's struggle against Yazid. Leaders of the %% Iranian
Revolution that overthrew the Pahlavi government frequently drew such comparisons.
The th of Muharram (also known as Ashura<, is the Islamic calendar date on which the Battle
of Karbala occurred and is commemorated as a day of mourning by Shia Muslims around the
world. Rituals on Ashura' usually involve public processions during which the Shi'as reject
Yazid's caliphate and recite poems commemorating Husayn ibn Ali and his death. Shi'as and
sunnis around the world refer to Yazid as "the tyrant."
)Ê Ê
Yazid I
Ê4
ÊÊ
Preceded by 4Ê Succeeded by

Ê j ± jÔ Ê
.Ê ^ The arabs by philip k hitti

.Ê ^ History of Islam by Prof Masudul Hasan
Ô.Ê ^ History of the Arab by Philip k hitti
ë.Ê ^ History of Islam by prof.Masudul Hasan
.Ê ^ The Empire of the Arabs by sir John Glubb
j.Ê ^ The History Of Arabs by Philip.K.Hitti
.Ê ^ Ibn Hajar Makki in al-Sawa'iq al-Muhriqa page ÔÔÔ, Tafsir Mazhari v. . p. ëÔë Imam
Barzanji in al-Isha'at, Qadi Abu Ya'la in Mu'tamad al-Usool, ibn al-Jawzi
.Ê ^ al-Bidaayah Wan-Nihaayah
%.Ê ^ Zakir Naik (MUMBAI, Ô December <
.Ê^ al-Awasim Minal Qawasim (pg.<
.Ê^ ) $ ( /Ô<
.Ê^ ! ) (/jÔ<,
) $ ( /Ô<
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3 (pg. Ô<
ë.Ê^ c " by Kirk H. Sowell, ë, pë
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.Ê^ [Quran chapter ÔÔ, verse ÔÔ
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c / 0 Encyclopædia Britannica11 /

/ 2
)ÊÊ
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÷Ê Battle of Karbala
÷Ê Umayyads
÷Ê Islamic empires
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ÊÊ
Ê
ÊÊ4ÊÊ
Ê jÔ ± jë
ÊÊ Mu'āwiyah ibn Yazīd

Ê jj
Ê jë

Ê Yazid I

Ê Marwan I
Ê Umayyad
Ê Yazid I
Ê or />Ê0Ê78< (C D Ê #Ê % & '(; jj - jë< was an Umayyad caliph for
about four months after the death of his father Yazīd. The empire he inherited was in a state of
disarray with Abdullah bin Zubayr claiming to be the true caliph and holding the Hejaz as well
as other areas.

Ê
[hide
÷Ê Birth and early years

÷Ê Accession
÷Ê Ô Personality and family
÷Ê ë Government acts
÷Ê Conflict with Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr
÷Ê j Shia view of his abdication and death
÷Ê See also
)Ê ÊÊ Ê Ê

Muawiya II was born on the th March jj and was the son of Yazid I of the Ummayyad
dynasty and on his mother's side a descendent of the Quraysh tribe in the Hejaz. His mother's
father, Abu Hashim ibn Utbah ibn Rabi'ah was appointed Governor of Basra and his mother
married Yazid I in jj. Mu'awiya was the eldest son to be born, out of six brothers and many
(uncounted< daughters. When Mu'awiya I became Caliph in jj , it is said that on his day of
accession he heard the news that his son had given birth to a son. The account is related in Al
Nasab (%-%ë%< in his History of the Wars:
At the same time as the birth (of Mua'wiya II<, his grandfather had met with the Islamic Elders
(i.e. the Shura< and when he heard that he had a grandson he said, "Surely this is a blessing from
God and a sure sign, if there is any, that I am the true Caliph. For I shall establish a dynasty that
shall be well-remembered. My son shall follow me, and his son shall follow him." And the child
was named Mua'wiya in his honour.
According to al-Tabari, Muawiya II was Ô years old when he died. This means Muawiya must
have been born in j when Yazid I his father was years old.
Lewis Joseph in his article "Islamic Historiography during the Ummayyad period jj -",
nevertheless argues that this was a later tradition created at a time when the Ummayyad dynasty
was facing extinction.
Mu'awiya was the first prince of the Ummayyads to grow up entirely at the court of the Caliph,
being kept there to protect him from potential assassins of both Husayn bin Ali and Ibn al-
Zubair. He was the first to be given private scholars and teachers as is recorded in Al-Habah
(ë-%<'s Court of the Righteous Caliphs:
It is said, by many sources, that the first who was given scholars and teachers of his own was
Mu'awiya bin Yazid, grandson of that Mu'awiya who turned the Successors of the Prophet (may
God protect him< into a dynasty of despots. For as is related by the scholars of the past, the
previous Caliphs had learnt with the companions as equals in the schools of the faith.
The fact that Mu'awiya was not sent to Mecca and Medina was also unpopular with Muslims.
This growing unpopularity became worse with the campaigns against Husayn ibn Ali and Ibn al-
Zubair. The latter war, leading to the capture of Medina and the siege of Mecca, was even more
unpopular. Fortunately for the Arab Empire, Yazid I died soon afterwards in jÔ and his son
succeeded him.
)Ê.
Ê
The accession of Mu'awiyya II was met first with indifference and trepidation by Muslims, for
they didn't know anything about him as he had been kept away in the home of the Caliphs. Yet,
when Mu'awiyya declared that a truce would be made, it was met with almost universal
acclamation, for it had ended the war in the Holy Places. Mu'awiya II declared that the war in
Medina and Mecca had been foolish and blasphemous and that the damage to the Ka'aba was
sacrilege. He is said to have declared:
For this is the City of God, of both East and the West. For when there is war here, there are
earthquakes in heaven, and the angels scatter for protection. I shall not have blood shed here and
there shall be no war. We shall become friends and allies again, and the community of the
faithful shall be restored.
These words made him popular with those Muslims tired by war, even some supporting Ibn al-
Zubayr. But the followers of Ibn al-Zubayr urged the rebel to break the truce and declare war,
stating that the Caliph was a beardless boy and a coward, afraid to fight, and so easy to defeat.
Yet the truce held officially for many months, though there was sporadic fighting in Mecca.
)Ê
ÊÊÊ
In the primary sources and modern histories, Mu'awiyya II's reign is usually passed over quickly.
The caliph is portrayed as being weak-willed but with a good-nature. He is said to have declared
when news came of his father's death, that this is the news he dreaded for now he was Caliph and
did not wish to be. Mu'awiyya was even prepared to summon the Shura and call on them to
choose a Caliph of their own, and thus restore the non-hereditary traditions of the Caliphate.
Many stories have been written in the sources of Mu'awiyya's weak but good-willed nature, not
all of them true.
The marriage of Mu'awiyya was deemed contentious and problematic.His grandfather

Mu'awiyya I wished him to marry into another tribe and thus strengthen the power of the
dynasty. This, Mu'awiyya did but his wife died in j. He then married again in j and j,
having two wives but he divorced both by j for providing no children. Yazid now forced him
to marry a fourth wife in jÔ, a foreign princess, to extend the power of the Caliphate. It is said
that Mu'awiyya despised this woman, and as soon as Yazid had died, she was divorced.
)Ê-
, ÊÊ
Traditionally, Mu'awiya is shown to have had no interest in politics, perhaps with justification.
He is said to have claimed that only by mistake of the hereditary principle was he Caliph and
under no other means would he have ever been chosen. Yet it is said that his courtiers persuaded
him to remain Caliph as he was kind and would do some virtuous deeds. Some say they did this
to prolong their own power or because it was ungrateful for Mu'awiya to give back the power
given to him by God.
Once a truce had been made in jÔ, Mu'awiya turned to domestic affairs. He did not involve
himself for many months with Zubayr, even when fighting continued and when the truce had
obviously been broken in all but name. Mu'awiyya passed three laws which he said were
necessary. Firstly, he said that the rights of women should be protected, secondly that no man
should be put to death because of a crime, and thirdly that the charity tax should be made
compulsory. These laws were removed once he had died.
According to al-Tabari, Muawiya II reigned only ë days before he died.
)Ê
ÊÊ.0Ê0Ê560 Ê
By the beginning of jë, the problem of Ibn al-Zubayr had worsened, and Mu'awiya was forced
to turn his attention back to southern Arabia. He rejected any attempts to launch an attack,
declaring that Medina and Mecca were sacred.
Instead he sent an embassy to Ibn al-Zubayr and declared that as he himself had no son, that Ibn
al-Zubayr could be his heir. Zubayr rejected this for he knew that Mu'awiya was young and
could have many children. "I shall not be a nursemaid", Ibn al-Zubayr is said to have answered.
The embassy was imprisoned and Ibn al-Zubayr continued the conflict. According to Al Nasab
(%-%ë%<:
) ! //23 /

4 1 ) 5+ - /
2+ / 53 6
.+ 7 - // 2
It seems this embassy was rejected as well. Two weeks before his death, Mu'awiya declared he
would abdicate, saying he would rather lose his life than have many lose their lives for him in a
civil war.
)ÊÊ,Ê
ÊÊ0
ÊÊÊ
In June jë, Mu'awiyya abdicated. Shia Muslims believe that he converted to Shi'ism and
abdicated, by saying that he could "smell the blood of Ahl ul-Bayt" from the throne. By this they
mean that he considered his forefathers to be the murderers of the (the household of
prophet Muhammad<.
It is generally believed that he abdicated and died a month later. Another source, the fragments
of Al-Nisba (-ë?< records a tradition:
"When his courtiers heard he intended to abdicate as soon as Ibn al-Zubayr had entered the city,
they were struck by fear for they knew they would die. Three times three they pleaded with the
Caliph to be strong but he rejected their pleas... So a conspiracy was made... for though the
Caliph had no sons... his cousin was eager to be Caliph. When a farewell feast was held...
(fragmentary<... and Mu'awiyya died from the poison... It is recorded that Zubayr knew of this
but he was unfairly blamed by the successor Marwan."
)ÊÊ
Ê
÷Ê Battle of Karbala
Muawiya II
Ê4
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Ê jë ± j
ÊÊ Marwan ibn al-Hakam

Ê March , jÔ
Ê May , j

Ê Muawiya II

Ê Abd al-Malik
Ê Umayyad
Ê Hakam ibn Wa'il
Ê0Ê5+ (jÔ - j< (Arabic: ϢϜΤϟ ϦΑ ϥϭήϣ< was the fourth Umayyad Caliph, who
took over the dynasty after Muawiya II abdicated in jë. Marwan's ascension pointed to a shift
in the lineage of the Umayyad dynasty from descendants of Abu Sufyan to those of Hakam, both
of whom were grandsons of Umayya (for whom the Umayyad dynasty is named<. Hakam was a
first cousin of Uthman ibn Affan.
During the "Battle of the Camel" Marwan ibn al-Hakam is said to have shot his general Talha
with an arrow to the thigh, resulting in his death. Marwan killed Talha in revenge for Talha's
alleged betrayal of the third Caliph Uthman:
He was removed from this position by Ali, only to be reappointed by Muawiya I. Marwan was
eventually removed from the city when Abdullah ibn Zubayr rebelled against Yazid I. From
here, Marwan went to Damascus, where he was made the caliph after Muawiya II abdicated.
Marwan's short reign was marked by a civil war among the Umayyads as well as a war against
Abdullah ibn Zubayr who continued to rule over the Hejaz, Iraq, Egypt and parts of Syria.
Marwan was able to win the Umayyad civil war, the result of which was a new Marwanid line of
Umayyad caliphs. He was also able to recapture Egypt and Syria from Abdullah, but was not
able to completely defeat him. Shi'a hold that none of the Umayyad caliphs were legitimate. See
Succession to Muhammad for more details.
Marwan I
Ê4
ÊÊ

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)Ê Ê
)Ê*9 Ê Ê
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Ê
.0Ê5 Ê

Ê ÊÊ Ê
Ê

For other uses, see Abd al-Malik (disambiguation<.
.0Ê5 Ê
Ê
ÊÊ4ÊÊ
Ê j ±
ÊÊ Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan

Ê jëj Mecca
Ê

Ê Marwan I

Ê Al-Walid I
Ê Umayyad
Ê Marwan I
.0Ê5 Ê0Ê (jëj-< (Arabic: ϥϭήϣ ϦΑ ϚϠϤϟ ΪΒϋ< was the th Umayyad Caliph.
He was born in Mecca and grew up in Medinah ( both are cities in modern day Saudi Arabia <.
Abd al-Malik was a well-educated man and capable ruler, despite the many political problems
that impeded his rule. Ibn Khaldun states: .+ 6
- /2/89 + 3 -
6 6 2:
In his reign, all important records were translated into Arabic, and for the first time a special
currency for the Muslim world was minted, which led to war with the Byzantine Empire under
Justinian II. The Byzantines were led by Leontios at the Battle of Sebastopolis in j% in Asia
Minor and were decisively defeated by the Caliph after the defection of a large contingent of
Slavs. The Islamic currency was then made the only currency exchange in the Muslim world.
Also, many reforms happened in his time as regards agriculture and commerce. Abd al-malik
was a capable ruler, who consolidated Muslim rule and extended it, made Arabic the state
language, and organized a regular postal service[ .

Ê
[hide
÷Ê Campaigns in Iraq and Hejaz

÷Ê Campaigns in North Africa
÷Ê Ô Reforms
÷Ê ë Art and Architecture
÷Ê Death
÷Ê j References
÷Ê Bibliography
)ÊÊÊ AÊÊ+:8Ê

Abd al-Malik became caliph after the death of his father Marwan I in j. Within a few years, he
dispatched armies, under al-Hajjaj bin Yousef, on a campaign to reassert Umayyad control over
the Islamic empire. Hajjaj first defeated the governor of Basra and then led his forces into Hejaz,
where Ibn Zubayr was killed - ending his short claim to the caliphate.The Siege of Mecca in
j%CE started with Hajjaj at the head of about (most of those men were natives of
Arabia but settled earlier in Syria< he set out against Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr, the caliph of
Hejaz at Mecca. He advanced unopposed as far as his native Taif, which he took without any
fighting and used as a base. The caliph had charged him first to negotiate with Abd-Allah ibn al-
Zubayr and to assure him of freedom from punishment if he capitulated, but, if the opposition
continued, to starve him out by siege, but on no account to let the affair result in bloodshed in the
Holy City. Since the negotiations failed and al-Hajjaj lost patience, he sent a courier to ask Abd
al-Malik for reinforcements and also for permission to take Mecca by force. He received both,
and thereupon bombarded the Holy City using catapults from the mountain of * . The
bombardment continued during the Pilgrimage or Hajj.
After the siege had lasted for seven months and , men, among them two of Abdullah Ibn
al-Zubair 's sons, had gone over to al-Hajjaj, Abd-Allah ibn al-Zubayr with a few loyal
followers, including his youngest son, were killed in the fighting around the Kaaba (Jumadah I
Ô/October j%<
Hajjaj's success led Abd al-Malik to assign him the role of governor of Iraq and give him free
rein in the territories he controlled. Hajjaj arrived when there were many deserters in Basra and
Kufa. He promptly and forcefully impelled them to return to combat. Hajjaj, after years of
serious fighting, quelled religious disturbances, including the rebellion launched by Salih ibn
Musarrih and continued after Salih's death by Shabib. These rebels repeatedly defeated more
numerous forces and at their height entered Kufah. However, Abd al-Malik's Syrian
reinforcements enabled Hajjaj to turn the tide.
Under Hajjaj, Arab armies put down the revolt of Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath
in Iraq from j%% to CE, and also took most of Turkestan. Abd al-Rahman rebelled following
Hajjaj's repeated orders to push further into the lands of Zundil. After his defeat in Iraq, again
achieved through Abd al-Malik's dispatch of Syrian reinforcements to Hajjaj, Abd ar Rahman
returned east. There one city closed its gates to him and in another he was seized. However,
Zundil's army arrived and secured his release. Later, Abd ar Rahman died and Zundil sent his
head to Hajjaj who sent it to Abd al-Malik. These victories paved the way for greater expansions
under Abd al-Malik's son Al-marvan.
)ÊÊÊ6
Ê. Ê
Caliph Abd al-Malik was effective in increasing the size of the empire. In Maghreb (western
North Africa< in jj CE a force led by Zuhayr ibn Qais won the Battle of Mamma over
Byzantines and Berbers led by Kusaila, on the Qairawan plain, and re-took Ifriqiya and its
capital Kairouan.
In j% Hasan ibn al-Nu'man captured Carthage and advanced into the Atlas Mountains. A
Byzantine fleet arrived, retook Carthage but in j% Hasan ibn al-Nu'man returned and defeated
Tiberios III at the Battle of Carthage. The Byzantines withdrew from all of Africa except Ceuta.
Hasan met trouble from the Zenata tribe of Berbers under al-Kahina. They inflicted a serious
defeat on him and drove him back to Barqa. However, in Abd al-Malik strongly reinforced
him.Now with a large army and the support of the settled population of North Africa, Hasan
pushed forward. He decisively defeated the Zenata in a battle at Tabarka, miles west of
Carthage. He then developed the village of Tunis ten miles from the destroyed Carthage. Around
Musa ibn Nusayr replaced Hasan. He pacified much of North Africa, though he failed to
take Ceuta.
)Ê
Ê
Abd al-Malik instituted many reforms such as: making Arabic the official language of
government across the entire empire, instituting a mint that produced a uniform set of aniconic
currency, expansion and reorganization of postal service, repairing the damaged Kaaba and
beginning the tradition of weaving a silk cover for the Kaaba in Damascus.
)Ê. ÊÊ. Ê

He also built the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, but parts of that city were also destroyed when
Abd al-Malik's armies put down an uprising there. The Muslim scholar al-Wasiti reports this
incidence:
Dome of the Rock, Constructed by Abd al-Malik
When Abd al-Malik intended to construct the Dome of the Rock, he came from
Ê Damascus to Jerusalem. He wrote, "Abd al-Malik intends to build a dome (( <
over the Rock to house the Muslims from cold and heat, and to construct the masjid.
But before he starts he wants to know his subjects' opinion." With their approval, the
deputies wrote back, "May Allah permit the completion of this enterprise, and may
He count the building of the dome and the masjid a good deed for Abd al-Malik and
his predecessors." He then gathered craftsmen from all his dominions and asked them
to provide him with the description and form of the planned dome before he engaged
in its construction. So, it was marked for him in the of the masjid. He then
ordered the building of the treasury ( < to the east of the Rock, which is on
the edge of the Rock, and filled it with money. He then appointed Raja' ibn Hayweh
and Yazid ibn Salam to supervise the construction and ordered them to spend
generously on its construction. He then returned to Damascus. When the two men
satisfactorily completed the house, they wrote to Abd al-Malik to inform him that
they had completed the construction of the dome and al-Masjid al-Aqsa. They said to
him "There is nothing in the building that leaves room for criticism." They wrote him
that a hundred thousand dinars was left from the budget he allocated. He offered the
money to them as a reward, but they declined, indicating that they had already been
generously compensated. Abd al-Malik orders the gold coins to be melted and cast
on the Dome's exterior, which at the time had a strong glitter that no eye could look
straight at it.[[Ô @Ê
The two engineers Yazid ibn Salam, a Jerusalemite, and Raja' ibn Hayweh, from Baysan, were
ordered to spend generously on the construction. In his .;6 /, al-Maqdisi
reported that seven times the revenue of Egypt was used to build the Dome. During a discussion
with his uncle on why the Caliph spent lavishly on building the mosques in Jerusalem and
Damascus, al-Maqdisi writes:
O my little son, thou has no understanding. Verily he was right, and he was prompted
Ê to a worthy work. For he beheld Syria to be a country that had long been occupied by
the Christians, and he noted there are beautiful churches still belonging to them, so
enchantingly fair, and so renowned for their splendour, as are the Church of the Holy @Ê
Sepulchre, and the churches of Lydda and Edessa. So he sought to build for the
Muslims a mosque that should be unique and a wonder to the world. And in like
manner is it not evident that Caliph Abd al-Malik, seeing the greatness of the
martyrium of the Holy Sepulchre and its magnificence was moved lest it should
dazzle the minds of Muslims and hence erected above the Rock the dome which is
now seen there.[ë
)ÊÊ
The last years of his reign were generally peaceful. Abd al-Malik wanted his son al-Walid I to
succeed him, ignoring his father's decree that Abd al-Malik should be succeeded by his brother,
Abd al-Aziz. However, Abd al-Malik accepted advice not to create disturbances by carrying out
this design. In the event, Abd al-Aziz died before Abd al-Malik. Abd al-Malik then had his sons
al-Walid and Sulayman, in that order, accepted as heirs to the throne. To history, Abd al-Malik is
known as the "Father of Kings": his four sons succeded him as the caliph one after another[.
)Ê Ê
.Ê ^ Classical Islam G.Gunebam
.Ê ^ Abu-Bakr al-Wasiti, Fada'il Bayt al-Maqdis, pp. - , vol Ôj.
Ô.Ê ^ Nasser Rabbat, The Dome of the Rock Rvisited: Some Remarks on al-Wasiti's
Accounts, Muqaranas, Vol. , Essays in Honor of Oleg Grabar, pp. jj-, %%Ô
ë.Ê ^ Shams al-Din al-Maqdisi, Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Mar'rifat al-Aqalim, nd ed. (Leiden,
%j< pp. %- .
.Ê ^ Masudul Hasa, +
)Ê0
Ê
÷Ê Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari v. "The Victory of the Marwanids," transl. Michael
Fishbein, SUNY, Albany, %%; v. "The Marwanid Restoration," transl. Everett K.
Rowson, SUNY, Albany, %%; v. Ô "The Zenith of the Marwanid House," transl.
Martin Hinds, SUNY, Albany, %%.
÷Ê John Bagot Glubb The Empire of the Arabs, Hodder and Stoughton, London, %jÔ
Abd al-Malik
Ê4
ÊÊ Ê
Preceded by Ê Succeeded by

0Ê.560 j% ± .5Ê
ÊÊ

Ê j ± .5Ê
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Malik"
Categories: Umayyad caliphs | Tabiµun | jëj births | deaths | th-century caliphs | th-
century caliphs
Ê
.5ÊÊ

Ê ÊÊ Ê
Ê

This article Ê Ê
Ê Ê
ÊÊÊ
. Please help improve this
article by introducing appropriate citations of additional sources. ²$ %
.5ÊÊ
Ê ±
ÊÊ Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik

Ê jj
Ê

Ê Abd al-Malik

Ê Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik

Ê+
Ê Banu Abd Shams
Ê Umayyad
Ê Abd al-Malik

The Arab Empire in its greatest extent. Expansion under the Prophet Mohammad, j-jÔ
Expansion during the Patriarchal Caliphate, jÔ-jj Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate,
jj -
.5Ê0Ê.0Ê5 (Arabic: ϚϠϤϟ ΪΒϋ ϦΑ ΪϴϟϮϟ< or .5Ê (jj - < was an
Umayyad caliph who ruled from - . He continued the expansion of the Islamic empire
that was sparked by his father, and was an effective ruler. His father Abd al-Malik had taken the
oath of allegiance for Walid I during his lifetime [ .[ . As such the succession of Al-
Walid I was not contested. His reign was marked by endless successions of conquests east and
west.
Al-Walid I (- AD/j-%j AH<, began the Islamic conquests and took the early Islamic
empire to its farthest extents. He reconquered parts of Egypt from the Byzantine Empire and
moved on into Carthage and across to the west of North Africa. Then, in , Muslim armies
crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and began to conquer Spain using North African Berber armies.
By j, the Visigoths of Spain had been defeated and Spain was under Muslim control. This
would be the farthest extent of Islamic control of Europe (in Ôj, they were stopped in their
expansion into Europe south of Tours, France<. In the east, Islamic armies made it as far as the
Indus River in ²under Al-Walid, the caliphate empire stretched from Spain to India. Al-
Hajjaj bin Yousef played a crucial role in the organization and selection of military commanders.
Al-Walid paid great attention to the expansion of an organized military, building the strongest
navy in Ummayad era, it was this tactic that supported the ultimate expansion to Spain. His reign
is considered as the apex of Islamic power.
Al-Walid also began the first great buiilding projects of Islam, the most famous of which is the
mosque at Damascus. The long history of Islamic architecture really begins with al-Walid. This
is also the period, however, in which Islamic court culture begins to germinate. With the caliph
as a patron, artists and writers begin to develop a new, partly secular culture based on Islamic
ideas.
It was also Al-Walid that coupled islamicization with arabicization. Conversion was not forced
on conquered peoples; however, since non-believers had to pay an extra tax and were not
technically citizens, many people did convert for religious and non-religious reasons. This
created several problems, particularly since Islam was so closely connected with being Arab.
Being Arab, of course, was more than an ethnic identity, it was a tribal identity based on kinship
and descent. As more and more Muslims were non-Arabs, the status of Arabs and their culture
became threatened. In particular, large numbers of Coptic-speaking (Egypt< and Persian-
speaking Muslims threatened the primacy of the very language that Islam is based on. In part to
alleviate that threat, al-Walid instituted Arabic as the only official language of the empire. He
decreed that all administration was to be done only in Arabic. It was this move that would
cement the primacy of Arabic language and culture in the Islamic world.
Like his father, Al-Walid continued to allow Al-Hajjaj bin Yousef free rein, and his trust in Al-
Hajjaj paid off with the successful conquests of Transoxiana and Sindh. Musa ibn Nusayr and his
retainer Tariq ibn Ziyad conquered Al-Andalus. Al-Hajjaj was responsible for picking the
generals who led the successful eastern campaigns, and was well known from his own successful
campaign against Ibn Zubayr during the reign of Al-Walid's father. Others, such as al-Walid's
brother Salamah, advanced against the Byzantines and into Adharbayjan.
Valladolid is an industrial city and it is a municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Rio
Pisuerga and within the Ribera del Duero region. It is the capital of the province of Valladolid
and of the autonomous community of Castile and Leon, therefore is part of the historical region
of Castile. The name "Valladolid" is linked with the Arabic name for the city ϭ
meaning The City of Al- Walid.
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari describes how Qutaibah bin Muslim, Khurasan's governor, led
forces extending the caliphate to the east. Qutaibah campaigned in most, if not all, years of this
reign, conquering Samarqand, advancing into Farghana and sending envoys to China. (v. Ô<
Al-Tabari records how al-Hajjaj tortured Yazid ibn al-Muhallab. Yazid escaped and made his
way to al-Walid's brother Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik who granted him refuge. Al-Hajjaj pressed
al-Walid about this and al-Walid commanded Suleiman to send him Yazid in chains. Suleiman
had his own son approach al-Walid chained to Yazid and speak in favour of Yazid's safety. Al-
Walid accepted this and told al-Hajjaj to desist. (v. Ô, p. jf<
Umayyad Mosque built by Al-Walid
Al-Walid himself continued the effective rule that was characteristic of his father, he developed a
welfare system, built hospitals, educational institutions and measures for the appreciation of art.
Dome of the Rock built by Walid
In j% , Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ordered that the Dome of the Rock be built on the site
where the Islamic Prophet Muhammad begun his journey to heaven (Meraj< on the Temple
Mount. About a decade afterward, Caliph Al-Walid I ordered the building of Al-Aqsa
Mosque.[Ô It was under Umayyad rule of Al-Walid and his father Abd al-Malik that Christians
and Jews were granted the official title of "Peoples of the Book" to underline the common
monotheistic roots they shared with Islam.
Al-Walid himself was an enthusiast of architecture and he repaired and refurbished Masjid al
Nabawi in Medina. He also improved mountain passes and wells in Hijaz (al-Tabari v. Ô,
p. ëë<. In addition, he demolished the Christian Basilica of St. John the Baptist to build a great
mosque, now known as the Great Mosque of Damascus or simply the Umayyad Mosque (John
the Baptist is considered a Prophet of Islam and is known as Yahya<.
The Grand Mosque of Damascus, also known as the Umayyad Mosque (Arabic: M ΃ ϥ
ϙ , transl. Ğām' Banī 'Umayyah al-Kabīr<, is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the
world. Located in one of the holiest sites in the old city of Damascus, it is of great architectural
importance.
The mosque holds a shrine which is said to contain the head of John the Baptist, honoured as a
prophet by Muslims and Christians alike. The head was supposedly found during the excavations
for the building of the mosque. The tomb of Saladin stands in a small garden adjoining the north
wall of the mosque.
In Pope John Paul II visited the mosque, primarily to visit the relics of John the Baptist. It
was the first time a pope paid a visit to a mosque.
In an article titled ³Syria: Crossroads of the Levant´, featured on Syria¶s Ministry of Tourism
website [ , Richard Moore reports that ³the highlight to the Old City was the Umayyad
Mosque."
Initially, the Muslim conquest of Damascus in jÔj did not affect the church, as the building was
shared by Muslim and Christian worshippers. It remained a church although the Muslims built a
mud brick structure against the southern wall so that they could pray.
Under the Umayyad caliph Al-Walid I, however, the church was demolished and between j
and the current mosque built in its place. According to the legend, Al-Walid I himself
initiated the demolition by driving a golden spike into the church. At that point in time,
Damascus was one of the most important cities in the Middle East and would later become the
capital of the Umayyad caliphate.
He was also known for his own personal piety, and many stories tell of his continual reciting of
the Qur'an and the large feasts he hosted for those fasting during Ramadan. He was married to
Umm Banin bint Abdul Aziz ibn Marwan ibn Hakam.
Al-Walid was succeeded by his brother Suleiman.
)Ê0
Ê
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, v. Ô "The Zenith of the Marwanid House," transl. Martin Hinds,
SUNY, Albany, %%
)Ê Ê
This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but Ê
Ê
Ê Ê0ÊÊ ÊÊ
; Please improve this article by
introducing more precise citations where appropriate. ² /

.Ê ^ Muhammad and conquests of Islam by Francesco Gabreili
Preceded by Succeeded by

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Ê
Êv d eÊÊ
Ê0Ê.0Ê5 (Arabic: ϚϠϤϟ ΪΒϋ ϦΑ ϥΎϤϴϠγ; c. jë - < was an Umayyad caliph
who ruled from until . His father was Abd al-Malik, and he was a younger brother of the
previous caliph, al-Walid I.

Ê
[hide
÷Ê Early years
÷Ê Assumption of power as caliph and his appointments
÷Ê Ô Policies as caliph
÷Ê ë Naming of his successor
÷Ê Death
÷Ê j References
÷Ê Sources
)Ê* Ê Ê
Under the rule of his brother al-walid (̭ ϥùϭ < he had been the governor of
Palestine. In the tribal politics of the Near East at that time he allied himself to the Yamani
grouping. When Yazid ibn al-Muhallab escaped from al-Hajjaj, he made his way to Sulayman in
Palestine. Sulayman granted him refuge. Al-Hajjaj pressed al-Walid about this and the caliph
commanded Sulayman to send him Yazid in chains. Sulayman had his own son chained to Yazid
approach al-Walid and present Sulayman's forcefully written letter insisting on sanctuary for
Yazid. Al-Walid accepted this and so informed al-Hajjaj.
)Ê.
Ê
Ê
ÊÊÊÊÊ
Ê
Sulayman was hailed as caliph on February Ô, , the day al-Walid died. He appointed Yazid
ibn al-Muhallab governor of Mesopotamia (Iraq< and Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman financial
administrator there. Salih was also instructed to arrest and execute the family of al-Hajjaj, one of
two prominent leaders (the other was Qutaibah bin Muslim} who had supported the succession
of al-Walid's son Yazid, rather than Sulayman. Al-Hajjaj had predeceased al-Walid, so he was no
longer alive to pose a threat.
Qutaibah was considerably alarmed at the ascension of Sulayman to the throne. He first sent an
envoy to the caliph with letters asserting his loyalty as he was loyal to previous caliphs, urging
Sulayman not to replace Qutaibah as governor of Khurasan with Yazid ibn al-Muhallab and,
finally, if the envoy saw Sulayman favouring Yazid, with Qutaibah's renunciation of allegiance
to Sulayman. Sulayman sent the envoy back with a confirmation of Qutaibah's governorship.
However, Qutaibah had already attempted to rebel. Qutaibah's troops rejected his appeal to
revolt, killed him and sent his head to Sulayman[
Sulayman appointed Yazid ibn al-Muhallab governor of Khurasan. Yazid was happy to escape
the financial strictness of Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman in Mesopotamia (Iraq<.
)Ê
ÊÊÊ
As he remained close to the Yamanis, Suleiman did not move to Damascus on becoming Caliph,
but rather he remained in Ramla in Palestine. His Khurasani governor Yazid continued
expansion into mountainous parts of Iran such as Tabaristan. Sulayman also sent a large army
under Maslama ibn Abdul-Malik to attack the Byzantine capital, Constantinople. This was a
determined attack that lasted through the winter. The caliph's armies also advanced beyond
Byzantine territory and took a Slavic stronghold[. The siege of Constantinople occasioned
hunger inside the city and among the besiegers. It ultimately proved to be unsuccessful.
Suleiman was on his way to attack the Byzantine border when he died in .
In the domestic scene, he had wells built in Mecca for pilgrims, and organized enforcement of
prayers. Suleiman was known for his exceptional oratory skills and was fondly remembered[Ô.
)Ê6Ê
ÊÊ
Ê
In A.H. % ( j- < Sulayman named his son Ayyub heir to the throne. However, Ayyub died
that same year. Sulayman considered naming a son to replace him. However, he received advice
that it was uncertain the son fighting at Constantinople was still alive and others were too young.
So, he passed these over, broke with tradition by not maintaining a hereditary dynasty and
appointed Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz as his successor. Umar had a reputation as being one of the
most wise, capable and pious persons of that era. This appointment is rare, although it technically
fulfils the Sunni Islamic method of appointing a successor, whereas hereditary succession does
not[ë [.
)ÊÊ
Sulayman donned an impressive green robe and turban and seeing himself in the mirror
commented on how he looked to be in the prime of life. A week later he was dead. He died on
either September or October , . Al-Tabari[j records the following anecdote: "According
to 'Ali--Suhaym b. Hafs: A slave girl belonging to Sulayman looked at him one day, and he
asked, "How do you like what you see?" She recited:
You are the best object of delight--if only you would last./ But man does not possess
immortality.
I do not know of any blemish in you/ that other people have, except that you will pass away.
)Ê Ê
.Ê ^ re Qutaibah, al-Tabari v. ë pp ±, head Ô
.Ê ^ al-Tabari v. ë, p. ë
Ô.Ê ^ al-Tabari v. ë, p. j
ë.Ê ^ Atyya, Bassam (in Arabic<. 4 c 6+c ( st ed.<. Amman: Yaqut.
p. j%., page j%
.Ê ^ Ibn Hazm. $ (in Arabic<, page
j.Ê ^ v. ë p. jÔ
)Ê
Ê
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, v. Ô c7 , transl. Martin Hinds,
Suny, Albany, %%; v. ë c1/c , transl. David Stephan Powers, Suny,
Albany, %%

.5Ê ± 4 Ê
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik"
Categories: jë births | deaths | Umayyad caliphs | th-century caliphs
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Umayyad caliph who ruled from to . Unlike previous Umayyad caliphs, he was not a
hereditary successor to the former caliph, but was elected. He was also a cousin of the former
caliph, being the son of Abd al-Malik's younger brother, Abd al-Aziz. He was also a great-
grandson of the companion of the Prophet Muhammad, Umar bin Al-Khattab.

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Umar was born around j. Some traditions state that he was born in Medina while others claim
that he was born in Egypt.
According to a Sunni Muslim tradition, Umar's lineage to Umar ibn al-Khattab stems from a
famous event during the second Caliph's rule. During one of his frequent disguised journeys to
survey the condition of his people, Umar overheard a milkmaid refusing to obey her mother's
orders to sell adulterated milk. He sent an officer to purchase milk from the girl the next day and
learned that she had kept her resolve; the milk was unadulterated. Umar summoned the girl and
her mother to his court and told them what he had heard. As a reward, he offered to marry the
girl to his son Asim. She accepted, and from this union was born a girl named Layla that would
in due course become the mother of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz.
)Ê
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)ÊHIJÊKÊLMNOÊ* Ê1Ê
Umar would grow up in Medina and live there until the death of his father, after which he was
summoned to Damascus by Abd al-Malik and married to his daughter Fatima. His father-in-law
would die soon after, and he would serve as governor of Medina under his cousin Al-Walid I.
)ÊLMNÊKÊLMNOÊ.5Ê/Ê Ê
Unlike most rulers of that era, Umar formed a council with which he administered the province.
His time in Medina was so notable that official grievances sent to Damascus all but ceased. In
addition, many people emigrated to Medina from Iraq seeking refuge from their harsh governor,
Al-Hajjaj bin Yousef. This angered Al-Hajjaj, and he pressed al-Walid to remove Umar. Much to
the dismay of the people of Medina, al-Walid bowed to Hajjaj's pressure and dismissed Umar
from his post. By this time, Umar had developed an impeccable reputation across the Islamic
empire.
)ÊLMNÊKÊLMLOÊ/Ê Ê
Umar continued to live in Medina through the remainder of al-Walid's reign and that of Walid's
brother Suleiman. Suleiman, who was Umar's cousin and had always admired him, ignored his
own brothers and son when it came time to appoint his successor and instead nominated Umar.
Umar reluctantly accepted the position after trying unsuccessfully to dissuade Suleiman, and he
approached it unlike any other Ummayad caliph before him.
)ÊLMLÊKÊLJPOÊ+Ê
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[edit] Disdainful of luxuries
Umar was extremely pious and disdainful of worldly luxuries. He preferred simplicity to the
extravagance that had become a hallmark of the Umayyad lifestyle, depositing all assets and
finery meant for the caliph into the public treasury. He abandoned the caliphate palace to the
family of Suleiman and instead preferred to live in modest dwellings. He wore rough linens
instead of royal robes, and often went unrecognized.
According to a Muslim tradition, a female visitor once came to Umar's house seeking charity and
saw a raggedly-dressed man patching holes in the building's walls. Assuming that the man was a
servant of the caliph, she asked Umar's wife, "Don't you fear God? Why don't you veil in the
presence of this man?" The woman was shocked to learn that the "servant" was in fact the caliph
himself.
Though he had the people's overwhelming support, he publicly encouraged them to elect
someone else if they were not satisfied with him (an offer no one ever took him up on<. Umar
confiscated the estates seized by Ummayad officials and redistributed them to the people, while
making it a personal goal to attend to the needs of every person in his empire. Fearful of being
tempted into bribery, he rarely accepted gifts, and when he did; he promptly deposited them in
the public treasury. He even encouraged his own wife²who had been daughter, sister and wife
to three caliphs in their turn²to donate her jewelry to the public treasury.
At one point he almost ordered the Great Umayyad Mosque in Damascus to be stripped of its
precious stones and expensive fixtures in favor of the treasury, but he desisted on learning that
the Mosque was a source of envy to his Byzantine rivals in Constantinople. These moves made
him unpopular with the Umayyad court, but endeared him to the masses, so much so that the
court could not move against him in the open.
[edit] Halt to the cursing of Ali
Umar made a number of important religious reforms. He abolished the long-standing Umayyad
and Khawaarij custom of cursing Ali ibn Abi Talib (the fourth Caliph<, at the end of Friday
sermons and ordered the following Qu'ranic verse be recited instead:
- ; 66 66..2

[edit] Sharia
In addition, Umar was keen to enforce the Sharia, pushing to end drinking and bathhouses where
men and women would mix freely. He continued the welfare programs of the last few Umayyad
caliphs, expanding them and including special programs for orphans and the destitute. He would
also abolish the Jizya tax for converts to Islam, who were former dhimmis, who used to be taxed
even after they had converted under other Umayyad rulers.
Generally, Umar II is credited with having ordered the first collection of hadith material in an
official manner, fearing that some of it might be lost. Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad ibn Hazm and
Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri, are among those who compiled hadiths at `Umar II¶s behest. [.
[edit] Military
Though Umar did not place as much an emphasis on expanding the Empire's borders as his
predecessors had, he was not passive. Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari states that he sent Ibn
Hatim ibn al-Nu'man to repel Turks invading Azerbaijan (v. ë pp. ë±<. He faced Kharijite
uprising and preferred negotiations to armed conflict, personally holding talks with two Kharijite
envoys shortly before his death (v. ë, p. -<. He recalled the troops besieging Constantinople
(p. ë<. These were led by his cousin Maslama. This Second Arab siege of Constantinople had
failed to take the city and was sustaining heavy losses at the hands of allied Byzantine and
Bulgarian forces. Its defeat was a serious blow to Umayyad prestige.
[edit] Death
His reforms in favor of the people greatly angered the nobility of the Umayyads, and they would
eventually bribe a servant into poisoning his food. Umar learned of this on his death bed and
pardoned the culprit, collecting the punitive payments he was entitled to under Islamic Law but
depositing them in the public treasury. He died in February, , probably the th and probably
forty years old (v. ë, pp. % ±%< in Aleppo.
He was succeeded by his cousin Yazid II.
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While Umar's reign was very short (three years<, he is very highly regarded in Muslim memory.
)Ê2Ê
He is considered one of the finest rulers in Muslim history, second only to the Four Rightly
Guided Caliphs. In fact, in some circles, he is affectionately referred to as the Fifth and the last
Rightly Guided Caliph.
Shah Waliullah, a th century Sunni Islamic scholar stated [Ô:
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78Ê0Ê.0Ê5 or 78Ê (j - ë< (Arabic: ϚϠϤϟ ΪΒϋ ϦΑ Ϊϳΰϳ< was an Umayyad
caliph who ruled from until his death in ë.
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari states Yazid came to power on the death of Umar II on February
, (v. ë, p. % < . His forces engaged in battle the Kharijites with whom Umar had been
negotiating. After initial setbacks, Yazid's troops prevailed and the Kharijite leader Shawdhab
was killed. Yazid ibn al-Muhallab had escaped confinement on the death of Umar. He made his
way to Iraq. There he was much supported. He refused to acknowledge Yazid II as caliph and led
a very serious uprising. Initially successful, he was defeated and killed by the forces of
Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik.
Numerous civil wars began to break out in different parts of the empire such as in the Al Andalus
(the Iberian Peninsula<, North Africa and in the east. In A.H. (- < in Ifriqiyah, the
harsh governor Yazid ibn Muslim was overthrown and Muhammad ibn Yazid, the former
governor, restored to power. The caliph accepted this and confirmed Muhammad ibn Yazid as
governor of Ifriqiyah.
Al-Djarrah ibn Abdullah, Yazid's governor in Armenia and Azerbaijan, pushed into the
Caucuses, taking Balanjar in A.H. ë (-Ô<. That same year Yazid's governor in Medina,
Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Dahhak, incurred the caliph's displeasure because the governor was
exerting undue pressure trying to force a woman to marry him. She appealed to Yazid who
replaced Abd al-Rahman with Abd al-Walid ibn Abdallah (at Tabari v. ë, p. f<.
Theophanes the Confessor (p. %Ô< states that a wizard advised Yazid that he would reign for forty
years, if he opposed Christian icons. Yazid did so, but died the same year he issued his
iconoclastic decree. Anti-Umayyad groups began to gain power among the disaffected. Al-
Tabari records that Abbasids were promoting their cause in A.H. (- <. They were
already building a power base that they would later use to topple the Umayyads in CE .
An anecdote told of Yazid is that his wife Sudah learning he was pining for an expensive slave
girl, purchased this slave girl and presented her to Yazid as a gift. This woman's name was
Hababah and she predeceased Yazid (at Tabari v. ë, p. %j<.
Yazid II died in ë of tuberculosis. He was succeeded by his brother Hisham.
)Ê0
Ê
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, History v. ë "The Empire in Transition," transl. David Stephan
Powers, SUNY, Albany, %%.
Theophanes the Confessor, The Chronicle of Theophanes, transl. Harry Turtledove, University
of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, %
4 Ê ±ë +
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazid_II"
Categories: j births | ë deaths | Umayyad caliphs | Deaths from tuberculosis | th-century
caliphs
Ê
+Ê0Ê.0Ê5 Ê

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Êv d eÊÊ
+Ê0Ê.0Ê5 (j% ±j February ëÔ< (Arabic: ϚϠϤϟ ΪΒϋ ϦΑ Ύθϫ< th Umayyad caliph
who ruled from Ô until his death in ëÔ. When he was born in j% his mother named him after
her father.
Inheriting the caliphate from his brother Yazid II, Hisham was ruling an empire with many
different problems. He would, however, be effective in attending to these problems, and in
allowing the Umayyad empire to continue as an entity. His long rule was an effective one, and it
saw a rebirth of reforms that were originated by Umar bin Abd al-Aziz.
Like his brother al-Walid I, Hisham was a great patron of the arts, and he again encouraged arts
in the empire. He also encouraged the growth of education by building more schools, and
perhaps most importantly, by overseeing the translation of numerous literary and scientific
masterpieces into Arabic. He returned to a stricter interpretation of the Sharia as Umar had, and
enforced it, even upon his own family. His ability to stand up to the Umayyad clan may have
been an important factor in his success, and may point to why his brother Yazid was ineffective.
On the military front his empire suffered a series of setbacks, including in Transoxiana. Hisham
sent armies to end the Hindu rebellion in Sindh, and was successful when the Hindu ruler Jai
Singh was killed. This allowed the Umayyads to reassert their rule over some portions of their
provinces in India. In Spain, the internal conflicts of the years past were ended, and Hisham's
governor, Abd ar Rahman ibn Abdallah, assembled a large army that went into France. He
besieged Bordeaux and pushed to the Loire. This marked the limit of Arabic conquest in Western
Europe. The wave was halted at the Battle of Tours by Charles Martel who inflicted a crushing
defeat to the Arabs.
Under Hisham's rule, regular raids against the Byzantines continued. One regular commander of
Arab forces was the redoubtable Maslamah, Hisham's brother. He fought the Byzantines in A.H.
(-j< and the next year captured Caesarea Mazaca. He also opposed Turks in the
Caucasus. In A.H. he fought for a month against the Khaqan there and defeated him.
Mu'awiyah ibn Hisham was another Arab commander in the almost annual raids against the
Byzantine Empire. In A.H. he took the fort of Samalu in Cilicia. The next year Mu'awiyah
thrust left and Sa'id ibn Hisham right. In addition there was also a sea raid. In A.H.
Mu'awiyah captured Kharsianon in Cappadocia.
Mu'awiyah raided the Byzantine Empire in A.H. Ô (Ô -Ô<. The next year he captured
Aqrun (Akroinos<, while Abdallah al-Battal took a Byzantine commander prisoner. Mu'awiyah
raided Byzantium in A.H. , j, and . In A.H. % (Ô< al Walid ibn al Qa'qa al-
Absi led the raid against the Byzantines. The next year Sulayman captured Sindirah (Sideroun<.
In A.H. (Ô-Ô%< Maslamah captured some of Cappadocia and also raided the Avars.
Theophanes the Confessor (p. Ô< states that while some Arabs raided successfully in Ô% and
returned home safely, others were soundly defeated. See Battle of Akroinon. He records that
internal Byzantine strife facilitated Arab raids by Sulayman in ë -ë (p. j< that resulted in
many Byzantines made Arab captives. At Tabari refers to the same raid. (v. j, p. j<
In North Africa, Kharijite teachings combined with natural local restlessness to produce a
significant Berber revolt. In ë A large Berber force surrounded a loyal army at Wadi Sherif.
The loyalists fought to the death. Hisham dispatched a force of , Syrians. This was
destroyed in ë . In ë Handhala ibn Safwan began successfully, but soon was besieged in
Qairawan. He led a desperate sortie from the city that scattered the Berbers, killing thousands
and re-establishing Umayyad rule.
Hisham also faced a revolt by the armies of Zayd bin Ali, grandson of Husayn bin Ali, which
was however easily put down. Zayd had faced litigation. He had been initially favoured by
Hisham, though the caliph was displeased by Zayd's suggestions that Zayd was superior. Kufans
encouraged Zayd to revolt. Zayd was ordered to leave Kufah and though he appeared to set out
for Mecca, he returned and dwelt secretly in Kufah moving from house to house and receiving
the allegiance of many people. Yusuf ibn Umar, Iraq's governor, learned of the plot, commanded
the people to gather at the great mosque, locked them inside and began a search for Zayd.
Zayd with some troops fought his way to the mosque and called on people to come out. He then
pushed back Yusuf's troops, but was felled by an arrow. Although his body was initially buried,
the spot was pointed out and it was extracted, beheaded and the head sent to Hisham and later to
Medina.
Despite Hisham's successes, the Abbasids continued to gain power, building power bases in
Khurasan and Iraq. However, they would not prove strong enough to make a move yet. Some of
them were caught, punished or executed by eastern governors.
Hisham died of diphtheria on Wednesday, February j, ëÔ. He impressed others with his
simplicity and honesty. He wore the same green cloak he had worn since before becoming
caliph. He demonstrated he knew how to make bread and to milk a goat. He was conscientious in
administering the finances of the empire. As all the Marwanids, he did not draw the military
stipend, unless actually on campaign. He dwelt in the desert to avoid plague. Near the Byzantine
site of al-Rusafah he built two castles. Hisham was succeeded by his nephew al-Walid ibn Yazid
ibn Abd al-Malik Walid II.
)Ê0
Ê
c110/ "c- / 22<=%> 22? @? by Jere L.
Bacharach and Khalid Y. Blankinship, Albany, SUNY Press, %%.

78Ê ë±ëÔ Ê
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Abd_al-Malik"
Categories: Deaths from diphtheria | j% births | ëÔ deaths | th-century caliphs | Umayyad
caliphs
Ê
.5ÊÊ

Ê ÊÊ Ê
Ê
Ê0Ê78 or Ê (died April j, ëë< (Arabic: Ϊϳΰϳ ϦΑ ΪϴϟϮϟ< was an Umayyad caliph
who ruled from ëÔ until ëë. He succeeded his uncle, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.
Al-Walid succeeded to the throne on the death of Hisham on February j, ëÔ. As al-Walid grew
older, Hisham became more displeased with him and even urged him to step aside in favour of
Hisham's son. Hisham spoke to al-Walid about his drinking and living a dissolute life. The caliph
commanded al-Walid to send away his best drinking companion. He also cut off funds to the heir
and strongly encouraged him to be more respectful in matters religious.
As heir, al-Walid was known for his open handedness. When he became caliph, he took special
care of the crippled and blind. He increased the stipend. He named his two sons, al-Hakam and
Uthman, to succeed him in that order. There's an eloquent letter on this theme dated May , ëÔ
in at Tabari (pp. j± <. At Tabari also quotes a number of al-Walid's poems.
Al-Walid at first confirmed Nasr ibn Sayyar as governor of Khurasan. However, bribed by Yusuf
ibn Umar, the caliph dismissed Nasr. Al-Walid also appointed his uncle Yusuf ibn Muhammad
governor of Medina. Yahya ibn Zayd was found in Khurasan. Nasr urged him to present himself
to the caliph, bearing in mind the essential nature of Islamic unity. However, Yahya chose
another path and after initial victory was slain.
Al-Walid put Sulayman ibn Hisham in prison. Such a deed, as well as his reputed drinking,
singing and immorality aroused considerable opposition. Al-Walid was fond of versifying and he
arranged horse races. The upright Yazid ibn al-Walid spoke against the new ruler's moral laxity.
A group began plotting his assassination. When approached, Khalid ibn Abdallah declined to
join in and even cautioned al-Walid. However, his vague warning aroused the ire of al-Walid
who imprisoned Khalid and then gave him to Yusuf ibn Umar for an offer of fifty million
dirhams. Yusuf tortured and killed Khalid. This intensely angered many of al-Walid's own
relatives.
Hearing of the plot, Marwan ibn Muhammad wrote from Armenia urging a more prudent course
of action, one more promising for the stability of the state and the preservation of the Umayyad
house. This was disregarded and many armed men moved into Damascus. The caliph was
besieged in a castle outside the city. He fought well, but on April j, ëë, Al-Aghdaf, in modern
Jordan, he was defeated and killed by the forces of Sulayman ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. He
was succeeded by his cousin Yazid III.
)Ê0
Ê
÷Ê Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari History, v. j "The Waning of the Umayyad Caliphate,"
transl. Carole Hillenbrand, SUNY, Albany, %%
÷Ê Glubb, Sir John, The Empire of the Arabs, Hodder and Stoughton, london, %jÔ

+ ëÔ±ëë 78Ê
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Walid_II"
Categories: ëë deaths | Umayyad caliphs | Military personnel killed in action | th-century
caliphs
Ê
78ÊÊ

Ê ÊÊ Ê
Ê
78Ê0Ê5Ê0Ê/.0Ê5 or 78Ê ( - ëë< (Arabic: # ÊC F &FÊ # ÊC D Ê
RF (FÊ C#'< was an Umayyad caliph. He reigned for six months, from April to October Ô or ë,
ëë; and died in that office.
Yazid was the son of a Persian princess who had been gifted as a concubine to Caliph al-Walid
I.[ Al-Tabari quotes a couplet of Yazid's on his own ancestry:[
I am the son of Choesroes, my ancestor was Marwan,

Caesar was my grandsire and my grandsire was Khaqan.[Ô
Tabari further records descriptions of Yazid as tall and handsome
During the reign of his cousin al-Walid II, Yazid spoke out against Walid's "immorality" which
included discrimination on behalf of the Banu Qays Arabs against Yemenis and non-Arab
Muslims, and Yazid received further support from the Qadariya and Murji'iya (believers in
human free will<.[ë Yazid slipped into Damascus and deposed Walid in a /; following this up
with a disbursement of funds from the treasury.[
According to Yazid's own account, Yazid sent 'Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Hajjaj to meet Walid at al-
Bakhra'.[j 'Abd al-Aziz offered to set up a to decide on the future of the realm. Walid
rejected this offer and attacked, by which action he lost his life.[ Yazid had Walid's head hoisted
"on a lance and paraded around Damascus"; Yazid then imprisoned Walid's sons 'Uthman and
Hakam,[ whom Walid had designated as his heirs.[%
On accession, Yazid explained that he had rebelled on behalf of the Book of Allah and the Sunna
of His Prophet, and that this entailed ensuring that the strong not prey upon the weak. He
promised "to engage in no building works, squander no money on wives or children, transfer no
money from one province to another" without reason, "keep no troops on the field too long", and
not to overtax the ; instead, he would eschew discrimination and would make his
payments on time. He promised abdication if he failed to meet these goals, and held in principle
to - to an elected caliphate.[
Tabari records Yazid's nickname "the Diminisher ($ (<", for his reduction in military annuities
by [ , where his predecessor had promised a raise. Islamic popular tradition, recorded in
apocalyptic, comments that Yazid would go himself into the marketplace.[
The city of Hims refused allegiance to Yazid, and there were several other dissident movements
against him.[ Ô Another cousin Marwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan, governor of Armenia, had
initially supported Walid and on that one's death entered Iraq to avenge him.[ ë Marwan
eventually rallied around Yazid.
Yazid appointed Mansur ibn Jumhur to replace Yusuf ibn 'Umar as governor of Iraq. In May ,
Yazid wrote a letter, preserved from oral sources in al-Mada'ini (reproduced in Tabari< and in al-
Baladhuri. It supports the Umayyad dynasty up to but not including "the enemy of Allah" al-
Walid II; at which point it lays out Yazid's version of the event at al-Bakhra'. At the end, Tabari's
rendition has Yazid exhorting the Iraqis to follow Mansur ibn Jumhur.[
Yusuf ibn 'Umar was subsequently imprisoned and later killed by the son of Khalid ibn 'Abd
Allah. Mansur attempted to dismiss the Khurasani governor Nasr ibn Sayyar, but Nasr refused to
accept this. Facing opposition from al-Kirmani, Nasr invited al-Harith to return from his thirteen
year stay in Turkish territory. Al-Harith arrived wearing a fine suit of armour the Khaqan had
given him and gaining the support of many people in Khurasan.
Yazid named his brother Ibrahim as his successor. Yazid fell ill of a brain tumour.[ j
He died on
October Ô or ë, ëë. Ibrahim duly succeeded him.
)Ê0
Ê
.Ê ^ Philip Khuri Hitti, History Of Syria (Gorgias Press LLC, ë<, ë%
.Ê ^ Tabari, ëÔ
Ô.Ê ^ transl. Sir John Glubb, The Empire of the Arabs,
ë.Ê ^ von Ess, "Kadar", Encyclopedia of Islam nd Ed.
.Ê ^ Theophilus. Quoted Robert Hoyland, Seeing Islam as Others Saw It (Darwin Press,
%%<, jj
j.Ê ^ Ôë Chronicle / Hoyland confirms this, jj; it was a fortress near Palmyra. Ôë
and Muslim sources dispute over whether Walid was there all along or whether he had
fled there.
.Ê ^ Patricia Crone, God's Caliph (Cambridge U Press, %j<,
.Ê ^ Theophilus and Muslim sources / Hoyland, jj-
%.Ê ^ God's Caliph ë-
.Ê^ God's Caliph, j,
.Ê^ Philip Khuri Hitti, ë
.Ê^ David Cook, Studies in Muslim Apocalyptic, Ô: appendix I, III, a
Ô.Ê^ Ôë Chronicle / Hoyland, jj
ë.Ê^ Theophilus / Hoyland, jj
.Ê^ God's Caliph, jf
j.Ê^ Dionysius of Telmahre / Hoyland, jj n %Ô
÷Ê Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari History, v. j "The Waning of the Umayyad Caliphate,"
transl. Carole Hillenbrand, SUNY, Albany, %%
÷Ê Sir John Glubb, The Empire of the Arabs, Hodder and Stoughton, London, %jÔ

.5Ê ëë 0
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazid_III"
Categories: Umayyad caliphs | births | ëë deaths | th-century caliphs
Ê
0 Ê0Ê5Ê

Ê ÊÊ Ê
Ê
(Redirected from Ibrahim of Ummayyad<

0 Ê0Ê.5 (Arabic: RF (F Ê C#'Ê #ÊC F& FÊ # Ê ( S G# < was an Umayyad caliph. He
only ruled for a short time in ëë before he abdicated, and went into hiding out of fear of his
political opponents. The shortness of this time and his incomplete acceptance led Muhammad ibn
Jarir al-Tabari to state that he did not succeed in becoming caliph (v. j, p. ë<. However, at
Tabari (p. Ô< does record that Ibrahim as caliph did confirm the appointment of Abdallah ibn
Umar as governor of Iraq. (v. , p. Ô<
Ibrahim was named heir apparent by his brother Yazid III. Marwan II decided to oppose Yazid
III, and even though he later gave allegiance to Yazid, on the early death of that caliph, Marwan
continued his own ambitions. Ibrahim requested and was granted Marwan's assurance of
personal safety. He travelled with Marwan to former Caliph Hisham's residence at Rusafah in
Syria.
)Ê0
Ê
Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari History v. j "The Waning of the Umayyad Caliphate," transl.
Carole Hillenbrand, SUNY, Albany, %%; v. "The Abbasid Revolution," transl. John Alden
Williams, SUNY, Albany, %

78Ê ëë Ê
c6 / / + 2'
/)./ 0/ 62
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Walid"

Categories: Umayyad caliphs | th-century caliphs | Islamic biography stubs
Ê
ÊÊ

Ê ÊÊ Ê
Ê
The Califate in

From The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, %Ô
Courtesy of The General Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin
Ê0Ê Ê0Ê or Ê5+ (j-< (Arabic: ϥ ϥ ϭ

ϙΡ ϥϥ ϭ ϥ Ρ< was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from ëë until when he was
killed. He was the last Umayyad ruler to rule from Damascus.
In A.H. ë (Ô-ÔÔ< Caliph Hisham appointed Marwan governor of Armenia and Azerbaijan.
In A.H. (Ô-Ôj< Marwan took three fortresses of the Alans and made peace with
Tumanshah. In A.H. he launched further raids and obtained tribute. In A.H. j on hearing
news of the plotting to overthrow al-Walid II Marwan wrote to his relatives from Armenia
strongly discouraging such an act. He urged them to harmoniously preserve the stability and well
being of the Umayyad house.
When Yazid III persisted in overthrowing al-Walid II, Marwan at first opposed him, then
rendered allegiance to him. On Yazid's early death, Marwan renewed his ambitions, ignored
Yazid's named successor Ibrahim and became caliph. Ibrahim initially hid, then requested
Marwan give him assurances of personal safety. This Marwan granted and Ibrahim even
accompanied the new caliph to Hisham's residence of Rusafah.
Marwan named his two sons Ubaydallah and Abdallah heirs. He appointed governors and
proceeded to assert his authority by force. However, anti-Umayyad feeling was very prevalent,
especially in Iran and Iraq. The Abbasids had gained much support. As such, Marwan's reign as
caliph was almost entirely devoted to trying to keep the Umayyad empire together.
Marwan took Hims (Emesa< after a bitter ten month siege. Al-Dahhak led a Kharijite rebellion.
He defeated Syrian forces and took Kufa. Sulayman ibn Hisham turned against Marwan, but
suffered a severe defeat. The Kharijites advanced on Mosul and were defeated. Sulayman joined
them. Al-Dahhak's successor al-Khaybari was initially successful in pushing back Marwan's
centre and even took the caliph's camp and sat on his carpet. However, he and those with him fell
in fighting in the camp. Shayban succeeded him. Marwan pursued him and Sulayman to Mosul
and besieged them there for six months. Then reinforced the caliph drove them out. Shayban fled
to Bahrayn where he was killed; Sulayman sailed to India.
In Khurasan there was internal discord with the Umayyad governor Nasr ibn Sayyar facing
opposition from al-Harith and al-Kirmani. They also fought each other. In addition Abbasid
envoys arrived. There had long been religious fervour and a kind of messianic expectation of
Abbasid ascendency. During Ramadan ë (May j-June ë<, they unfurled the standards of
their revolt. Nasr sent his retainer Yazid against them. Yazid, however, was bested, taken and
held captive. He was impressed by the Abbasids and when released told Nasr he wanted to join
them, but his obligations to Nasr brought him back.
Fighting continued throughout Khurasan with the Abbasids gaining increasing ascendency.
Finally, Nasr fell sick and died at Rayy on November %, ë at the age of eighty five. The
Abbasids achieved success in the Hijaz. Marwan suffered a decisive defeat by Abu al-'Abbas al-
Saffah on the banks of the Zab River called Battle of the Zab. At this battle alone, over Ô
members of the Umayyad family died. Marwan fled, leaving Damascus, Jordan and Palestine
and reaching Egypt, where he was caught and killed on August j, . His heirs Ubaydallah and
Abdallah escaped to Ethiopia. Ubaydallah died in fighting there.
Marwan's death signalled the end of Umayyad fortunes in the East, and was followed by the
mass-killing of Umayyads by the Abbasids. Almost the entire Umayyad dynasty was killed,
except for the talented prince Abd ar-Rahman who escaped to Spain and founded an Umayyad
dynasty there.
)Ê0
Ê
÷Ê Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari History v. "The End of Expansion," transl. Khalid
Yahya Blankinship, SUNY, Albany, %%; v. j "The Waning of the Umayyad
Caliphate," transl. Carole Hillenbrand, SUNY, Albany, %%; v. "The Abbasid
Revolution," transl. John Alden Williams, SUNY, Albany, %
÷Ê Sir John Glubb, The Empire of the Arabs, Hodder and Stoughton, London, %jÔ
Marwan II
Ê4
ÊÊ Ê
Preceded by Ê Succeeded by

0 Ê ëë ± .5
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Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwan_II"
Categories: Umayyad caliphs | Khazar military history | j births | deaths | th-century
caliphs
Ê

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Ê Ê Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik

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Umayyad Mosque built by Al-Walid

Al-Walid was succeeded by his brother Suleiman.

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