-PYRIDINE-PIPERIDINE ALKALOIDSName

Areca nut

Scientific name
Ateca catechu

Local name
Eng: Betel buts,
Brohvi/Urdu/Hi
ndi: Supari

Family
Palmae or
palmaceae

Habitat
India, Srilanka.
Malay, China.
Philipenes

Part used
Dried ripe seeds.

Lobeila

Lobelia inflate

Eng: Wild
tobacco. Brohvi:
jungle tambak

Lobeliaceae

USA, Holland,
Canada

Dried Arial Parts

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.

2.
3.

Tobacco

Nicotiana
tabacum

Eng: Nicotine.
Brohvi: Niswari
Tambak

Solanaceae

Europe & Asia.

USA, Africa

Dried leaves

Constituents
Arecoline
Arecaine
Guzacine
Arecaidine
Guvacoline
Choline
0.4% of Alkaloids (
lobelanine, lelobine,
lobnine)
V.oil & resins
Lipids & Gums

1. Nicotine
2. Non nicotine
3. Campharine

1.
2.
3.
4.

Uses
Anthelmintic
Vermifuge in gods
Aphrodisiac
Nervine tonic

1. Expectornat
2. Respiratory
stimulant or
relaxant
3. Electric shock
4. Discontinuance of
smoking habbit
1. Discontinue Smoking
Habbit

-TROPINE ALKALOIDSName
Belladona

Scientific name
Atropa Belladona

Local name
Eng: Night
shade

Family
Solanaceae

Hyoscyamus

Hyoscyamus
Niger

Urdu: Ajwain
khurassani.
Brahvi: Kohi
Bhang

Solanaceae

Habitat
Indigenous to
Europe & Asia,
Cultivated in USA,
INDIA & Germany

Cultivated in
England , USA,
Poland, India ,
Pakistan

Part used
Dried roots &
leaves

Constituents
1. Atropine
Scopolamine
2. Pyridine
3. Ca-Oxalate

Uses
1. Nervous System
Depressant
2. Anti Spasmodic
3. Mydriatic
4. To control Excessive
motor activity of GIT

Dried leaves &

flowering tops.

1. Hyoscyamine
2. Atropine

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Resembles to
belladonna.
antispasmodic
Narcotic
Smooth muscles
relaxant
Antiseptic
astringent

Stramonium

Datura
stramonium
Datura fastuosa

Punjabi: Datura
Eng: Thron
apple. Pushtu:
Shinah azghi

Solanaceae

Europe, USA, Asia

& Africa

Dried leaves,
Seeds & flower
tops

1. hyoscyamine
2. Scopolamine
3. Little amount of
atropine
4. Protein (albumin)

1.
2.
3.
4.

Anodyne
Antispasmodic
Sedative
Smooth muscle
relaxant

-QUINOLINE ALKALOIDSName
Cinchona

Scientific name
Cinchona
Succirubra. C.
Ledgeriana. C.
Calisaya. C.
Officianalis

Local name
Eng: cortex
cinchona

Family
Rubiaceae

Habitat
South America,
Java, Indonesia,
Zaire, India,
Guatemala and
Bolivia

Part used
Dried bark of
stem or root.

1.
2.
3.
4.

Constituents
Quinine 70%
Quinidine
Cinchonine.
Cinchodine

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Constituents
Morphine
Codeine
Noscapine
Thebiane
Papaverine
Narcotine
Salutridine
oripaine

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Uses
Antimalarial
Antipyretic
Analgesic
Bitter tonic
Cardiac Arrythmias

-ISO QUINOLINE ALKALOIDSName

Opium

Ipecacuanha

Scientific name
Papver
somniferum,
Varities are
Albumin (white)
and nigerum
(black)

Cephalic
Epicacuanha.
C.acuminata

Local name
Urdu: Affim.
Pushto: Tariaq.
Brahvi: cocanar

Eng: Hippo

Family
Papaveracea
e

Rubiaceae

Habitat
Turkey, Pakistan,
India, Afghanistan
& Iran

Brazil. India.
Columbia.
Cartagana.
Malaya. Burma.
Panama. Bengal.

Part used
Latex/Exudate
obtained from
unripe capsule or
riped dry
capsules.

Dried root &

rhizomes

1. 2-2.5% Alkaloids
(emetine,
Cephaeline,
psychotrine,
protoemetine)
2. Tannin (ipecacuanhin)
3. Ipecamine
4. Malic acid
5. Citric Acid
6. Saponin & starch
7. Ca-Oxalate
8. Resins

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Uses
hypnotic & sedative
astringent &
expectorant.
Diaphoretic &
analgesic
Antispasmodic &
anodyne
Codeine was used in
Diabetes before
insulin.
Emetic
Expectorant
Stimulant
Diaphoretic
Local irritant

-INDOLE ALKALOIDSName
Rauwolfia

Catharanthus

Nux vomica

Scientific name
Rauwalfia
serpentine

Local name
Urdu: Chota
chant

Family
Apocynaceae

Catharanthus
roseus. Vinica
roseus

Eng: Vinca
Urdu: Sada
bahar

Apocynaceae

Strychnos nux
vomica

Eng: poison nut,

Dog button,
Hindi/Urdu:
Kuchla.

Loganiaceae

Habitat
India, Pakistan,
Burma

Part used
Dried roots &
Rhizome

1.
2.
3.
4.

Constituents
Reserpine
Ajmaline
Serpentine
Desperidine

Cultivated in
india, Australia,
Africa, Europe

Dried whole plant 1. Vincrysteine (vc)

2. Vinblastine (vb)

India, Srilanka.
Malbar coast &
Australia.

Dried ripe seeds.

1.
2.
3.
1.
2.

Physostigmine

Phsoystigma
veneosum

Eng: chop/ Split

nut

Leguminosae

West Africa,
India, Brazil

Dried riped seeds

Ergot

Claviceps
purpurea

Eng: rye ergot

Clavivipitacea
e

Hungary,
Germany, France,
Spain, Russia &
india

Dried sclerotium
arising on secale
cereal (rye plant)

1. 1.8-5.3% of
Alkaloids
(strychnine &
brucine)
2. Glycoside( loganin)
3. F.oil
4. Proteins
1. 0.15%-0.3% of
alkaloids
2. Physostigmine
3. Eseridine
4. Eseramine
5. Isophysostigmine
6. Norphysostigmine
7. Calabtine
1. Alkaloids
( ergotamine,
Ergotmetrine,
Ergotmetrnine,
Ergotminine,Ergono
vine,Ergocritine)
2. Histamine
3. Fat & mannitol
4. Lactic & Succinic
acid

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.

Uses
CNS depressant
actions
In Hypertension
Ajmaline in cardiac
arrythmias
Vc sulphate used for
leukemia in children
Vb sulphate. Used
for tumor diseases.
CNS stimulant.
In convulsions
Respiratory
stimulant
Germicidal
Bitter tonic
In anorexia
In glaucoma
To cause meosis
Anti spasmodic

1. Oxytocic agent
2. Vasoconstrictor
3. Reduce postpartum
haemorrhage
4. In migraine
5. Alpha Adrenergic
blocker.

-IMIDAZOLE ALKALOIDSName
Pilocarpus

Scientific name
Pilocarpus,
Jaborandi,
P.microphyllus.
P.pinnatifolius

Local name

Family
Rutaceae

Habitat
Brazil

Part used
Freshly dried
leaflets.

Constituents
1. Pilocarpine
2. Isopilocarpine

Uses
1. In Glaucoma
2. To stimulate
secretions of saliva

-STEROIDAL ALKALOIDSName
Veratrum

Scientific name
Veratrum viride.
V.Album

Local name
Eng. Green
hellebore

Family
Liliaceae

Habitat
Canada. USA.
Carolina.
Tennesse.
Georgia etc

Part used
Dried roots &
rhizomes.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Constituents
Jervine
Pseudo jervine
Rubijervine
Cevadine
Germitrine
Germidrine
Veratralbine
Protoveratrin A & B
Veratroidine
Neoger mitrine
Neoprotoveratrine

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Uses
Antihypertensive
Insecticide
In Convulsions
In Mania
In Headache
Cardiac depressant
Sedative

-ALKALOIDAL AMINESName
Ephedra

Scientific name
Ephedra Sinica
E.quisentina
E.Distachya

Local name
Eng: ma-haung
Brohvi: rechasik

Colchicum

Colchicum luteum Urdu: SurinjanC.Autumnale

e-Talkh.
Eng: wild
Saffron
Brahvi: Zaferan

Family
Ephedraceae

Habitat
Indigenous to
china, india &
Pakistan.

Part used
Dried whole
aerial parts.

Lilieceae

Europe. Holland.
England. Poland

Dried seeds &

corm

Constituents
0.5-2% of Alkaloids
Ephedrine 30-90%
Pseudo phedrine
Methyl ephedrine
Norephydrine
Dimethyl ephedrine
Alkaloid
(colchicines)
2. Resins
3. Fixed oils.
4. Reducing sugar
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.

Uses
1. In Asthma
2. As cardiac &
circulatory stimulant.
3. In hypotension
4. As CNS stimulant.
5. Hay fever
1. Gout
2. Rheumatism
3. To produce
polyploidy (eces
cell div)
4. Myleoid leukemia

-PURINE BASESName
Tea

Caffeine

Scientific name
Camellia Sinensis
Thea sinensis

Coffea Arabica.
C.liberica

Local name
Eng: Tea leaves.
Brohvi: Cha na
pate

Eng: coffea

Composed by: Azfar Akram

University of Balochistan
Quetta, Pakistan

Family
Theaceae

Rubiaceae

Habitat
Kenya, India,
Nepal

Kenya, India.
Nepal. Etc

Part used
Dried leaves of
leaf buds.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Constituents
Caffeine
Adenine
Theobromine
Theophyline
Xanthine etc

Dried riped seeds. 1. Caffeine

1.
2.
3.
4.

Uses
Stimulant
Smooth muscles
relaxant
In Asthma
As diuretic

1. As CNS stimulant
2. As Diuretic