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Student Manual
AIDT
BASIC MATH MANUAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
BASIC MATH.........................................................................................................1
A.
BASIC ARITHMETIC...................................................................................1
1.
Beginning Terminology......................................................................1
Numbers............................................................................................1
Digits.................................................................................................2
Figure 1-1 Number Sequence...........................................................2
2.
Kinds of Numbers.............................................................................3
Whole Numbers................................................................................3
Fractions...........................................................................................3
Figure 1-2 Description of Common Fractional Forms.......................3
Decimal Numbers..............................................................................4
Figure 1-3 Position of Period and Decimal Digits.............................4
B.
WHOLE NUMBERS.....................................................................................4
1.
Addition.............................................................................................5
Figure 1-4 Adding with Pictures........................................................6
Figure 1-5 Table of Digits.................................................................7
Addition Practice Exercises..............................................................9
2.
Subtraction......................................................................................10
Subtraction Practice Exercises.......................................................13
3.
Checking Addition and Subtraction.................................................14
Checking Addition and Subtraction Practice Exercises..................15
4.
Multiplication...................................................................................16
Figure 1-6 Multiplication Table........................................................16
Simple Multiplication.......................................................................17
Complex Multiplication....................................................................18
Multiplication Practice Exercises.....................................................22
5.
Division............................................................................................24
Figure 1-7 15 divided by 5 = 3........................................................24
Figure 1-8 15 divided by 3 = 5........................................................25
Division Practice Exercises.............................................................30
C.
FRACTIONS..............................................................................................32
1.
Changing Whole Numbers Into Fractions.......................................32
Changing Whole Numbers Into Fractions Exercises......................33
2.
Proper and Improper Fractions.......................................................34
3.
Mixed Numbers...............................................................................34
4.
Changing Mixed Numbers to Fractions...........................................34
Changing Mixed Numbers to Fractions Exercises..........................35
5.
Changing Improper Frac. to Whole/Mixed Numbers.......................36
Changing Improper Frac. to Whole/Mixed Numbers Exercises...... 36
6.
Reducing Fractions.........................................................................37
7.
Reducing to Lower Terms...............................................................37
8.
Reducing to Lowest Terms..............................................................38
AIDT - Basic Math - October 10,2008
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
ii
H.
iii
iv
I.
BASIC MATH
A. BASIC ARITHMETIC
Learner Objectives: Upon completion of this unit, the student will have
a general concept of numbers and digits, kinds of
numbers, mathematical signs, and symbols.
Mathematics is the foundation upon which modern day life depends. Diesel
transportation, high speed computers, jet planes, submarines, telephones, and
televisions are just a few of the limitless number of products and mechanisms
that depend upon mathematics for development and production.
1.
2.
3.
4.
+
-
x
plus sign
minus sign
multiplication sign
division sign
The equal sign (=) is used to show equal or even values. For example, two
plus two equals four, or stated another way 2 + 2 = 4. The values on each side
of the equal sign are equal.
1.
Beginning Terminology
Numbers
Digits
FIGURE 1-1
Number Sequence
Millions
HundredTenThousands Hundreds
thousands thousands
7
Tens
Ones
2.
Kinds of Numbers
Whole Numbers
Fractions
FIGURE 1-2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
Decimal Numbers
FIGURE 1-3
Tenths
Hundredths
Thousandths
5
B. WHOLE NUMBERS
Learner Objectives: Upon completion of this unit, the student will solve
addition problems of simple and complex whole
numbers.
3 322
+ 6
+ 132
9 454
+
11132
12136
74211
97479
Notice that in each of these examples the added columns result in a single
digit, not larger than 9.
1.
Addition
A number line can be used to show how numbers are added together. A
number line is a picture that shows numerals in order of value.
Example:
The number 2 can be added with the number 3 on the number line.
Example:
2+3=5
3
3
FIGURE 1-4
Example:
2+3=5
The same numbers can be added still another way by the column
method.
Example:
2
+ 3
5
This method uses no equal sign. Whole numbers are usually added this
way. This method can be used for simple addition as well as complex
addition.
Example:
5 897
+ 5
+ 368
"SUM"
10
1265
Simple Addition
Complex Addition
Addition is nothing more than a procedure of adding all the numbers
in each column in a problem. The answer to the addition problem is
6
called the sum. Whole numbers can be easily added using a few basic
rules. Review the following example and remember each step of the
problem.
Example:
Step 1.
Step 2.
Step 3.
Step 4. Perform the same addition steps for the hundreds and
thousands columns.
FIGURE 1-5
Thousands
Hundreds
Tens
Ones
2765
972
857
+ 1724
6318
TenThousands
HundredThousands
Millions
Table of Digits
2.
a. 813
b. 924
c. 618
d. 411
+ 267
+ 429
+ 861
+ 946
3.
a. 813
b. 1021
c. 611
d. 1021
222
611 96 1621
+ 318
+ 421
+ 861
+ 6211
2.
Subtraction
The subtraction of whole numbers can be shown on a number line in
a way similar to addition. An example showing the subtraction of five
minus three (5 - 3) is shown below.
Example:
+5
5-3=2
After taking three intervals from the five intervals, two intervals
remain between 0 and 5.
Subtracting whole numbers can also be explained through the use of
a picture.
Example:
+5
-3
10
Larger digits 7 389 968431
Smaller digits
- 5
- 276
- 952120
2 113 16311
Notice that in each example the subtracted digits in each column are
smaller than those from which they are subtracted.
Example:
Step 1.
538
- 397
Step 2.
538
- 397
1
11
Step 3.
45138
- 397
41
Step 4.
45138
- 397
141
Solution:
12
2.
a. 11
b. 12
c. 28
d. 33
e. 41
- 6
- 4
- 9
- 7
- 8
3.
a. 27
b. 23
c. 86
d. 99
e. 72
- 19
- 14
- 57
- 33
- 65
4.
a. 387
b. 399
c. 847
d. 732
- 241
- 299
- 659
- 687
5.
a. 3472
b. 312
c. 419
d. 3268
- 495
- 186
- 210
- 3168
6.
a. 47
b. 63
c. 47
d.
- 38
- 8
- 32
-
59
48
7.
a. 372
b. 385
c. 219
d. 368
- 192
- 246
- 191
- 29
13
3.
Example:
2
+8
10
- 8
5
+3
8
- 3
73
+ 48
121
- 48
73
Example:
927
318
426
183
927
To Check
To check three or more numbers which are added, add the numbers
from the bottom to top. The following example shows figures which
were added from top to bottom and then checked by adding from
bottom to top.
To Add
14
62
- 37
25
+ 37
62
103
- 87
16
+ 87
103
(Check Answers by the Addition and Subtraction Method Described in this Manual)
1.
a. 6
b. 9
c. 18
d. 109
+ 8
+ 5
+ 18
+ 236
13
14
26
335
2.
a. 87
b. 291
c. 367
d. 28
- 87
- 192
- 212
- 5
1
99
55 24
3.
a. 34
b. 87
c.
+ 12
13
46
81
+ 14
+
195
103
d. 21
212
+ 83
439
104
195
746
4.
a. 28
b. 361
c. 2793142
- 16
- 361
- 1361101
22
0 1432141
15
4.
Multiplication
In arithmetic, multiplication is indicated by a times sign (x). To
work multiplication problems such as 3 x 4, 5 x 12, 4 x 4, or 126 x
26, you must know the multiplication (or times) table. This table
is shown in Figure 1-6.
FIGURE 1-6
Multiplication Table
1
1 1
2 2
2
2
3
3
4
4
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
12
15
18
21
16
20
24
28
8
5 5 10
6 6 12
7 7 14
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10 11 12
10 11 12
20
25
30
35
24
30
36
42
28
35
42
49
8 16 24 32 40 48 56
9 9 18 27 36 45 54 63
10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
11 11 22 33 44 55 66 77
8
32
40
48
56
36
45
54
63
40
50
60
70
44
55
66
77
48
60
72
84
64 72 80 88 96
72 81 90 99 108
80 90 100 110 120
88 99 110 121 132
To read this table, find the number on the left and the number across
the top which are to be multiplied. The point on the table at which the
numbers meet in the columns is the multiplied answer.
Example:
Find the 6 on the left and the 8 across the top. Note that two #s intersect
at 48.
16
6 x 8 = 48
Rules of Multiplication
Simple Multiplication
Example:
6
x 3
18
8
x 8
64
9
x 7
63
10
x 6
60
6
x 6
36
17
Complex Multiplication
Example:
Step 1.
6 x 18
Step 2.
(6 x 1) + 4 = 6 + 4 = 10
Example:
Step 1.
18
x 6
108
+4
48 x 23
18
18
x 6
8
+4
48
x 23
4
+2
Step 2.
Step 3.
Step 4.
48
x 23
144
+2
+1
48
x 23
144
60
+1
48
x 23
144
960
19
Step 5.
Step 6.
48
x 23
+1
144
960
04
48
x 23
+1
144
960
1104
Example 1:
275
275
x 24
x 24
1100
1100
550
20
275
x 24
1100
550
6600
Example 2:
364
364
x 217
x 217
2548
2548
3640
72800
364
x 217
2548
3640
72800
78988
21
2.
a. 87
b. 43
c. 56
d.
99
x 7
x 2
x 0
x 6
3.
a.
24
b. 53
c. 49
d.
55
x 13
x 15
x 26
x 37
4.
a. 94
b. 99
c. 34
d.
83
x 73
x 27
x 32
x 69
22
5.
a. 347
x 21
b.
843
c. 966
x 34
x 46
6.
a. 360
x 37
b.
884
c. 111
x 63
x 19
7.
a. 493
x 216
b.
568
c. 987
x 432
x 654
23
5.
Division
You have learned that multiplication is adding a number to itself a
certain number of times. For example, 5 x 3 means 5 + 5 + 5. Division
is finding out how many dividers are in a whole number. An expression
used in division is goes into; for example, 5 goes into 15 (3) times.
Using another example, 15 balls can be divided to give 3 groups of 5
balls in each group. (see Figure 1-7).
FIGURE 1-7
15 5 = 3
24
They can also be divided to give 5 groups of 3 balls. (see Figure 1-8.)
Likewise, 3 balls can be multiplied 5 times (3 x 5) to produce 15 balls.
Also, 5 balls can be multiplied 3 times (5 x 3) to produce 15 balls.
These examples show that to divide you must know the multiplication
table.
FIGURE 1-8
15 3 = 5
25
12
3
12/4
There are two forms of division, long division and short division.
Long division is a process for finding out how many times one number
may be divided by another, or how many times one number goes
into another. The long division is shown in the example below. How
may times does 48 go into 5040 or what is 5040 divided by 48? As
you follow this example, remember that in division, the number to be
divided is referred to as the dividend, and the number by which it is
divided is the divisor.
Example:
Step 1.
48 5040
26
48 5040
AIDT - Basic Math - October 10,2008
Step 2.
Step 3.
Multiply the quotient (1) and place the answer under the 50
in the dividend found in Step 2.
Step 4.
Step 5.
Step 6.
1
48 5040
48
2
1
48 5040
48
1
48 5040
1
48 5040
48
24
Divide the divisor (48) into the partial remainder (24), and
place the quotient above the division line. In this case, 48
cannot be divided into 24 and a zero is placed above the
sign after the 1.
10
48 5040
48
24
27
Step 7.
Step 8.
Step 9.
105
48 5040
48
240
240
Step 10. Subtract the product (240) from the previous partial
remainder (240). This step completes the operations needed
to solve this problem.
28
105
48 5040
48
240
Multiply the divisor (48) by the quotient (5) and place the
product below the partial remainder.
10
48 5040
48
240
105
48 5040
4800
240
240
0
This problem ended with a partial remainder and a product which, when
subtracted in the final step, resulted in 0. If in the final subtraction of
the product and the partial remainder the answer is not 0, the answer
is said to have a remainder. The remainder cannot be larger than the
divisor. If it is, a mistake has been made in the division. The following
example shows a division problem with a remainder.
Example:
105
48 5042
4800
242
240
2
303
3 909
90
6 540
Use the short division method when the answer is easily determined
without using the long division process. If you are uncertain of an
answer, use the long division method to ensure accuracy.
29
a.
4 844
b.
7 434
c.
9 828
2.
a.
9 117
b.
12 3720
c.
10 1010
3.
a.
23 5888
b.
56 38472
4.
a.
98 9604
b.
13 871
5.
a.
50 2500
b.
789 97047
30
6.
a.
21 147
b.
3 27000
7.
a.
32 1952
b.
88 8888
8.
a.
87 5848
b.
15 12883
9.
a.
994 12883
b.
352 8073
31
C. FRACTIONS
Learner Objectives: Upon completion of this unit, the student will learn
about fractions and solve some fractions problems.
Whenever anything is divided into equal parts, each part is smaller than the
whole from which it was taken. Each smaller part is called a fraction of the
whole. A fraction is one or more of the equal parts of a unit or, in math, equal
parts of a whole number. Fractions are written with one number over the other,
divided by a line which indicates division, as shown below:
3
8
11
16
or 38 and 1116
The denominator, which indicates the total number of parts the unit is divided
into, is written below the line. The numerator, written above the line, indicates
the number of parts being considered. The top number (numerator) should
always be read first, then the denominator. The fraction 38 would be read three
eighths and means that three out of eight equal parts are being considered.
Remember: Any fraction indicates equal parts of the whole number 1, because
1 is the smallest whole number. Therefore, any number smaller than one must
be a fraction.
1.
or 246
Each whole unit contains 6 sixths. Four units will contain 4 x 6 sixths,
or 24 sixths.
32
1)
49 to sevenths
2)
40 to eighths
3)
54 to ninths
4)
27 to thirds
5)
12 to fourths
6)
130 to fifths
33
2.
3.
Mixed Numbers
Mixed numbers are combinations of a whole number and a proper
fraction. For example, 3 12 consists of the whole number 3 and the
fraction 12. It is read three and one half, because the whole number
and the fraction are added together. Any mixed number can be changed
into an improper fraction.
4.
3 x 8 = 24
34
24 + 7 = 31
AIDT - Basic Math - October 10,2008
3 78 = 318
Summary of Steps:
Multiply the whole number by the denominator of the fraction, add the
numerator, then write the result over the denominator.
1)
4 12
2)
8 34
3)
19 716
4)
7 1112
5)
6 914
6)
5 164
35
5.
= 18 3 = 6
= 19 3 = 6, remainder 1.
Change the following improper fraction into whole or mixed numbers, showing
all work.
1)
377
2)
444
3)
235
4)
439
5)
2408
6)
1916
36
6.
Reducing Fractions
Fractions can be reduced, or changed, to different terms. Terms is a
name for the numerator and denominator of a fraction when considered
together.
Fractions can be changed to either higher or lower terms. The most
common application, however, is reducing a fraction to its lowest
terms.
Remember: Reducing a fraction does not change the value of the
original fraction.
7.
33=1
93=3
16 4 = 4
12 4 = 3
16 4 = 4
37
8.
a) 16 2 = 8
32 2 = 16
1632
b) 8 2 = 4
16 2 = 8
c) 4 2 = 2
8 2 = 4
d) 2 2 = 1
42=2
As shown above, 1632 has not been reduced to its lowest terms until d),
because the 1 and 2 in 12 have no common divisor other than 1.
38
1)
a)
1520
to 4ths
b)
3640
to 10ths
c)
2436
to 6ths
d)
1236
to 9ths
e)
3045
to 15ths
f)
1676
to 19ths
2)
a)
610
b)
39
c)
664
d)
1332
e)
3248
f)
76152
39
9.
Common Denominator
If two or more fractions have the same denominator, the fractions are
said to have a common denominator. For example, 18, 28, 68 and 78 all
have the same denominator, or a common denominator of 8.
For any group of fractions, a common denominator can be found by
simply multiplying each of the denominators together. For example,
a common denominator for the fractions 16, 38, 29, 512, 518, 724 and 136
can be found as follows:
6 x 8 x 9 x 12 x 18 x 24 x 36 = 80,621,568
16
29
512
518
2 x 3 2 x 2 x 2 3 x 3 2 x 3 x 2 2 x 3 x 3
724
3x2x2x2
136
2x2x3x3
40
Step 2: Each set of factors is examined, and the most number of times
any single factor appears in a set is multiplied by the most
number of times any other factors appear. In this example,
in no set does the factor 2 appear more than 3 times (2 x 2
x 2) and the greatest number of times the factor 3 appears
is twice (3 x 3). These sets of factors are then multiplied
together to obtain the LCD.
(2 x 2 x 2) x (3 x 3) = 72
Remember: If a denominator is a prime number, it cant be
factored except by itself and 1.
1)
16 , 18, 112
3)
2)
41
72 6 = 12
1 x 12 = 12
6 x 12 = 72
1)
16 , 18, 112
3)
42
2)
14
+ 24 + 34 = 64
64
= 6 4 = 1 24 = 1 12
12
34
68
513
2 x 2
2 x 2 x 2
13
2 x 2 x 2 x 13 = 104 (LCD)
a) 104 2 = 52
12
x 5252 = 52104
c) 104 8 = 13
68
x 1313 = 78104
AIDT - Basic Math - October 10,2008
43
b) 104 4 = 26
34
x 2626 = 78104
d) 104 13 = 8
513
x 88 = 40104
2
104 248
208
40
= 2 40104 = 2 513
44
3 + 2 + 6 = 11
Step 2:
13
Step 3:
12
16
2x3
3 x 2 = 6 (LCD)
The fractions are reduced to their LCD.
a) 6 3 = 2
b) 6 2 = 3
c) 6 6 = 1
1 x 2 = 2
3 x 2 = 6
1 x 3 = 3
2 x 3 = 6
1x1=1
6x1=6
2+3+1=6=1
6
6
11 + 1 = 12
45
Add the following fractions and mixed numbers, reducing the answers to their
lowest terms.
1)
34 + 34
2)
25 + 710
3)
932 + 1516
4)
5 25 + 1 34
46
2024
1424
from
2024
can be done as
1424 = 624
516
2 x 2 x 2 x 2
14
2x2
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16 (LCD)
16 16 = 1
16 x 11 = 516
16 4 = 4
4 x 44 = 416
516
416 = 116
116.
47
3 x 2 = 6 (LCD)
6 3 = 2
and 6 2 = 3
23
x 22 = 46
12
x 33 = 36
46
and
36
46
36 = 16
10 4 = 6
AIDT - Basic Math - October 10,2008
Step 4: The whole number and fraction are added together to form
the complete answer.
6 + 16 = 6 16
116
2x2x2x2
38
2x2x2
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16 (LCD)
16 16 = 1
116
16 8 = 2
x 11 = 116
38
x 22 = 616
5 116 +
1616
= 4 1716
Step 3: The numerators are subtracted, and the result reduced to its
lowest terms if possible. In this case, 1116 will not reduce.
1716
616 = 1116
43=1
49
Step 5: The whole number and the fraction are added together to
form the complete answer.
1 + 1116 = 1 1116
Subtract the following fractions and mixed numbers, reducing the answers to
their lowest terms.
1)
25 - 13
4)
3313 - 1525
2)
58 - 312
5)
10114 - 57 1516
3)
47 25 - 28 13
6)
14 34 -10 512
50
34
x 416 = 12
34
x 416 = 1264
1264
44 = 316
17. Multiplication
Numbers
of
Fractions
and
Whole/Mixed
(41).
51
x 41 = 124
34
124
44
31
= 3
2 23 = 63 + 23 = 83
18. Cancellation
Multiplying fractions can be made easier by using the cancellation
method. If the numerator of one of the fractions being multiplied
and the denominator of the other fraction can be evenly divided by
the same number, they can be reduced, or cancelled. In the following
example, 83 is multiplied by 516. Notice that the 8 and the 16 can both
be divided by 8.
8 3 x 5 16 = 8 3 x 5 16 = 1 3 x 5 2 = 56
2
52
34
x 416 2) 26 x 126
3)
45
x 3 4)
95
x 23
5) 354 x 435 6)
910
7)
23
16
x 712 8)
x 35
x 511
9) 5 x 7715
53
34
23
34
15 becomes 34 x
51
34
x 51 = 154 = 3 34
54
3 316 2 18 =
16 x 3 + 316
= 5116
and
8 x 2 + 18
= 178
178 =
Step 2: The divisor (178) is inverted, and the division sign changed
to multiplication.
5116
178 becomes
5116
x 817
5116
32
x 11 = 32 = 1 12
55
1)
3) 18 18
58
36
2)
5116
38
4) 15 712
56
5)
143
74
D. DECIMAL NUMBERS
Learner Objectives:
1.
Decimal System
The decimal system is a system of numbers based on ten. A decimal
fraction is a fraction whose denominator is 10, 100, 1000, or another
value which can be obtained by multiplying 10 by itself a specified
number of times. The decimal fraction differs from a common fraction
in that it is written on one line as a whole number with a period in
front of it. This is possible because the denominator is always one
(1) followed by zeros. By placing a period before the number which
appears in the numerator, the denominator may be omitted. This period
is called a decimal point. For example, the common fraction 5/10 is
written as the decimal .5; 5/100 as 0.05; and 5/1000 as 0.005.
Any whole number with a decimal point in front of it is a decimal
fraction. The numerator is the number which is to the right of the
decimal point. The denominator is one (1) with as many zeros after it
as there are digits in the numerator. For example, the decimal fraction
.999 is the same as 999/1000. To illustrate further,
3 digits
999
1000
57
2.
5.7
Whole Number
55 7/100 is written
55.07
Hundredths
Whole Number
555
77/1000 is written
Tenths
555.077
Thousandths
Whole Number
Hundredths
Tenths
A decimal is read like a whole number except that the name of the last
column to the right of the decimal point is added. Decimals are read
to the right of the decimal point as follows:
Examples:
58
Examples:
1.
2.
.0
tenths
Two places
.00
hundredths
Three places
.000
thousandths
Four places
.0000
ten-thousandths
Five places
.00000
hundred-thousandths
3.
Addition of Decimals
In the machine shop, drafting lab, and many other industrial settings,
computation of dimensions from drawings and sketches often
requires the addition of two or more decimals. The typical example
is determining the distance between two points when each point is
presented in decimal form. The addition of these decimals is the
same as addition of regular whole numbers except the location of the
decimal point demands additional considerations.
59
Example:
Place a decimal point to the right of all whole numbers.
Add each column the same as for regular addition of whole
numbers.
Locate the decimal point in the answer by placing it in the same
column in which it appears with each number.
Step 1.
Write the numbers under each other to insure that all decimal
points are in a vertical line.
Step 2.
.865
1.3
375.006
71.1357
+ 735.
.8650
1.3000
375.0060
71.1357
+ 735.0000
1183.3067
60
Step 3.
.8650
1.3000
375.0060
71.1357
+ 735.0000
1183.3067
4.
Subtraction of Decimals
Subtraction of one decimal dimension from another is a common and
necessary practice for completion in most industrial jobs. The process
is the same as subtraction of whole numbers with the exception of
providing for an accurate placement of the decimal point.
Rules for Subtracting Decimals
Example:
Step 1.
AIDT - Basic Math - October 10,2008
62.1251
- 24.1020
61
Step 2.
Step 3.
5.
62.1251
- 24.1020
38.0231
Multiplication of Decimals
Example:
Step 1.
Step 2.
62
Step 3.
Start at the extreme right in the answer and count off five
decimal places to the left and place the decimal point here.
3 8.6 3 9
(3 decimal places)
x 2.0 8
(2 decimal places)
309112
77278
8 0.3 6 9 1 2
(5 decimal places)
6.
Division of Decimals
Move the decimal point in the divisor to the extreme right. The
divisor then becomes a whole number.
Move the decimal point the same number of places to the right
in the dividend.
63
Example 1:
25.5 12.75
2.
12.75. 25.50.
1
Step 1.
Step 2.
Move the decimal point in the dividend to the right the same
number of places (2).
NOTE: Since there is only one digit after the decimal, add
a zero to it.
Step 3.
Step 4.
Example 2:
123.573 137.4
4
.8 9 9 3
137.4. 1 2 3.5.7 3 0 0
10992
13653
1
12366
12870
12366
5040
4122
918
64
3 Add Zeros
2
NOTE: The steps necessary to compute the answer are the same as
those used in Example 1.
AIDT - Basic Math - October 10,2008
a.
.6 + 1.3 + 2.8 =
b.
c.
d.
65
2.
a.
2.0666 - 1.3981 =
b.
18.16 - 9.104 =
c.
1.0224 - .9428 =
d.
1.22 - 1.01 =
e.
0.6 - .124 =
f.
18.4 - 18.1 =
g.
1347.008 - 108.134 =
h.
111.010 - 12.163 =
i.
64.7 - 24.0 =
66
3.
a. 3.01
b.
x 6.20
21.3
c. 1.6
x 1.2
x 1.6
d. 83.061
e.
x
2.4
1.64
f. 44.02
x 1.2
x 6.01
g. 63.12
h.
x 1.12
183.1
i. 68.14
x
.23
x 23.6
67
4.
a.
1.4 42.7
b.
.8
c.
1.2 620.4
d.
6 6.6786
e.
1.1 110
68
4.63
3
4 3.0
Answer = .75
Figure 1-9 is a fraction-to-decimal conversion chart.
69
FIGURE 1-9
/64
1
/32
3
/64
1
/16
5
/64
3
/32
7
/64
1
/64
5
/32
11
/64
3
/16
13
/64
7
/32
70
= .0625
= .078125
/32 = .34375
23
/64 = .359375
3
/64 = .390625
13
/32 = .40625
27
= .109375
= .140625
= .15625
= .203125
= .21875
/64 = .265625
= .28125
= .296875
= .3125
= .328125
/64 = .421875
/16
29
/64
15
/32
31
/64
1
= .171875
= .1875
/8 = .375
25
= .09375
/4 = .250
/32
19
/64
5
/16
21
/64
11
= .046875
/64 = .234375
1
17
= .03125
/8 = .125
15
= .015625
41
= .6875
45
= .703125
/16
/64
23
/32
47
/64
3
= .71875
= .734375
/4 = .750
49
= .46875
51
= .796875
13
= .8125
= .484375
/64 = .515625
17
/32 = .53125
35
/64 = .546875
11
= .453125
/2 = .500
/16
37
/64
19
/32
39
/64
/64 = .671875
/64 = .765625
25
/32 = .78125
= .4375
33
43
= .5625
= .578125
= .59375
= .609375
/8 = .625
/64 = .640625
21
/32 = .65625
/64
/16
53
/64
27
/32
55
= .84375
/64 = .859375
7
57
= .838125
/8 = .875
/64
29
/32
59
/64
15
/16
= .890625
= .90625
= .921875
= .8125
61
/64 = .953125
31
/32 = .96875
63
/64 = .984375
a.
6/10
b.
3/5
c.
4/5
d.
1/5
e.
1/2
f.
8/20
g.
7/20
h.
15/20
i.
7/25
j.
12/25
k.
17/20
l.
49/50
m.
1-9/10
n.
1-1/25
o.
6-15/25
71
F.
PERCENTAGES
Learner Objectives: Upon completion of this unit, the student will solve
problems using percentages with a high rate of
accuracy.
1.
Percents
The square is divided into 100 equal parts. Each square is 1/100 of
100 %=1 %. By the same reasoning, the 25 shaded squares are 25/100
of the total or 25 %. In the circle, the shaded area is 1/4 of the whole
circle or 1/4 of 100% or 25%.
72
FIGURE 1-10
Percent
4/4 or 100%
1/4
1/4
1/4
1/4
or
25% or 25/100
25/100 or 25%
.15 = 15%
.55 = 55%
.853 = 85.3%
1.02 = 102%
In this example, there is only one digit after the decimal. Add the zero
to hold the place.
.8 = 80%
73
.06 = 6%
34% = .34
5% = .05
75.4% = .754
74
35 % =
2.
14 % =
3.
58.5 % =
4.
17.45 % =
5.
5%=
Write as a percent.
6.
.75 =
7.
0.40 =
8.
0.4 =
9.
.4 =
75
NOTE:
Example:
Step 1.
Step 2.
Answer (0.0625)
Step 1.
76
Step 2.
Step 3.
Step 4.
2.
164.48
Label the answer.
164.48 square inches
Percentage
In an effort to allow for ease of operation, the letter B can be used for
base, R for Rate, and P for percentage. Using letters instead of words,
the rule may be written as P = B x R
Using the example Find 16% of 1028 square inches, we can now
identify each value. Once 16% is converted to a decimal (.16), it
becomes the rate (R). Because 1028 is the value that the definite
percent or rate is to be taken out of, it is obviously the base (B). The
product of these two values (.16 x 1028) equals the percentage (P) or
the value (164.48 square inches).
77
Example:
R = 50% of 16
Step 1.
Step 2.
R
-
P
Step 3.
2.
Find the percentage
R=PxB
P = R
B
3.
Find the base
B=R
P
78
R=PxB
or
Example:
Step 1.
R=PxB
Step 2.
R = 0.60 x 135
Step 3.
R = 81
Example:
= R or percentage
B
rate
base
Step 1.
R = P = 18 = 0.24 = 24 = 24%
B 75 100
Answer = 24%
Example:
= R or base
P
rate
percentage
Step 1.
B = R = 54 = 150
P 0.36
Answer = 150
79
Determine the rate or amount for each problem A through E for each value given.
Only use calculators if instructed to do so. Round answers to the nearest 100th.
A.
BASE
2400 lbs
PERCENTAGE
80 %
A.
B.
C.
D.
1875
gallons
148 feet
3268.5
square
inches
$875.00
4 1/2 %
19.5 %
45 %
B.
15 %
C.
D.
E.
E.
2.
The labor and material for renovating a building totaled $25,475. Of this amount,
70% went for labor and the balance for materials. Determine: (a) the labor cost, and
(b) the material cost.
3.
Find 35 % of 82.
4.
What is 14 % of 28?
5.
6.
You have 165 seconds to finish your task. At what point are you 70 % finished?
7.
You make $14.00 per hour. In March you receive a cost of living raise of 5 %. How
much raise per hour did you get. How much are you making per hour now?
80
2.
A box contains 240 rivets. How many floor panels can you make
with that one box, if each floor panel contains 8 rivets?
3.
An empty waste oil drum can hold 55 gallons. Over the course
of a week, it is filled with3.5 gallons, 8.5 gallons, 12 gallons,
2.5 gallons, and 15 gallons. How much more waste oil can the
drum hold?
81
82
4.
5.
6.
7.
A can of dye states that it will cover 400 square feet of metal.
How many cans would it take to cover a strip of rolled metal 6
feet wide and 200 feet long?
8.
H. METRIC SYSTEM
1.
Metrication
The United States is the only major country today which does not
use metric as the standard for weights and measurements. Because of
modern means of travel, and as countries depend more on imports and
exports, a single standard for weights and measurements is needed
throughout the world. This standard will be the metric system.
Some industries in the United States, such as the drug and film
industries, have been using the metric system for many years. Other
industries are in the process of changing to metric. Several states have
recently passed laws requiring schools to teach metric education.
Industrial workers will need to learn the new metric system of weights
and measurements to replace the present system of English weights
and measurements. Millimeters, centimeters, meters, and Kilometers
will be used for linear measurements. The milligram, gram, and
Kilogram will be used to measure weights; the milliliter and liter will
be used to measure liquids.
a.
All the divisions of the basic units, or prefixes, are the same
regardless of what you might be measuring. Although distance
is measured in meters, weight in grams, and liquid in liters, the
prefixes of these measurements are the same.
83
Kilo
Hecto
Deka
deci
centi
milli
The most commonly used prefixes are Kilo, centi, and milli.
=
=
=
=
=
=
1000 units
100 units
10 units
0.1 unit (one-tenth of the unit)
0.01 (one-hundredth of the unit)
0.001 (one-thousandth of the unit)
Thousandths
Place Value
Prefix
milli
Hundredths
centi
Tenths
Ones
base unit
deci
Tens
Deka
Hecto
Kilo
Hundreds
Thousands
Examples to show students that the same prefixes are used for
different types of measurement would be:
A weight measurement:
9 milligrams = nine-thousandths of a gram
A distance measurement:
9 millimeters = nine-thousandths of a meter
A liquid measurement:
9 milliliters = nine-thousandths of a liter
84
b.
Example 1:
Solution:
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
4 1/8
7 9/16
2 3/4
= 4 2/16
= 7 9/16
= 2 12/16
13 23/16 =
14 7/16
Example 2:
Solution:
85
Step 1:
Convert to all
millimeters or
centimeters.
85 mm = 85 mm
19.4 cm = 194 mm
57 mm = 57 mm
336 mm
or
Step 2:
2.
8.5 cm
19.4 cm
5.7 cm
33.6 cm
Metric Abbreviations
mm =
millimeter
one-thousandth of a meter
cm
centimeter
one-hundredth of a meter
Km
Kilometer
86
FIGURE 1-11
Dimensioned Drawing
12 mm
30 mm
SLIDE BLOCK
76 mm
25 mm
If all of the dimensions on a drawing are in the same unit, e.g., all in
millimeters, then a notation to that effect can be made on the drawings.
When this is done, all abbreviations following the number are omitted.
Such a dimensioned drawing would appear as in Figure 1-12.
FIGURE 1-12
12
30
SLIDE BLOCK
76
25
NOTE: All dimensions are in millimeters.
87
3.
Metric measurements are based upon the decimal system. This makes
measuring with a metric scale relatively easy because there are no
fractions.
FIGURE 1-13
Metric Scales
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
10
11
12
mm
0
cm
Notice that both scales are graduated the same, but the numbering
on them is different. On the top scale, the millimeters are numbered,
whereas the centimeters are numbered on the bottom scale. The
abbreviations mm for millimeter or cm for centimeter are always
marked on the left side of the scale close to the 0 number. When using
a metric scale, always look for this abbreviation to know how it is
numbered.
88
FIGURE 1-14
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
mm
What happens when the end of the line being measured does not fall
on one of the millimeter marks on the scale? Study Figure 1-15. Notice
that the line ends halfway between 83 mm and 84 mm. The length of
the line is 83.5mm (8.35cm).
FIGURE 1-15
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
mm
89
mm
b.
mm
c.
cm
d.
mm
e.
cm
f.
mm
g.
cm
h.
mm
i.
mm
j.
cm
90
4.
One Yard:
One meter:
One centimeter:
One Inch:
91
A Kilometer
Length
A little over 1/2 mile - .62 miles to be
more precise.
1 mile
1 Km
92
Weight
A gram
A Kilogram
Butter
Butter
93
Capacity
A liter
A milliliter
94
Thousandths
Place Value
Prefix
milli
Hundredths
centi
Tenths
Ones
base unit
deci
Tens
Equivalent Units
Deka
Hecto
Kilo
Hundreds
Thousands
Shortcut To change to a smaller unit, move the decimal to the right (multiply).
To change to a larger unit, move the decimal to the left (divide).
95
Ones
Tenths
Hundredths
Thousandths
base unit
deci
centi
milli
Tens
Deka
Hundreds
Example:
Hecto
Thousands
Kilo
15.
Count the number of spaces from 1 to ml. There are 3 to the right.
Move the decimal 3 places to the right.
96
Ones
Tenths
Hundredths
Thousandths
deci
centi
milli
Kilograms (Kg)
base unit
Tens
Deka
Hundreds
Example:
Hecto
Thousands
Kilo
150.
3
Count the number of spaces from grams to Kilo. There are 3 to the
left. Move the decimal 3 places to the left.
150 g = 0.150 Kg
97
1 liter =
2.
6000 ml =
3.
10 cm =
4.
500 cm =
5.
4 Kg =
6.
55 ml =
7.
8.5 Km =
8.
6.2 cm =
mm
9.
0.562 mm =
10.
75 cm =
98
ml
liters
mm
m
g
liters
cm
mm
5.
Conversion Factors
cm
meter
1 millimeter =
.01
.001
1 centimeter =
10
1 meter =
1000
100
1 Kilometer =
10 6
10 5
1 inch =
25.4
2.54
1 foot =
305
30.5
10 -2
1
1000
2.54 x 10 -2
.305
inch
feet
.000001
25.4
.0394
10 -5
.394
3.28 x 10 -2
10 -3
39.4
3.28
3.94 x 10 3
3280
2.54 x 10 -5
8.33 x 10 -2
3.05 x 10 -4
12
Km
99
sq. meter =
cm 2
inch 2
feet 2
10 4
10.8
1550
10 -4
1.08 x 10 -3
0.155
sq. foot =
9.29 x 10 2
929
144
sq. inch =
6.45 x 10 -4
6.45
6.94 x 10 -3
sq. centimeter =
100
meter 2
Conversion of Volume
101
lb./in. 2
lb./ft. 2
1.45 x 10 -4 2.09 x 10 -2
6.90 x 10 3
144
47.9
6.94 x 10 -3
102
MULTIPLY BY
TO CONVERT
MULTIPLY BY
Grams to ounces
0.353
Ounces to grams
28.35
Grams to pounds
0.0022
Pounds to grams
453.592
Kilograms to pounds
2.2046
Pounds to kilograms
0.4536
Kilograms to tons
0.00098
Tons to kilograms
1016.05
Tonnes to tons
0.9842
Tons to tonnes
1.016
FARENHEIT 0F
-30
-22
-20
-4.0
-10
14
32.0
33.8
35.6
37.4
39.2
41.0
42.8
44.6
46.4
48.2
103
a.
b.
c.
d.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
3.
How long are lines A and B in this figure? (Express in metric units.)
4.
5.
1 meter =
b.
5 cm =
c.
12 mm =
d.
7m=
millimeter
centimeter
square feet
cm
100 ones
0.001 unit
0.0001 unit
0.00001 unit
104
millimeters
millimeters
centimeters
centimeters
H. THE CALCULATOR
The electronic calculator is a tool used to solve mathematical problems. It
is, like any other tool, capable of working correctly only when it is used
correctly. Therefore, the user must understand its features and functions.
Calculator functions vary from manufacturer-to-manufacturer, brand-tobrand. Some calculators have only the most basic functions, such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication, division, square roots and percentages. Other
more advanced scientific calculators are designed for more complicated
work, such as statistical analysis or other complex mathematical and
engineering applications. These more advanced calculators will also perform
trigonometric functions.
Solar calculators are also available. These never need batteries, and are
powered either by sunlight or normal indoor lighting fixtures.
This section will deal only with the basic calculator and its functions.
Figure 1-16 shows a basic electronic calculator.
FIGURE 1-16
Calculator
105
1.
Minus key subtracts the numbers or the result from the memory
register.
MR Key: The Recall Memory recalls the calculator's memory to the
display screen.
MC Key: The Memory Clear key clears or erases all the contents
from the memory.
% Key: The Percent Key controls the percentage functions of the
calculator.
2.
Calculator Functions
Solving problems by using a calculator is simply a matter of pressing
the proper keys. The calculator does the rest, but it cannot come up
with the correct answer if it has been given the wrong information.
In working with decimals, for example, it is important that the decimal
point be placed properly within each number. It is also important that
the correct numbers and function key be entered, or the answer may
not be the correct one.
If at any time a wrong number is entered, the C/AC key should be
pressed. This will erase the number and cause 0 to appear on the screen.
Pressing the last function key entered will provide the latest total, and
then the correct number can be entered. This allows corrections to be
made in entries without the need for re-entering an entire calculation.
Calculators will provide a running total of the operations entered into
them. As more numbers are added, subtracted, multiplied or divided,
for example, a new total will appear on the display screen. It is not
necessary, then, to press the = key after every operation. Pressing the
last desired function key will provide the most recent total. This will
be shown in the following step-by-step examples:
107
Addition
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Step 5:
Step 6:
Step 7:
Step 8:
108
154758
3906
4123
5434
+
76
109
Subtraction
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Note that pressing the - key instead of the = key in Step 4 would have
provided the latest total or answer.
Calculator Subtraction Exercise
Use the calculator to subtract the following.
110
1)
.0543
- .0532
2)
.0578
- .0463
3) 179853 - 4327
Multiplication
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
1)
2.45
x 16
2)
60.8
x 19
111
Division
Divide 66 by 12.3
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
112
1)
.2961 5
2)
13.5678 11.1
3)
.1765 .5
Percentages
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
2)
3)
113
114