WHO IS HE?

DO YOU KNOW HIM?

WHO ARE THEY?

DO THEY HAVE ANY RELATIONSHIP?

CHAPTER 5
CHEMICAL BONDS

Linus Pauling won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954 for his
work on chemical bonding

Conceptual Map
CHEMICAL BONDS
Ionic bonds

Covalent bonds

Transfer of electrons
Metal atoms
donate electrons
Positive ions

Sharing of electrons

Non-metal atoms
receive electrons
Negative ions

Covalent compounds

Ionic compounds
Comparison of properties
Melting point

Boiling point

Electrical
conductivity

Solubility

5.1 Understanding formation of

compounds
Water is an example of
a compound

A water molecule is made of...

2 Hydrogen atoms

1 Oxygen atoms

What is a compound?
A compound is a chemical
substance which consists two or
more elements chemically bonded
together.

Can you name more compound?

Carbon diokside, salt, sugar ect

5.1.1 Innert gas (noble gas)

All the element in Group 18 ( He, Ne, Ar, Kr,

Xe, Rn)
Generally stable and chemically
unreactive .
Has 8 electrons in its valens shell and have
achieved an octet electron arrangement
stable
Will not combine with each other to form
molecules or with atoms of other elements
to form substances .

Octed arrangement
Ar

Ne

Electron arrangement for Ne:

Electron arrangement for Ar:

2.8
______________

2.8.8
_______________

Duplet arrangement

He

Electron arrangement for He:

2
_______________

5.1.2 conditions for the

formation of chemical bonds
We need to be together to
be like him We want to
be like the noble gas!!

Hi! I,m noble gas.

I,m very stable

Mr. Argon

ANION

CATION

Do you know why

atoms need to be
bonded? Think..

He have 2 valens electron and and all

noble gases have 8 electons in their
shells.
This arrangement of electrons is very
stable.
Atoms of other elements than elements
in group 18 is not stable. They try to
become like noble gas.
How?
They lose or gain electrons so that their
electronic structures are the same as
those of noble gases.

5.1.3 Types of chemical bonds

Two types of
chemical bond

Covalent bond

Ionic bond

By
sharing
electron
By transfering electrons from

one atom to another

Between metal and
non-metal atom

Between non-metal atoms

THINK BEFORE
YOU DO
ANYTHING!

5.2 Ionic bond

An
IONIC
BOND
is
an
electrostatic
interaction
that
holds together a positively charged
ion (cation) and a negatively
charged ion (anion).
Ionic bond are usually formed
between atoms of non-metal and
metal.

In an ionic bond, one atom

loses an electron to another
atom, forming a cation and
anion, respectively.
And, as everyone knows,
opposites attract.

Strong electrostatic
forces
A neutral atom becomes an ion either by
losing an electron (cation) or by gaining
an electron (anion).

5.2.1 Cation formation

Cation : an atom that donates electron

and forms positive ion. Normally happens
in metal atoms.

+
Na

Na

Donate 1 electron

Sodium atom
(2.8.1)

Charge for 11 protons =

+11
Charge for 11 electrons =
-11
Total charge
=0

Sodium
ion
(2.8)

Charge for 11 protons =

+11
Charge for 10 electrons =
-10
Total charge
=
+1

Na Na+ + e

Try this!
No

Atom

Li

Mg

Equation

Ion

Li + e

Li+

Mg

Mg + 2e

Mg2+

Zn

Zn

Zn2+ + 2e

Zn2+

Cu

Cu

Cu2+ + 2e

Cu2+

Al

Al

Al3+ + 3e

Al3+

Li

2+

5.2.2 Anion formation

Anion : An atom that receives

electron and forms negative
ion. Normally happens in nonmetal atoms.

Accepts 1 electron

Fluorine atom
(2.7
)

Fluoride ion
(2.8)

Charge for 9 protons = +9

Charge for 9 protons = +9

Charge for 9 electrons = -9

Charge for 10 electrons = -

Total charge

Total charge

=0

F + e F-

= -1

Try this!
No
1
2
3

Atom
Cl
Br
O

Equation
Cl + e

Ion

Cl-

Cl-

Br + e Br-

Br-

O + 2e O2-

O2-

 When positive ion (cation) and

negative ion (anion) attract to each
other an ionic bond is formed.
Sometimes ionic bond is also
known as electrovalent bond and
the compound is an ionic
compound.

5.2.3 Formation of ionic bond

Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Electron transfer

+
Na

Cl

Na

Cl

Electron arrangement for:

2.8.7
Na atom : _______
Cl atom: _______
2.8.1

2.8
Na+ ion : ________

2.8.8
Cl- ion : _________

 Sodium atom loses an electron to

become a sodium ion, Na+
The electron is taken by a chlorine
atom to become a chloride ion, Cl
The positive and negative ions (Na+
and Cl-) are attracted together by an
electrostatic force.
This force is called an ionic bond.

A sodium atom transfers an electron to a

chlorine atom to create table salt

Sodium chloride results from ionic bonding

Try This!

Draw the electron arrangement for formation of

magnesium oxide, MgO compound and
Aluminium chloride, AlCl3 compound
[Proton no: Mg,12 ; O,8 ; Al,13 ; Cl,17]
First, write the electron arrangement:
Mg : 2.8.2
O: 2.6
Al: 2.8.3
Cl: 2.8.7

Magnesium oxide, MgO

2+

Mg

Magnesium
atom
2.8.2

Mg

2-

Oxygen atom
Magnesium oxide molecule

2.6

2.8

2.8

Aluminium chloride, AlCl3

An electron for
each chlorine

Al

Cl

Aluminium
atom

Chlorine atom

2.8.3

2.7

3+

Al

Cl

Aluminium chloride molecule

2.8

2.8

Magnesium oxide,
oxide MgO Single Crystal Substrate products

Aluminum chloride in lab

Aluminum trichloride. Interactive Chime-based structure

poly aluminium
chloride (pac) is one of
the best coagulant for
water works and waste
water treatments.

ZHENJIANG GREAT HONEST INC.

China

Poly Aluminium Chloride

( PAC )
Water treatment
chemicals

You are what

you think!

5.3 Covalent bond

Covalent bond is a bond that
formed by the sharing of electrons.
It can be formed between atoms of
non-metals.
The bonds can be formed between
atoms of the same element or
between atoms of different elements.

A water molecule is an example of

the single covalent bond
between oxygen and hydrogen

oxygen

oxygen

Oxygen molecules shares two

electrons to make a double
covalent bond

nitrogen
Nitrogen share three pairs of valence
electrons (six valence electrons total) to
form a triple covalent bond.
nitrogen

5.3.1 Single covalent bond

1. Hydrogen molecule, H2
H

H
atom

H
atom

Formation of bond
in H2 molecule

H2
molecule

H H

or

H-H

Lewis structure showing formation of bond in H 2 molecule

 A hydrogen atom has one electron

which is in the first shell.
It needs one more electron to fill up
that shell, so that its electronic structure
become duplet.
When two hydrogen atoms join
together to form the H2 molecules, they
share two electrons.

By sharing, each atom then

has complete outer shell of two
electrons

The electron of one atom is

shown by a cross, while the
electron of the other atom is
shown by a dot.

2. Water molecule, H2O

O

H O H

or

HO-H

Lewis structure for H2O molecule

Water consist of H2O molecules

The electronic structure of an oxygen is
2.6 so it has 6 electrons in its outer
shell.
It needs two more electrons to be like
the noble gas; neon.
So the oxygen atom forms two covalent
bonds in H2O with the two hydrogen
atoms.

3. Hidrogen chloride, HCl

Hydrogen atom

Cl

Chlorine atom

Cl

Hidrogen chloride, HCl molecule

Electron arrangement?

2.8.7

2_

2.8.8

Cl

Cl

H
or

H - Cl
Lewis structure showing formation of bond
in HCl molecule

The electronic structure of hydrogen is 1.

It needs 1
more electrons in its outer
shell to be like the noble gas.
While electronic structure of Chlorine is
2.8.7
It needs 1
more electrons in its outer
shell to achive octet electron arrangement.
Hydrogen and chlorine share a pair of
electrons and forms 1 covalent bonds.

4. Methane, CH4
The electronic structure of carbon
is 2.4.
It needs 4 more electrons in its outer
shell to be like the noble gas; neon.
Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds.
In methane which consists of CH4
molecules, the carbon atom forms
bonds with 4 hydrogen atoms.

Draw the electron arrangement of Methane, CH4

molecules.
(and also in lewis structure form please)
H

C
H

Methane, CH4
molecules

H
H

Lewis structure in
Methane, CH4
molecules

Try this!
Draw the electron arrangement and also in lewis structure form for:
1. Chlorine, Cl2 [ Proton no: Cl,17 ]

Cl

Cl

Chlorine, Cl2 molecules

Cl

Cl

Lewis structure in
Chlorine, Cl2 molecules

2. Tetra chloromethane, CCl4

[ Proton no; C,6 ; Cl,17 ]
Cl
Cl

Cl

Cl
C

Cl

Cl

C
Cl

Cl

Tetra chloromethane, CCl4 molecules

Lewis structure in
tetra chloromethane, CCl4
molecules

Methane explosion
Sudden explosions of
methane gas occur
frequently near the
edges of active lava
flows.
Photograph by J.P. Lockwood on
March 31, 1984

Chlorine gas

Sketch by J. Johnson, 1998

Hydrogen gas was used in lighter-than-air balloons

for transport but is far too dangerous because of the
fire risk (Hindenburg).

Dont be over
confident!
Be rational

5.3.2 Double Covalent Bond

1. Carbon dioxide, CO2 molecule
O

O
Carbon dioxide
molecule

2.8

2.8

2.8

or

O=C=O
Lewis structure showing formation of bond in CO2 molecule

 Some atoms can share multiple pairs

of electrons.
A carbon atom, which has 4 valens
electrons, need 4 more electrons to
achieve the octet electron arrangement.
Two oxygen atoms share 2 pairs of
electrons each with carbon forming a
double bond.

Try this!
Draw the formation of bond and also in lewis structure
form for:
1. Oxygen, O2 [ Proton no: O,8 ]

2.6

2.6

Lewis structure in
Oxygen, O2 molecules

2.8

2.8

Dont know what

to say
Think your self!

5.3.3 Triple Covalent Bond.

1. Nitrogen, N2 molecule

Nitrogen atom

2.5

Nitrogen atom

2.5

Nitrogen molecule

2.8

2.8

or

Lewis structure showing formation of

bond in N2 molecule

A triple bond is formed when 3 pairs of

electrons are shared between two atoms.
In nitrogen molecule, each nitrogen atom
has the electron arrangement of 2.5.
It needs three more electrons to attain the
octet electron arrangement.
Therefore, they share three pairs of
electrons to form a nitrogen molecule, N 2

H - Cl

A single covalent bond consist of two electons

A double covalent bond consist of four electons
A triple covalent bond consist of six electons

5.4 Properties of Ionic and

Covalent Compounds
No

Properties

Ionic compound

Covalent compound

Consist of

Ions

Molecules

Melting and boiling

points

High

Low

Electrical
conductivities

Do not conduct
electricity in any
form

Solubilities in water

Do not conduct
electricity when
solid; conduct
when molten or
dissolved in water
Usually soluble

Solubilities in
organic solvents.

Insoluble

soluble

Usually insoluble

5.4.1 uses of covalent

compounds as solvents
Alcohol, acetone and ether.
Good
solvent
with
high
volatility.
Widely used in various field in
our daily lives such as in
cosmetics,
medical
and
industries.

Now! Start doing

the exercise
given.

Oopppsss!!! Times up.

So finish it in your
PREP time