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CE 461
Roadway and Pavement Design

Estimation of Inow

Neglect

qd = qi + qg + qm - qv

qd Net design inow

qi Surface inltration
qg Groundwater inow
qm Meltwater inow
qv Seepage outow

Use only one

Surface inltration
Perhaps most important
Groundwater seepage
Draw down water table
Design drainage to handle
Meltwater
Northern climates

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Multiply 1 hour/1 year frequency rain rate by

coecient
HMA pavements 0.33-0.50
PCC pavements 0.50-0.67
Note units are inches/hour

From the chart

1 hour/1 year frequency = 1.2
qi = 0.50 (1.2) = 0.60 inches/hour
qi = 0.67 (1.2) = 0.80 inches/hour

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Alternative method

!
W $
qiWp = I c # N +1+ p &
Cs %
"

qi = Surface inltration (ft3/hr/ft2)

Ic Crack inltration rate (0.1 ft3/hr/ft)
N Number of trac lanes
Wp Pavement width

Cs Spacing of transverse joints/cracks

Assume:
PCC pavement
Wp = 24 ft
Cs = 15 ft
2 Travel lanes

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Alternative method

!
24 ft $
qi ( 24 ft ) = 0.1# 2 +1+
&
15 ft %
"
qi = 0.0192 ft3/hour/ft2
qi = 0.46 ft3/day/ft2
qi = 0.23 inches/hour

Inow from above drainage layer

Inow from below drainage layer

q1 =

k (H ! H0 )
2Li

q1 Inow from above (ft3/day/ft)

k Soil permeability (ft/day)
H Groundwater table height (ft)
Ho Drainage layer bottom height (ft)
Li Distance of inuence (ft)

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Li = 3.8(H - Ho) [units are ft]

Assume:
PCC pavement
H = 25 ft
Ho = 20 ft
W = 44 ft (24 ft, 10 ft, 10 ft)
k = 0.34 ft/day
2 Travel lanes

Distance of inuence

Inow from above drainage layer

Li = 3.8 ( 25 ! 20 ) = 19 ft
2

q1 =

0.34 ( 25 ! 20 )
= 0.22 ft 3 / day / ft
2 (19 )

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W = Drainage
Layer width

Calculate q2

W/Ho = 44/20
= 2.2

x-axis value

No Units

Li + 0.5W 19 + 0.5 ( 44)

=
= 2.05
H0
20

y-axis value (from chart)

= 0.74 (ft-2)

Solve for q2

k (H ! H0 )
= 0.74
2q2
Therefore

q2 =

0.34 ( 25 ! 20 )
= 1.15 ft 3 / day / ft
2 ( 0.74)

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Lateral ow into the drainage pipe (ft3/day/ft)

qL = q1 + q2
Flow into the drainage layer (ft3/day/ft2)
qg =

2q2
W

Lateral ow into the drainage pipe (ft3/day/ft)

Flow into the drainage layer (ft3/day/ft2)

qL = 2(q1 + q2)

qg =

q1 + 2q2
W

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qm Meltwater inow rate (ft3/day/ft2)

k Soil permeability (ft/day)
Average heave rate (mm/day)
p Consolidation pressure on subgrade (lbs/ft2)

Assume:
PCC pavement
Silty sand, SM
Unit weight
PCC= 150 pcf
Drainage layer = 115 pcf
k = 0.34 ft/day

From table
Heave rate = 9 mm/day
Consolidation pressure

!9$
!6$
! p = 150 # & +115# & = 170 psf
" 12 %
" 12 %

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From Chart

qm
= 0.74
k

Therefore
qm = 0.74 (k) = 0.74(0.34)
qm = 0.43 ft3/day/ft2

Neglect

qd = qi + qg + qm - qv

qd Net design inow

qi Surface inltration
qg Groundwater inow
qm Meltwater inow
qv Seepage outow

No frost action

Use only one

qd = qi + qg

Using example results

qd = 0.46 + 0.057 = 0.517 ft3/day/ft2

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If Frost Action Exists

qd = qi + qm

Using Example Results

qd = 0.46 + 0.43 = 0.89 ft3/day/ft2

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