Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 4

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are used as energy (used in cell respiration), energy storage (not as
long as lipids, example: Glycogen), and structural materials for the cell (example: Glyco
protein). The two types of reactions are condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)
and hydrolysis reaction. The three types of carbohydrates are monosaccharides,
disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are single sugars and it is a one
monomer. Disaccharides are double sugars; they are two monosaccharides joined
together through dehydration. Polysaccharides are polymers composed of many sugar
building blocks (monosaccharides). Carbohydrates are composed of hydrogen, oxygen,
and carbon. There are three types of functional groups and they are: sugars, aldose
sugars, and ketose sugars. The name of the linkage is glycosidic linkages. The four
types of polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, cellulose and chitin. Starch is used for
enters storage in plants. It also is part of a glucose subunit. All glucose subunits belong
to the alpha configuration (-OH group is below the plane on 1C). Glucose is energy
storage in animals. Cellulose is a structural component in cell walls. It is also a glucose
monomer. All glucose monomers are in the beta configuration (-OH is located above the
ring plane on the 1C). Chitin is used as structural component in Arthropoda and fungi.

Lipids
Lipids are not polymers. They are fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes, and pigments.
They are hydrophobic due to their molecular structures. Mainly made up of
hydrocarbons but they are composed of H, C, and O. The functions are energy storage
(2x the amount of carbs), cushion organs, insulate the body, and cellular structure.
There are two types of lipids: Saturated fats and unsaturated fats. Saturated fats all
have single bonds between C atoms and are mostly found in animal fats. Unsaturated
fats have a double bond between C atoms and are usually found in plants and fish.
Saturated fats can cause cardiovascular diseases while unsaturated fats prevents fats
from packing close together. They form an ester bond. Phospholipids self assemble into
double layers in aqueous solutions that shield hydrophobic tails from water. The types of
phospholipid they have are steroids and steroids -cholesterol. Steroids are lipids
composed of carbon skeleton of four fused rings. Steroids- Cholesterol are a
component of animal cell membranes. It helps keep membranes fluid and flexible.

Proteins
The functions of proteins are: chemical reactions, structure, carries and transports
hemoglobin, signaling, receptors and binding, contractile and motor, and defense. The
monomer of proteins is amino acids. It is constructed from 20 different acids. The bonds
that forms are covalent and is called Peptide bonds. It can be as simple as an H atom
but it also has a Carboxyl (-COOH), amino group ( NH2), and a side chain (R group).
Polymers form due to dehydration reactions. Proteins has a primary structure,
secondary structure, tertiary structure, and a quaternary structure. Primary structure is a
linear structure based on the order of amino acids and peptide bonds. Secondary
structure is folding and coiling of the amino acid chain. Tertiary structure is determined
by interactions and bonding between R-groups. Quaternary structure is two or more
polypeptide chains joined together causing the overall protein structure.

Nucleic Acids
They store and transmit hereditary information. Nucleic acids also are primary storage
molecules in all living animals. The monomer is nucleotides. It has 4 types of DNA
bases and 2 types of nucleotide bases. The 4 types of DNA bases are thymine,
cytosine, adenine, and guanine. Thymine and cytosine are make up pyrimidines while
adenine and guanine make up purines. They 2 types of nucleotide bases are
pyrimidines and purines. Pyrimidines are single ring N- bases and made up of cytosine,
thymine, and uracil. Purines are double ring N-base and made up of adenine and
guanine. DNA is a polymer of polynucleotides. The covalent bond is called
phosphodieseter linkages. DNA is double stranded and is made of the four bases. RNA
is single stranded and mapped up of the four bases cytosine, uracil, adenine, and
guanine. Cytosine and uracil make up Pyrimidines while adenine and guanine make up
purines.

Reflection
The most interesting thing that I learned was about carbohydrates. I didn't know their
were so many functions for carbohydrates. I want to learn more about proteins. I
struggle with every macromolecule and all the little parts to each one.

Вам также может понравиться