ler,s kdhl" nqoaê wxY m%OdkS iy

ckdêm;s ;=kafokdu ysf¾ hejQ rg -

fmare foaYh
1990 .Kkaj,§ wdrlaI yuqod úiska lrk ,o udkj ysñlï flf<iSï
fjkqfjka 2009 § tl< isá ckdêm;sjrhd jir úismylg ysf¾ hejQ
rgla ;sfí' ta ol=Kq wefußldfõ fmare rg h' ysgmq ckdêm;sjrhd
isr.; lrk úg Tyqg jhi 70ls' Tyqf.a kï we,an¾f;da cqcsfudaß h'
Tyq 1990 cQ,s 28 od isg 2000 fkdjeïn¾ 17 olajd fmare foaYfha
ckdêm;s úh' fmare foaYfha ;%ia;jdoh wjika fldg ìï uÜgfï
wd¾;slh Yla;su;a lsßu iïnkaofhka Tyq kula Èkd isáfha h'
tkuq;a Tyqf.a foaYmd,kh udkj ysñlï flf<iSï iy úreoaOjd§ka
u¾okh lsÍfuka ,laIs; úh' u;=msáka fmkqkq wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh hg
¥IK jxpd msÍ ;snqK nj wka;sfï § mqðfudaßu kvq úNd.fha §
ms<s.;af;a h'

1990 § mqðfudaß n,hg meñKsfha udßfhda fõ.dia f,daid kï

mrisÿ ,;ska wefußldkq kjl;dlre wkfmalaIs ; f,i cd;Hka;r
uq,H wruqof,a Wmfoia u; iyk lmd oud kj ,snr,a wd¾Ól
m%;sixialrK Èh;a lf<a h' mrÈjñks' n,hg meñKs mqðfudaß
fojirla ;=< hqo yuqodj iuÕ tlaj l=uka;%Khla Èh;a lr
jHjia:dj w;a ysgjd md¾,sfïka;=j n, rys; lr ish ckdêm;s
md,kh ;yjqre lr .;af;a h' mqðfudaß u¾okh yuQfha úmlaI
kdhl;ajh ráka neyer úh' úmlaIh ÿ¾j, lr 1993 § uyd
ue;sjrKhla meje;ajQ mqðfudaß ny;rh Èkd f.k ish n,h ;yjqre
lefrk mßÈ kj jHjia:djla iïu; lr .;af;a h' fï
ish¿ u¾okldÍ mshjr yuQfha Tyqf.a ckm%sh;ajh by< .sfha h' kj
jHjia;dj hgf;a 1995 meje;s ckdêm;sjrKfhka mqðfudaß ;=fkka
foll ckao n,hla ,nd ch .;af;a h'

tfia kuq;a fojeks Oqrld,h Tyqg t;rï iqjodhl fkdjQ fha fmare
ckhd tkak tkaku m%cd;ka;%jd§ whs;Ska iy udkj ysñlï .ek
Wkkaÿ jkakg jQ ksid h' tfukau mqðfudaß iy Tyqf.a nqoaê wxY
m%OdkS fudkafgiSfkdia f.a ¥IK jxpd ms,sn|j f;dr;=reo fy<s
jkakg mgka .;af;a h' 2000 Ulaf;danrfha § ;ud jg tf<k kS;sfha
oef,ka ßx.d ráka m<dhdug mqðfudaßg isÿúh'
ráka mek f.dia isá mqðfudaß 2005 § Ñ,S rgg meñKs wjia;dfjys
Tyq w,a,d fmare rgg ndr fok ,§' Tyqg úreoaO kvq úNd.h udi
15la ;siafia meje;=Ks' ;%s mqoa., úksiqre uvq,a,la msgq 700la kvq
;Skaÿjla m%ldY lrñka lshd isáfha meyer .ekSï iy ñksia
>d;khkag Tyq j.lsj hq;= nj hs' Tyq jerÈlre jQfha mqoa.,hska 25
fofkl= wdrlaI yuqod úiska >d;kh lsÍug h' bka 15 fofkl= urd
oud ;snqfka t,suyfka ndfnlsHq idohlg tlaj isáh § jerÈ
wkkH;djhla ksid h' Bg wu;rj yuqod lKavdhula úiska YsIHhska
wgfofkl= iy uydpd¾Hjrhl= meyerf.k f.dia >d;kh lsÍu
iïnkaOfhka o ysgmq ckdêm;s mqðfudaß jerÈlre úh' ;;= o;a
,;ska wefußldkq wdrxÑ ud¾. mjikafka urKh f;lau mqðfudaß isr
f.or .; lrkq we;s njhs'

mqðfudaß w;sYh by< ckm%sh;ajhla N=la;s ú¢ 1990 .Kka ueo

Nd.fha § Tyqg fujeks brKula w;ajkq we;ehs isysfkkaj;a
is;kakg mq¨jkalula ;snqfKa ke;' ukao h;a Tyq úiska wd¾;slh
mK .kajd fmare foaYh mqrd l%shd;aul fjñka meje;s ud´jd§
úma,jd§ ixúOdkh jQ Èÿ,k udj; fkdfyd;a iekafvdfrda ¨ñksfida
jHdmdrh iyuq,skau úkdY fldg tys kdhlhd jQ wìfu,a .=iaudka
w;a wvx.=jg f.k ish ckm%sh;ajh by,gu kxjdf.k isá ksid h'

ud´jd§ Èÿ,k udj; úma,jjd§ jHdmdrh 1970 .Kka uq,§ wdrïN jQ

w;r 1980 .Kkays§ ikakoaO wr.,hla Èh;a lf<a h' tys kdhlhd jQ
wìfu,a .=iaudka o¾Ykjdoh ms<sn| uydpd¾Hjrhl= úh' Tyq Èh;a
l< úm,jjd§ jHdmdrh l%ufhka ;%ia;jdoh ish m%Odk wúh njg
m;a lr .;af;a h' ;uka iuÕ tlÕ fkdjQ wka ish¿ jD;a;Sh iñ;s
l%shdldÍka" YsIH kdhlkdhsldjka we;=¿ jdu msßia >d;kh lsÍu o
Tyqf.a ikakoaO wr.,hg we;=<;a úh' Tyqf.a jHdmdrh .ïno ¥.S
f.dú ckhd moku lrf.k k.rfha o ixúOdk cd,hla ysñlr
.;af;a h' ¥Is; ks,OdÍkag ovqjï §u" uOHidr mdkh ;ykï lsÍu
hkd§ iodpdrjd§ l%u u.ska ckhd Èkd .ekSug th W;aidy l< uq;a
wjidkfha § th ;%ia;jdoh ish wúh njg m;a lr .;af;a h' iuQ<
>d;khka u.ska ckhd ìh joaojd ish wkil me;srùfuys,d th hï
ÿrlg id¾:l;ajhla ,nd .;af;a h'

ckdêm;s mqðfudars 1992 § ;%ia; úfrdaê cd;sl ljqkais,hla ;kd tys

kdhl;ajh .;af;a h' wk;=rej ish yuqodm;s õ,äófrda
fudkafgiaáfkdia kdhl;ajfhka oreKq ck >d;l m%;sm%ydrd;aul
hqoaO uQf,dmdhla l%shdjg oeóh' ta yuQfha Èÿ,k udj; ;%ia;jd§
ikakoaO l%shd ÿ¾j, úh' 1992 iema;ïnrfha § .=iaudka fmare
w.kqjr jk ,Sudys iqúi,a ksjil § w;a wvx.=jg .eKqks' Y%S
,xldfõ oS fuka Tyq urd oeuqfKa ke;' yuqod wêlrKhl uqyqKq
jid.;a úksiqrejka ;sfofkl= úiska Tyqg Ôú;dka;h olajd isr
ovqjula kshu lrk ,§' tfia kuq;a 2003 § 5000 fmare mqrjeishka
fm;aiula w;aika lr lshd jHjia:d wêlrKhg fhduq lrñka isáfha
.=iaudka we;=¿ 1800la Èÿ,k udj; igkaldókag ovqjï ÿka yuqod
wêlrKh kS;s úfrdaë nj hs' jHjia:d wêlrKh tu ;¾lh
ms<sf.k w¨;ska tu ish¿ kvq isú,a wêlrKfhys úuik f,i
ksfhda. lf<a h' tu wêlrKfhkao 2006 Tlaf;dnrfha oS Èÿ,k
udj; kdhl .=iaudkag h<s Ôú;dka;h olajd isr ovqjula kshu úh'
tkuq;a hqo wÈlrKfhka ovqjï l< wfkla isrlrejka 400la ksoyia
flreKs'

tu hqoaOh fufyh jQ õ,äófrda fudkafgiSfkdaia fuys wfkla l;d

kdhlhd h' b;du;a ÿ¾j¾K p¾;hla iys; fudkafgiaáfkdaia fmare
foaYmd,khg msúiqfKa 1990 uyd ue;sjrkfha § w,an¾f;da
mqðfudßf.a m%n, i.hl= f,i h' Tyq uq, isgu fydrlug kï ord
isáfha h' mqðfudaßf.a ¥IK jxpdjkag wod< ish¿ ,sheú,s úkdY
lsÍu uq, isgu fudkafgiSfkdaiag mejeÍ ;snqKs' 1990 cQ,s uyd
ue;sjrKfhka mqðfudß n,hg meñKs jydu fukafgiaáfkdaia cd;sl
T;a;= fiajfha m%Odkshd f,i m;a flreKs' ish fyxphshkag hqo
yuqodfjys jeo.;a ;k;=r ,nd ÿka fudkafgiSfkdaia blauKskau
yuqodj md,kh lsÍfï n,h ;uka w;g .;af;a h' mqðfudaßf.a
wjYH;d wkqj hñka ish ;k;=frys n,h u; foaYmd,k mlaI"
ckudOH iy fj<o jHdmdr md,kh lefrk ¥IKfha cd,hla Tyq
ks¾udKh lf<a h' mqðfudßf.a md,k ld,h wjikajk ld,fha §
fudkafgiSfkdaia f.a ks, jd¾Ysl wdodhu fvd,¾ 18"000la jQ kuq;a
ienE fvd,¾ 600"000la jQfha lshkq ,efí'

ckdêm;s mqðfudß iy T;a;= fiajd m%OdkS fudkafgiSfkdaia hkq

fofofkl= fkdj tla whl= hehs isf;k ;rug fofokdf.a lghq;=
tlg fj<s ;snqKs' mqðfudaßf.a le;jev lf<a fudkafgiSfkdaia h' —
fld,Skd l,a,sh˜ kñka >d;l lKavdhula fudkafgiaáfkdaia
hgf;a ;snqKs' fmr lS isiqka ku fokd iy uydpd¾Hjrhd meyerf.k
.sfha fuu >d;l l,a,sh úiskehs lshkq ,efí' fuu YsIHhska iy
uydpd¾Hjrhd urd j< oeuq ia:dkh ms<sn|j iy udkj ysñlï
flf<iSï ms<sn|j ckudOHg f;dr;=re fy<sl, fnf¾f;da ß´mdfkda
kï T;a;= fiajd ks,Odßkshl urd oeóug o fudkafgiSfkdaia ish
>d;l lKavdhu fhdod .;af;a h' tu >d;l lKavdhfï u
idudðldjl jQ fnf¾f;da urd oud ;snqfKa jO ysxid muqKqjd oE;a
fomd lmd oeófuka miqj h'

mqðfudaß - fudkafgiSfkdaia fonEfhda fmare ckudOH l%ufhka

iyuq,skau jdf.a ish w;a wvx.=jg .;ay' iuyrla rEmjdyskS
wdh;k uqo,g .;a w;r iuyrla ìh .kajd ish wKilg .eKqks'
tajdfha ixialrK md,kh 1999 jk úg ;snqfKa T;a;= fiajd m%Odkshd
wf;a h' Tyq fmareys fkdks, md,lhd f,i uy;a n,hla o uy;a
Okhla o Wreu lrf.k isáfha h' wefußldfõ muKla
fudkafgiaáfkdaia úiska fvd,¾ ì,shkhla muK ryfia wdfhdackh
lr ;snQ njg iel flreKs' kuq;a je,af,a jqj lerl=k mqðfudaß -
fudkafgiSfkdaia nUrfha lerflk ld,h yudr fjñka meje;=Ks'

jHjia:dj ;ukag wjYH mßÈ w¾: olajd.;a mqðfudaß f;jk

j;djg;a ckdêm;sùug ,l ,eyeia;s úh' 2000 meje;s
ckdêm;sjrKh ¥IKfhka msÍ .sfha h' úmlaIh Woaf>daIk u.g
neiafia Èkm;du uyd ckhd ùÈhg le|jñks' fï w;r jdrfha
mqðfudaß u; fyKhla my;a úh'
Y%S ,xldfõ fukau fmare foaYfha o foaYmd,k{fhda uqo,g ish
wd;auh úlsKsu mqreolaj meje;=ks' mqðfudß fjkqfjka úmlaI
foaYmd,k{hska ñ,g .;af;a T;a;= fiajd m%OdkS fudkafgiSfkdaia h'
2000 jif¾§ tjeks w,a,ila u.ska úmdlaIsl foaYmd,k{hl=
ñ,§ .kakd wjia:djla ckudOHfõÈhl= úiska ùäfhda .; lr
úldYkh lrk ,§' fï fyK myr mqðfudaßf.a ckm%sh;ajh tljru
lv ìo oeïfï h' fudkfgiaáfkdaia wdhqO cdjdrïj,g iïnkaO njg
o oeka idlaIs fy<sorõ úh' Tyqf.a ld¾Hd,fha ;sî foaYmd,k{hska
ne,alafï,a lsÍug fhdod .;a ùäfhda mg ish .Kkdjla yuqod
lKavdhula úiska fidhd .kakd ,§' miqj fy<sorõ jQfha Tyq u;aøjH
cdjdrïj,g o iïnkaO ù isg we;s njhs' tmuKla fkdfõ' miqj
ikd: jQfha taldnoaO yuqod m%OdkS ksfldfmdia È ndß iy ckdêm;s
mqðfudaß mjd fuu u;aøjH cdjdru .ek oek isá nj hs'

ish ckm%sh;ajh ì|jefgkq ÿgq we,an¾f;da mqðfudaß ryia T;a;=

fiajdj úiqrejd yßk nj m%ldY fldg uyd ue;sjrKhlg Èk kshu
lf<a h' fudkafgiSfkdaia rg yer fjksishq,djg mek .sfha h' ta
miqmiskau mqðfudaß cmdkhg mek .sfha h' m%cd;ka;%jd§ n,fõ.
foaYmd,k fõÈldj w,a,d .ksñka isáfha h ish¿ w;S;
ieyeislïj,g idOdrKh b,a,d isáñks'
2001 n,hg m;a jQ kj wdKavqj mqðfudaß iy Tyqf.a ¥Is; ñkSure
l,a,shg tfrysj kS;suh mshjr Èh;a lf<a h' cmdkh mqðfudaß h<s
fmare foaYhg ndr §u m%;slafIam lf<a h' wk;=rej 2006 uyd
ue;sjrKhg ;rÕ lsÍu msKsi ;ud fmare rgg tk nj mqðfudaß
m%ldY lf<a h' Tyq Ñ,S rfgys § w;a wvx.=jg .eKqfka ta .ufka §
h' 1995 § w;sYh ckm%sh;ajhla N=la;s ú¢ mqðfudaß ovqjï ,eìh
hq;=hehs wo fmare foaYfha iEu mia fofkl=f.kau y;r fofkla
úYajdi lrhs'
2001 § fjksishq,dj fudkafgiSfkdaia w;a wvx.=jg f.k fmare rgg
ndr ÿkafka h' wo fukafgiaáfkdaia Tyq úiskau idojk ,o lef,d´
kï wêwdrlaIs; nkaOkd.drfhys úismia wõreÿ isr ovqjula
ú¢kafka ;j;a kvq .Kkdjla wikakg ;sìh § h' bka tla
fpdaokdjla kï 1998 § fn,rEia ráka ñ.a 29 hdkd ;=kla tll kshu
ñ, fvd,¾ ñ,shk 100la jk úg tllg fvd,¾ ñ,shk 300 ne.ska
f.jd ñ,§ .ekSu hs'
fudkafgiSfkdaia f.a >d;l lKavdhfï idudðlhl= jQ ú,u¾
T¾äfkda,d 2004 j¾Yfha § wfußldfõ j¾ðkshd kqjr § w;a
wvx.=jg .ekqks' fld,Skd >d;l lKavdhu úiska urd ouk ,o 7" 260
fofkl=f.a urK iïnkaOfhka T¾äfkda,d fpdaokd ,enqfõ h'

õ,äófrda fudkafgiSfkdaiaf.a i.hl= jQ 1998 iufha fmare ys wd¾:sl

weue;s jQ fʾ.a ndld o wd¾ckaàkdfõ ie.ù isáh § w,a,d
.kkd ,ÿj wo isákafka isr f.or h'
Ôú;dka;h olajd isrovqjula úÈk Èÿ,k udj; .ß,a,d kdhl
.=iaudka f.a isr f.or wi,ajeishd jkafka Tyq w;a wvx.=jg .ekSug
uQ,sl;ajh .;a nqoaê wxY m%OdkS fudkafgiaàfkda h' ta wi<u tjlg
ckdêm;s jQ mqðfudaß o w;S;h isyslrñka isr n;a lkjd we;'
mdvu( wkd.;h whs;s jkafka m%cd;ka;%jdohg h' thg l<la .;úh
yelsh' kuq;a m%cd;ka;%jdofha iy udkj ysñlïys ch.%yKh
iy;sl h'
iqkkao foaYm%sh