ACKlinckBarleyVariety

NepalExport
FinalEssay

Presenter:RebeccaWebster
StudentNumber:0925137
Section:2,Tuesday,8:3011:00

DueDate:December1st,2015
Course:AGR1110
INTRODUCTION
BRIEFDESCRIPTIONOFNEPAL
Nepalisasmallcountrywhenincomparisontothetwoverylargecountriesonits
borders,IndiaandChina.Itishometothelargestmountainsintheworldandisenriched
withculture.Ithasapproximatelythirtymillionpeople.Therearethreemajorlandtypes
inNepal,themountainregion,theflatlandsandhillsandtheTerairegion.TheTerai
regioniswheremostofthefarmingisdone,duetothemajorityofthecultivatedlandis
hereanditiswheremostofthepopulationlives.Nepalisapoorcountrythatneeds
inexpensivesolutionstoimprovetheiragricultureandnewtechnologiestobeableto
sustaintheiragriculture.
PRODUCTDESCRIPTION
TheproductbeingdevelopedforexporttoNepalisACKlinck,aCanadianmade
productthatwouldbebeneficialtoaplacelikeNepal.ACKlinckisaBarleyvariety,
developedby,TheEasternCanadaBarleyBreadingGroup,AgricultureandAgriFood
Canada.(SeCan.2009,November1)thisbarleyishighinprotein,duetobeingsixrow
barleyasapposedtotworowbarley,whichismoreusedforhumanconsumptionrather
thanfeedforlivestock.Whenselectingavarietyofbarleythereareanumberofcriteria
toconsiderfirst.Firstly,thevarietymustbeselectedwiththegrowingconditionsinmind
andwhatitwillbeusedforafterharvesting.ForACKlincktheprimegrowing
conditionsareinthespringfromApriltoJune,withcoolandwetgrowingconditionsthe

barleywillhaveabetteryield.ThesearetheconditionsinNepal,itrainsformostofthe
yearanddoesnotgettoohotortoocold.Secondly,makessurethevarietyhasagood
yield,ACKlinckhasthis.Lastly,itmusthavegoodresistance,soitcansurviveina
widerrangeofconditions.Thisvarietyissignificantlymoreresistanttolodgingthan
otherbarleyvarieties.Thisis
importantbecauseNepalexperiences
alotofrain,whichisamaincauseof
lodging.ACKlinckisalsovery
resistanttocoveredsmut,adisease
thatwilldestroybarleyifinfected.It
alsohasagoodkernelweightand
greatyield,thisisgoodbecausebuyingthisvarietywouldgivemoreyields,soitwould
beworththemoney.
WHERE/HOWPRODUCTISGROWN,PROCESSED
ACKlinckwasmadeinCanadaandisgrowninOntario.Itiscurrentlygrownin
threedifferentfarmsinOntario.Thefirstfarmis,MillerseedFarmsfrombathOntario.It
isasmallbusinessandemploysfewpeople;theygrowandproducetheACKlinck
variety.ThesecondfarmisBramhillSeedsLtd.fromPalmerstonOntario;asmallfamily
ownedandoperatedSeedCompany.LarryReaburnownsthethirdfarmfromWestmeath
Ontario,alsoafamilyownedandoperatedfarm.Allthreefarmsaresmalloperations
withfewemployees.TheseedaresentfromthesefarmstoNepalesefarms,andthenthey
aregrownandharvestedthereforfeedforlivestock.

ProcessinNepal:

Methods:Rollingistheprocesswheresomething,liketwolargerollers,crushes
thebarley,forNepalthiscouldbemanuallyhittingthebarleywitharockorwithacrank
systemthatrollsit.Thismethodlimitstheamountofsmallparticlesthatmightbeleft
withtheuseofothermethods.Thesesmallparticlescanleadtorespiratoryproblemsand
wouldbeawasteofthegrain.Rollingwouldbethebestmethodbecausetheywould
havethetoolstodoitandafterdoneitwouldbebetterforthedigestionthannotdoing
anythingtothegrainwouldbe.Therehavebeenstudieswheretheycomparedtheamount
ofdigestiblecontentinthegrainwhenitwaswholeandwhenitwasrolled;thestudy
showedaverysignificantdifferenceindigestiveefficiency.Inordertobeabletoprocess
thebarleyintheformofrolling,predominantlythewomenwouldhavetomanuallyroll
thegrain.Grindingiswhenthebarleyishitoverandoveruntilitisasmallenoughsize.
TodothisinNepaltheywouldneedahammermillortodoitmanually,whichwould
notbeworththeirtimeandeffort,itwouldalsoleavealotofdustparticles.Thereare
othermethodssuchaspelleting,popping,boiling,etc.however,thesemethodswouldnot
besuitedforNepalbecausetheytakelargemachineryandalotofmoneytostart.Ifthey
hadthetechnologyormachinerytoprocessthebarleyitwouldaidinthedigestionand
absorptionofnutrientsforthecow.Thisisduetothefactthatitisalreadyprocessed
somewhatandtheinsidesareexposed,tomakeforbetterdigestion.

Harvesting:
Manual
harvestingwouldbe
mainlythewomen;
usingaknifetheycut
thestockandthen
pickupthecropafter.
However,thiswould
takealotoftimeand
effort.Thegraincouldbeharvestedusingascythe.Thishandoperatedtooltakesalotof
labourbutismuchfasterthanharvestingthebarleybyhand.Anevenfasterandless
labourintensivewaytoharvestthegrainwouldbeamotorizedharvester.Itwouldbe
moreexpensivebutwouldsavealotoftime.Theharvesterresemblesaweedwhacker,
andwouldcutthegrain,leavingittobepickedup.
Cleaning:Thisprocessmaynotbenecessarytosomepeoplebecausethegrainis
goingtousedasfeedandnothumanconsumption.Also,ifthewholeplantisusedthen
thereisnoneedtocleanit.Thecheapestandeasiestwayofcleaningthegrainafter
harvestingthebarleyiswinnowing,whichistheprocessoflettingthewindremovethe
lighterthingsfromthegrain,suchassand.Thereisalsotheprocessofmechanized
cleaning.Whereawinnowerisapieceofequipmentthathasafanthatmakesanair
currentgothroughdifferentscreensfilteringoutthedebrisfromtheseeds.
ONCEOBTAINED

Thisvarietyofbarleywouldbeexportedforuseonfarmswherethecattlearekeptin
ashelterandnotleftforgrazing.Thecowscouldgrazesomeofthetimebutwouldbe
broughtinforthefeed.Thiswaythefarmercouldcontrolhowmuchfeedeachcowgets
basedonhowmuchmilktheyproduce.IfafarmerweretogrowACKlinck,theywould
needtointroducethefeedintotheirregularfeedinordertoproperlyadjusttheirbodiesto
thenewfeed.Oncethebarleyiseffectivelyinthefeed,itwillincreasemilkyield,
increasemusclemassandgivemorebenefitstothecattlethatwillinturnbenefitthe
farmer.
DIFFERENTBARLEYVARIETIESFROMCANADA

((n.d.).RetrievedNovember20,2015,from
http://www.gov.pe.ca/photos/original/AF_CerealGuid09)

ComparedtosomeoftheotherCanadiancompetingBarleyVarietiessuchasAC
Legend,ChapaisandACEncore,ACKlinckisinclosecompetitionwiththeother
options.Itisrelativelycloseinyieldonlylaggingbyaboutsixpercent;ithasthehighest
kernelweight,andhaslowthreshability.Whileitstillhasgoodlodgingresistanceitdoes
notresistasmuchasitcompetitors.Thiscouldbeduetothelargerkernelweightanda
greaterheight,makingitaheavierplantandmoresusceptibletolodgingandtaking
longertomature.ACLegendwouldbeaverygoodchoicewhenchoosingavarietyas
apposedtoACKlinckbecauseitisleadinginmostofthecategoriesthatmakeitagood
choice.
COST
Thispriceisverycomparablewithotherfeedsources.Barleyseedisinthe$200
$250rangepertonne,whereassomethinglikeflaxseedorsoybeansareinthe$400$500
rangepertonne.(AgricultureandAgriFoodCanada,June2015)Itisacheapercropbut
stillhasmanybenefitsthatarelistedpreviously.Sincethiscropwouldischeaperthan
othercrops,itwouldbegoodforNepal.Nepalneedsinexpensiveproductsandthisisone
ofthemostinexpensivecropstogrowthatalsoofferssomeverygoodbenefits.

NUTRITIONALNEEDSOFCATTLE

BeefCattle:Nutrientsfulfillspecificrolesinthegrowth,productionandmetabolism.
Therearesomespecificnutrientsthataremoreimportantthenothers.Cowsneedthe
nutrientenergysotheycandobasicfunctionslikeeatingandwalking;theygetitfrom
cellulose,whichisfoundinstarchesfromgrains,suchasACKlinck.Proteinisvery
importantforthecowsbody,itmakesupmostofthemuscle,thenervoussystemandthe
connectivetissue.Proteinsaremadefromaminoacids.ACKlinckisespeciallyhighin
protein,whichmakesitagoodchoiceforcattlefeed.Mineralsareneededforgrowth,
formationofbones,reproductionandotherfunctions.Macronutrientsthatareimportant
inthecowforvariousreasonsaresodium,calcium,phosphorus,magnesiumand
potassium.Adeficiencyinanyofthesenutrientscancauseanumberofissuesinthecow
suchas:poorgrowth,weaknessinbones,poorconceptionandbrittlebones.Also,there
arethreevitaminsthatareessentialforcattle,beefanddairy.Vitaminsthatare
detrimentaltobeefcattlearevitaminA,vitaminDandvitaminE.VitaminA,inneeded
forgrowthandreproduction.VitaminDisneededfordevelopmentofbones,thisis
especiallyimportantforasthecowsgetolder,becauselikeinhumans,thebonesbecome
morefragilewithage.VitaminEisneededinthedevelopmentofmuscletissue,without
thisthecowmaygetmusculardystrophy,mostcommonincalves.Typicallygrains
containalowamountoftheneededvitamins.ACKlinckhowevercontainsahigh
amountofvitaminAunlikeotherbarleyvarieties.ItalsocontainsvitaminDandE,but
notinsuchhighquantities.
DairyCattle:Proteinisanimportantnutrientfordairycattleintheformationof
theirmuscles.Itisalsoimportantforapregnantcowtohaveproteinfortheformationof

thecalf.Dairycattlerequiresprettymuchthesamevitaminsandmineralsasthebeef
cows,exceptforcalcium.Thedairycowneedsmorecalciumfortheproductionofmilk,
becausemilkisveryhighincalcium.
InastudydonefortheDairyJournal,theyassesstheeffectsoffeedingdifferent
amountsofbarleytodairycowtoseehowiteffectstheirlactation.Forcowsthatwere
fedadietwithnograinhadamilkyieldofabout27kilogramsperday.Cowsthatwere
fedahighergraindietof30%yielded2829kilogramsperday,aslightincrease.Cows
thatwerefeda45%barleydietyielded31kilogramsperday.Thisisa4kilogramperday
increasefromanograindiet.ThiscouldbenefitthedairyfarmsinNepalbycreatinga
greateryieldofmilkperdaybyjustintroducingbarleyintothedietsoftheircows.
(Emmanuel,D.G.V.,Dunn,S.M.,&Ametaj,B.N.(2008).Feedinghighproportionsof
barleygrainstimulatesaninflammatoryresponseindairycows.JournalofDairy
Science,91(2),606614)
HOWISTHISPRODUCTREQUIRED
Thereisaratioofabout4cattle/buffaloperpersoninNepal,(Sharma,B.,&
Banskota,K.(n.d.).SmallholderDairyFarminginNepal.)Thustherearealotofcattleto
befed.Becauseoftheamountofcattlethereisalwaysademandforfeed,especially
whenitwillmaketheircowsgrowlarger,havegreateryieldsandbehealthier.Having
biggerandhealthieranimalswillhelptheNepalpeoplemakemoreofaprofitandmoreif
ayieldofftheircattlebecausetheywilleitherproducemoremilkiftheyaredairycattle
orcontainmoremeatiftheyarebeefcattle.

ACKlinckisaveryadaptablecrop,thecropwouldneedtobeadaptablebecause
Nepalisaveryhillyregionsothesoilmaynotbeveryconsistentalso;itisverywetin
Nepalbecauseitrainsalotofthetime,sothecropwouldneedtobeabletogrowunder
theseconditions,whichACKlinckis.
POTENTIALPROBLEMS
Oneproblemthatcouldariseduringthisexportisthat,aftergettingthiscropfrom
CanadathepeopleinNepalcouldpotentiallystartdryingoutthebarleyvariety
themselves.Theyuseatechniqueofdryingtheseedsontheirroofs,sotheyhavethe
capabilityofdryingouttheseedssothiscouldbebadfortheCanadianexport.Itwill
decreaseindemandduetothefactthatnowtheNepalesecanmakeitthemselves.
Wheretostorethegrainafteritisharvestedisabigissue.ItcanbeverywetinNepal
andifthegrainiswetitcancauseformouldsanddiseaseinthefeed.Thefarmerswould
needsomewheretostorethefeedthatisoffthegroundandcoveredsotheleastamount
ofmoisturewouldgettoit.
Anotherproblemthatcouldariseisthattherewouldhavetobeinitialtestsofthecrop
growinginNepaltoseeifitwouldinfactadapttotheclimateandothergrowing
conditionsthatareapparentinNepal.ifthetestdidnotgowellthenperhapsotherstudies
ofdifferentbarleyvarietieswouldallowtheproductofbarleytobeexportedfrom
CanadatoNepalthesetestwouldcostevenmoremoneyduetothefactthataresearcher
wouldhavetogotoNepal,findasuitableplacetogrowthebarley,monitorituntilitis
fullygrownandruntesttoseeiftheconditionsinNepalalteredtheNutritionalcontentor

anythingelseaboutthecrop.Ifthecroppassedalltheteststhenitcouldpossiblybe
exported.Thisisalong,butnecessaryprocess.
HOWWILLTHEWHOLEPLANTBEUSED
Thewholeplantwouldbeusedafterharvesting.Theseedswouldberemoved,most
likelybythewomenandwhatisleft,thestraw,wouldbeusedasbeddingforthe
livestock.Thiswouldmaketheplantmoreusefulandintheendtherewouldbenoexcess
wastefromthecrop.
BENEFITSTOCANADA
ExportingisalwaysbeneficialtoCanada;exportingACKlinckwouldhelpthe
economybyexportingthisproduct.ItalsocreatestieswithNepalforfutureimportand
exportopportunities.Thisproductwillalsohelpthesmallfarmsthatgrowitbygiving
thenaprofit.Moreandmoresmallfarmsarenotmakingenoughmoneytosustaintheir
families;ACKlinckwillbringinanincomeforthesefamilies.Likeanyproduct,it
requirestransportation;thiswouldgivemoreemploymenttotransportationcompanies.
TRANSPORTATION/COST

Inordertopreventthebarleyfromgettingmouldyduringshippingandwhenit

hasarrivedatthelocationtheproducersshouldpredrythebarley,toreduceitsmoisture
content.Thebarleydoenotneedtobeventilatedduringshippingwhenthemoisture
contentisbelow15%,ifabove15%itshouldbeventilated.Ventilationwouldonlybe
requiredifthebarleywasnotprepackagedinCanada,ifnotprepackagedthenitwould
needtobereadytobepackagedinNepal.ThecompanyBARRAGwillshipfrom
CalgaryorVancouverviafreight.Itcosts$120$150/mt(metrictonne=1000kg).

Thisincludespackaging(Youcanloadbulk1921mtin20containeror2627mtin40
container.Ifyouareshippinglargevolume(minimum5000mt)thenyoucansave
US$2040/mtonshippingcost.).Itcosts$4060/mttypicallytodeliverittoaloading
areafromOntario.(Barragshippingcompany,ssakamoto@barrag.com,info@barr
ag.com)Thecostsreallydependonhowmusttheproductisindemand.Iftheproduct
weretoworkwellforthefirstshipmentofpeoplethenperhapsthenextyearwould
demandmore.Pricesarealwaysfluctuatingduetofuelcostandotherfactorssoitis
difficulttogetexactnumbers.
BENEFITSTONEPAL
ThisproductcouldbenefitNepalinvariousways.Importsandexportscreatejobs.
ForNepal,whentheyimportACKlinckitcreatesjobsforthem,becausepeoplehaveto
selltheproduct,peoplehavetotransfertheproductandifitispackagedinNepalthen
thatwouldcreatejobsinthefactories.ACKlinckisalsobeneficialtothefarmersforthe
multiplereasonsmentionedpreviously.Betterlivestockyieldwouldbenefitthem
greatly.TheACKlinckvarietycansurviveinadrought,sointhehillregionswherethey
canhavedrought,thecropwillsurvive.Becausethecropisalreadyinfusedwithsome
pesticides,itwillbenefittheNepalpeopleforhealthreasons;whentheyareoverexposed
topesticidesitcancausemanyhealthprobems.Also,bytradingwithCanadatheyare
creatingties,sowhenCanadaisimportingfromsomewheretheywillthinkofNepaland
importfromthem.
ISITAFFORDABLE

Intheendwithallthefactorsbeingevaluated,thecostmaybetooexpensivefor
theNepalesefarmers.
Shipping$150(CalgarytoNepal)+$60(transporttoloadingstation)+$250(production)
+Packaging=alltogetheritwouldprobablycostaround$500pertonne.
Thispriceisnotoutrageousbuttheremoreimportantandusefulthingstheycoulduse
thismoneyon.
REGIONAL/GLOBALCOMPETITION
ThereareotherseedcompaniesthatshiptoNepalthatwouldbeincompetition
withthisexport.TwooftheleadingexporterstoNepalforseedsareKingsSeedfromthe
UnitedKingdomandPlantsman'sSeedsfromIndia.Indiaisespeciallyahighexporterof
goods,sotheymaybethebiggestcompetition.
ThereisevencompetitioninNepal,therearevariouscompaniessuchas,The
NationalSeedCompanyLtd.itisalargecompanyinNepal.Itisevenbasedoutofthe
capitalcityKathmandu.AndforthepeopleofNepal,companiessuchasthisaremuch
closertohome.ThefarmersinNepalmightwanttosupporttheirlocalcompanyrather
thenacompanyfarfromthem.ThisiswhyitisimportantthatthepriceofACKlinckis
comparablewiththatofotherproductstheycouldgetclosertohome.
RECOMENATIONS
Alongwithagoodproduct,thereneedstobegoodadvertising.Withoutadvertising
peoplewouldnotknowwhattheproductiscapableofandtheywouldnotknowhowit
couldbenefitthem.Itwouldalsobebeneficialtohavesomeonethatiseducatedinthe
benefitsofACKlinck,sotheycanexplaintothepeopleinterestedinbuyingtheproduct

howitwouldbegoodfortheirfarms.So,afuturesteptoexportingACKlincktoNepal
wouldbetohavesomeonewithknowledgeinmarketingtomaketheproductsell.Thisis
importantinanyproductthatislookingtobesold.
CONCLUTION
AlthoughACKlinkisagreatproductandhasmanygreatbenefits,ingrowing,
resistanceandthecontentthatitholdsforcattle,itmaynotbethebestproductforNepal.
NepalhaslargerproblemswithitsagriculturethanACKlinckcanfix.Allthisvariety
giveisaslightincreaseintheyieldoftheircattle.Allinallitisnotworththecostortime
tosendthisproducttoNepal.WithallthingssaidifNepalhadthemoneytospendon
smallthingslikechangingtheirfeedtohelpimprovetheirfarmsslightlythenIwould
recommendit.

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