..

..

() 2011 . ..

519.7
:

., ..-.., ..

..
. - .: .. , 2012. 66 .
,
. ..
. ,
,
.

.. .

. ..

.
2012 ..

.
.. .

1. . ....................................6
1

................................................................................................................................6
1.1

............................................................................................................6

1.2

..................................................................................................6

1.3

.........................................................7

......................................................................................................9
2.1
2.1.1
2.2

, .....................................................................................................9
...............................................................................................................................................9
...................................................................................................................11

() ....................................................................14
3.1.1

......................................................................................................................16

3.1.2

......................................................................................................................18

3.2

() ..........................................19

3.2.1

.........................................................................19

3.2.2

............................................................................................................22

2. ................................................................................25
4

. . ...............25
4.1.1

..............................................................................................................25

4.1.2

.............................................................................................................26

4.1.3

..................................................................................................30

. .................................................................................33
5.1.1

.....................................................................................................................33

5.1.2 ..................................................................................................................33
.
.. .

4
6

...............................................................................................................36

....................................................................................................38
7.1

().....................................................................................38

7.2

...............................................................................................38

7.3

............................................................................39

7.3.1
7.4
8

. ...............................................................39
.............................................................40

......................................................................41

3. . .......................43
9

......................................................................43
9.1
9.1.1
9.2

.......................................................................................................43
.......................................................................................46
..........47

9.2.1

.................................................................................................47

9.2.2

, .............................................................48

9.2.3

............................................................................................................................................51
9.2.4

...................................................................52

9.3

. .................................54

9.4

.................................................................56

9.5

, . ..................................57

9.5.1

.............................................................................................................................57

9.5.2

................................................................................................................................61

10

...............................................................................................64

11

............................................................................................66

.
.. .

.
.. .

1. . .
1
1.1

, ,
, .
, ,
.

1.2

- ,
,
.
, ,
, , , .
3-4 . ,
. , ,
. ,
, .
,
, , ,
, , . :
, , . ,
.
.
, , ,
.
.. .

7
. ,
, .

1.3

? ,
, , ,
.
. ,
.
, . , : , ,
, .. .
, . : ,
- . - ,
, , .
, , : ,
, , .
,
.
, , ,
, .
:
1. ;
2. ;
3. ;
4. ;
5. .
.
.
. ,
. , , ,
.
.. .

8

, . , ,
.
, , ,
.
.
: , , ,
, . ,
, ,
.
70- 80- (. Computer
Science). , ,
. ,
,
.
,
, .
. ,
, ,
.
,
, , ,
.
, ,
,
, ,
( ),
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
.. .

9

. ,
, , .

: .

2.1

.
- .

2.1.1

, - , , . , , -
- . ,
(, ..) -.
: ,
, ..
, .
, , ,

. , .
() .
.
? :
,
. .

.
.. .

10
.
, :
,
.
, .
.
, [1] , , .
[2] , .
,
.
[4]
. .

;
. , (F,c) , F
, , c - , F
. x* F,
c(x*) , , , .
, . ,
, , , .
F. , .
, :
. .
, F , (. [2])
c(x*) , . (. [4]).
:
. .
, ,
.

.
.. .

11
2.2

.
,
, .
.
[2] , . - ,
. "" ,
, . " "
(, ),
.
"" ""
( ). "",
.
"" - "" ,
Z?
, "" ,
"" .
,
. ,
.
, ,
.
30- .
. .
, , (), () .
"" ,
( , ). - .
, .

.
.. .

12
,
. - .
A - B. , A,
A. , B,
A.
, , , 0 1. ai
A={a1,,an,} : ai =011...10, 1
n .
() ""
, x1,,xn = X.
Y.
. ,
, f(x1,,xn)=f(X)=Y.

(, ) .
() B C BC :
(), .
, A, x1,,xn
A f(x1,,xn) A.
, A, x1,
,xn A f(x1,,xn) A.
. ,
, , P
(P).
.
A.
(P)(P) P A,
A.
.
.. .

13
(P)(P) P A , (P)
(P) A,
A.

.
"
"
() . , ,
, , , , .
, , , ,
. (, 5
2). , , .
.
. , Z
A. A*.
. ,
Z.
, .
, .
,
. , :
.
- ( ) .
, .
.

() .

, , ,
.. , .
.
.. .

14
, ,
.
, ().
,
.
. .
, . (,
.)
.

, ..

b1 , b2 , b3 , , bk

j1 , j 2 , j3 , , j S

b1b2 b3 bk j1 j 2 j3 j S

,
, .
.
H(),
( ) .
- .
, .
, =().
, .
, ,
, , =().
:
1. .
.
.
. ( .)

.
.. .

15
2. . ,
,
. =() . (
.)
,

, , ,
. : , ,
, , .., :
, , ..
,
, .
, ,
. .
, ( ) - .
, B , I(B),
I(I(B)) .. ,
.
B I ( B) I ( I ( B))
I ( I ( I ( B)))

. l() ||.

3.1.1

.

n (), , .
.
.. .

16
) = 0110 (n 1 0 ) =(0,1). l()
( ) n+2;
) = a1a2ak =(0,1,,9). lgn.
) ( ) = a1p1
a2p2akpk, ( a1 ak ).
:

(log a + log p )
i

i 1

a1 an , ,
lg n +

log a

i 1

M , M=

lg n + lg m +

i 1

j 1

a11 ... a1n

... ... ...
am1 ... amn

loga

ij

G = (V, E) .
V, E. |V| = n, |E| = m.
, , ( )
) {(i1, j1), (i2, j2), , (im, jm)}.
) (), 1, 2,, n.

(i11...ik11 ), (i12 ...ik22 ),

1

... ,
...

(i1n ...iknn )
n

)
.
.. .

17
A = | aij |mn ,

1, (i, j ) E
aij
0, (i, j ) E

, , , ;.
l() :
) 4n + 10m l() 4n + 10m + (n+2n).
) 2n + 8m l() 2n + 8m + 2log n.
) l() = n2 n 1 .
.
1

2
1) (1 2), (1 5), (2 3), (3 4), (2 4), (5 3)
3

5
4

3.1.2

2) (2 4 5), (3 4), (4 5)
3)

0
1
0
1

1
0
1
0

0
1
0
1

1
1
1
0

1
0
1
0

.
. ( ) .
, = (). = ().
.
. .
( )
(, , ).
.
. .
.
.
.. .

18
( ) ,
.
. . ,
, . ,
( N
, ), (. )
. ) n )
.
"" .
""
.
.
.
, , .
.
S(n) R(n) ,
Q(x) P(x) , n S(n)P(R(n)) R(n)Q(S(n)).
S R "" Z.
I S(I) R(I).
.
.

3.2

() .

. ( ,
).
.
= (1, , n) B = (b1, , bq).
=() .
.
.. .

19
, .
.

3.2.1

x - A.
n Bn.
K(x) x, B?
, .
: , .
. .
Bn ( ,
):
0, 1, 00, 01, 11, 000, 001

(*)

1, (). ( ()
). 1, 2 = F(T1, ). m
( (*) x , K(x)m. ( T2 (*)
1.) , m , m
x. m l(m)=log m, K(x) .
, K(x)log m.
.
.
, .
.
, ,
, .
, , , . (
, .)
.
.. .

20

.
.
.
,
.

. .
, ,
.
, n
log|n| +1 . . ,
.
,
.
T ( T) I tT(I).
tT(n) |I| I.
" " :

t T (n) max tT ( I ).
I :|I |n

I , |I|n.
.
, , ,
.
. : .
n n+1 *1...1*, n+3.
, lgn. n.
log2n. .
.
.. .

21
. 2n
, ,
. n 2n log2n. .
, , ..
, .

3.2.2

,
.

s1
sm
p1

pk

s1,,sm (, , ..),
, .. .
, , .
, ()
, .

Df .

,
,

x .

.
.. .

22
,

.
:
1. :

=(0,1);

2. :
3. :
4. :

;
;
.

, ,
(si)=( 1, , k)

i 1, si p j

0,
. s1 sn .
:
1.
2.
3.

4. p4 pn .

.

a11 ... ...

T ( A) ... ... ...
... ... amn

m n

. - T(A) , ,
, .

.
.. .

23
.
.
.
, .
.
t(A).
T(A) (
), ,
. . ,
?
.
, , ,
, , ,
, .

.
, ,
. ( .
).
.
t(A)log m.
,
. , ,
m log m.
. () ,
, ,

t(A)=log m.

.
.. .

24
, ,
, .
.

Cn[n / 2 ]

. ,
.
. ,
.

2. .
4

. .
.

() .

, .

4.1.1

= (0,1) B = (0,1,,9,*). * .
.
, ,
.
.

(0,1) .

, .
.

.
.. .

25
S , x1, x2,, S - xS.
=()=* x1* x2** xS .
.
.

l ( ) 1 + log xi
i 1

. n-
~ 1
l n
2

l ( )

B n

n.

.
.

n
l ( S ) 1 + S log
S

.
x + x2 + + xS
n
l ( ) 1 + log xi 1 + x1 x2 xS 1 + S log 1
1 + S log
S
S

n r 1
~ 1
1
l n l ( ) 1 + n k
ln r
2 B n
2 k 1 r 1 k r
n

.
S const , l ( ) log n
S kn k 1 l ( ) S n

,
, .

.
.. .

26
, :

, .

4.1.2

,
= (1, , n) B = (b1, , bq).
. ai A Bi= (ai)
B li.
,

, ..

( )
( )

, , ,
. ,
( ) .
( A) .
, Bi= (ai) .
, .
, .
.
.. .

27
4.1.2.1 .

. l1, , lm ,
:
m

li

1.

i 1

. = (1, , n) B = (b1, , bq). ai A

Bi= (ai) B li.
m

Z q l i q

B1

+q

B2

+ ... + q

Bm

i 1

l max li

. Z n,

i 1,..., m

Zn

(| Bi1 || Bi2 |... |Bin |)

1i1 ...in n

nl

S ( n, t ) q t
i 1

S(n, t) t Bi1Bi2Bin. ,
, t q
qt ,
S(n, t)

qt.
, n , l 0, .

nl

Z n q t q t nl
i 1

n, , Z , ..
n

Z n nl Z 1 q l 1
i 1

.
.. .

28
4.1.2.2 .

. , ( )
, =.
.
. ,
.
. .
: : () = Bi1Bi2Bin, () = Bj1Bj2Bjn).
, () = () = .
Bi1Bi2Bin = Bj1Bj2Bjn
, ,
( Bi= (ai)
. Bi1 = Bj1 , Bi2 Bj2 ..
Bi1 Bj1 , , Bi1Bi2Bin
= Bj1Bj2Bjn. , : Bi1 Bj1 ,
.
, = .
.
.
. ()
. , , Bi= (ai), Bi= (ai) ai
, (). ,
. ..
, , -
, () .
.

.
.. .

29
( ). l1 ln
,
n

.
li

1 ()

i 1

. .. , .
, . ,
. , .. Bi= (ai).

l max li

. l1 ln S1 , S2 , S3 .. Sl

i 1,..., m

l. Si . Bi= (ai) .
B1 = |l1| = 1
B2 = |l2| = 1

S1 1

BS1 = |lS1| = 1
B S1+1 = |l S1+1| = 2
S2 2

:
n

q
i 1

li

1 1
1
1
1
1
... 2 ... 2 3 ...
q q
q q
q
q

S1

S2

S3

.
: S1 B .
, : S1/q 1,
, S1 q. .
.
.. .

30
: S1/q + S2/q 1 . S1q + S2 q2 ,
S2 q2 s1q. S2 2 B ,
. .
: ,
. ,
, S1/q + S2/q + S3 / q 1. , S3 q3 qS2 q2S1.
l .
.

4.1.3

=(0,1,,9) B= (0,1).
,
. 50-
.
, (, ) ,
, , .
.
, , ,
.
, .
n > 1, n BIN(n) = 1n, i

{0, 1}. (, BIN(30) =

11110, BIN(75) = 1001011). , k = |BIN(n)| = [log n] + 1. B(n) n

. (, B(30) = 1110, B(75) = 001011). |B(n)| = [log n].

4.1.3.1 .

n El (n). El (0) = 10, El (1) = 11.

.
.. .

31
n > 1. El (n)= 000 BIN([log n]+1) B(n), 000 , ,
, 0 .
BIN([log n]+1) [log (BIN([log n]+1)].
:
El(5) = 0 10101
El(75) = 00 110001011
log n
log (log n)+1
log (log n)

. |El(n)| log n + 2 log (log n) + 3.

. .
: El (n) El (m). 1,
0, 1. . n, m 1,
: El(n) = 1k, El(m) = 1S ( k s). 0,
, 0, . (
.) El (n) El (m).
, . , .
, m=n. n m. , mn
B(n) B(m).
.

4.1.3.2

0(n) = [log n]. k0(n) = 0 (k-10(n)) = [log[log n]].

n S , : S0(n) = 0, S-10(n) = 1.
Lev(0)=0, Lev(1) =10.

n > 1.

Lev(n) = 1110 B(S-20(n))B(0(n))B(n), 1110 S .

.
.. .

32
:
|Lev(n)| = log n + log log n + o(log log n).
:
:
Lev(75) = 11110
B( 0

0
(0(n))

10
B(0(n))

001011
B(n)

0 (75) 6
0 2 (75) 2
03 (75) 1
0 4 (75) 0
S=4

. .

5.1.1

{S1.........S n } S

M ( S ) log 2 S

,
, .
. -
, . M(2)=1.
, ,
.
.

.
.. .

33
5.1.2

( ) .

5.1.2.1 : .

. ,
A=(a1an) p1pn. .
A
a1
a
2

...

an

p1
p2
pn

pi 0

ai pi. pi ,
.
, .
, .
. ,
.

5.1.2.2

. ( )
H(A) =

1
pi log

pi
i 1

.
.. .

34
5.1.2.3 .

, .

1
pi
n

, H(A) = log n , n .

, ,
.
.
,
.
. 1n , i>0 ,

f(x) .
n

i 1

f ( xi ) f ( i xi ).
i 1

:
n

i 1

i 1

i f ( xi ) f ( i xi ).
: , A = (a1an)
p1pn,
H(A) =

p log p
i 1

log n

. f(x) = -x log x. f(x) = - log x 1/ln2 f(x) = - 1/x ,

x 0 f(x) . :
n

i 1

i 1

i f ( xi ) f ( i xi ).
.
.. .

35
1n , i>0 ,

i f ( x) f

x
i 1

i i

ai = 1/n, xi = pi ,i=1,,n.
H(A) =
n

pi log
i 1

n
1
1

n f ( pi ) nf
pi
i 1 n

i 1

pi
1
n

i 1

pi

pi
log
n

pi

log n

i 1

, .
= (1, , n),
. ( ai A
Bi= (ai) li B = (b1, , bq)).
?

i 1

1 n
li
n i 1

, .

.
.. .

36

C ( A) pi li
i 1

B , A
. ( ).

C ( A) min C ( A)

(
A B p1pn). (
).
C(A), .
( )
.
.
H ( A)
H ( A)
C ( A)
1
log q
log q

.
1) :
H ( A)
C ( A)
log q

i=1,..,n.
ln x

x 1,

log x

log e(x 1), .

q li
1
1
q li
pi log p log q pi li pi log p li log q pi p log e pi p 1
i
i
i
i

log e q l p i
i

q li 1

.
.. .

pi 1

).

37
2)
( -).
C(A), C(A).
.

li

1
log
pi

log q

( ()).

, .

q li 1

1
log p
i

log q

1
pi

log q
log

pi 1

log q pi

,
. C(A) .
C(A) =

pi li pi

1
log
pi
H ( A)

1
log q log q

.

()

7
7.1

()

() + 1.

().

( ) .
, .
.
.. .

38
, .
, .
,
( , ,
).
0, 1.
, .
.

7.2

, -.
. (
q q- ). :
1, 0.
. ,
.
(), .
.
. , ,
. .

7.3

, .
, . ,
.
,
.
.
.. .

39
7.3.1

. .

4.2.1
. .
, tT(n) f(n)-, tT(n)f(n).
, () (.. f(n) ) () (f(n) ).
k .
, .. O(2k).
.
- . -
(. ) v ( ), ,
, u
( ).
, . k, v u
, u>v. -
.

7.4

() .
. , , ,
.
( *). 0 1.
, ,
, .. . , ,
, . ,
, .
.
.. .

40
, , ,
.
:
1
2

- .

0, 1

0, 1

a ) Wi W j

0, 1 U Wi :

Wi [0,1]
) U
i 1

i 1

Wi

.
4

Ti Wi

1) 2 p Wi

k
2) k
p
2
3)

p k. ,
.
,
.
.
1: , . 1
. .
2: ,
. . ..

.
.. .

41

- .
A, k A.
.
. H(AAA) Hk(A).
Ck(A). ,
C(A) C(A) Ck(A)/k.
(5) , H(A)= Hk(A)/k.

Ck(A) 1 Hk(A)/logq Ck(A)

Ck(A)/k 1/k H(A)/logq Ck(A)/k.
k , H(A)/logq Ck(A).
().
, .
. > 0 N , N
> N |C(A) H(A)| < .
C(A) - . (,
.)
.
.
- Vc .
, H() .
vc = Vc H(X).
, ( ).

.
.

.. .

42

: .
, vk < Vc log n,
, max H() = log n.
, vk Vc log n, .
. ( ). A H(A) v
:
1) v > Vc H(X).
2) , > 0 v< Vc
H(X) + .
, ( 8.3.1).
,
.
() .

3. .
.
9

F
F-1

%
II

F (% )

.. .

F * (% )

II

43

a1
...
an

a1
...
an

, .. ( I )
( I) , , - .
( ) ( II )
( II). .
.
.

9.1

1)
P

1
1-P

1
1-P

P > 1/2

P
1

, , : 0 1.
, .
P>1/2. ( p=1-P.
, . , p=1/2. , ,
p>1/2, 0 1. , p=1/2
. :
0 1.
2)
P
1

1-P

1-Q

.
Q
.. .

44
P > 1/2, Q > 1/2
0

3)
P
1

1
1-P
x

1-P
P
0

:
11011, p = 4/5
: 11001
: 1101.
. ,
, 0 1 ,
x. ,
( ).
.
, . ,
.
4) .
P
1

1
1-P

1-P
.

.. .

45
0

:
11011, p = 4/5
: 11001
: 1101.
:
.
, , , q .
,
.
Bn - n.
. C

C Bn

M C.
.
.
C(p) = 1 H(p)
1
1
H ( p) p log (1 p) log
p
1 p

- .

p=1/2 ,
( ), .
.

log M
V (C )
n

.
.. .

46
9.1.1

.
.
.
C, =(1,2,,n) .

w( ) i i
i 1

. Cnk Bn , w()=0 (mod k).

. Cnk k>n-2.
. . =( 1, 2,, n-1)
n-1. N1 N0 . , 0,
w()-w()= N1, , 1, w()-w()= N -N0 .
0w()-w()N<k.
w() mod k . , w()=0 (mod
k) w()-w()= . N1||< N -N0, ||
. || , 0 ,
. 1 , n- .
.
.
=110100 , =10100. : || =2, w()=4,
=3. || < , ,
n- 1.
. ,
( ) 0 1. k2n
.
,
.

.
.. .

47
. ,
.
n p l.
k .
: ,
. ,
.
, (Ack Nac) OSI
. ( ,
.
.)

9.2

9.2.1

p (p < 1/2).
, ,
0<p <1/2.
Biai

(0,1)
a1
...
aM

B1
...
BM

Bi

F(Bi)

F(Bi)

0<p<1/2
C

.
.. .

F-1(Bi)

48
9.2.2

, .

( ), .
.

( x, y )

|x| -

x, y B
x Bn

- x y.

( x). ,

( x, y ) | x y |
.

d (c) min ( x, y)

x y
x , yC

. (n,M,d)- C, , |C| = M, C = {xi}, xi Bn, d(C) = d.

. . (
.)
:
1. .
pn < pn-1(1-p) < pn-2(1-p)2 < <(1-p)n

(*)

, k , s
s>k.
2. .
,
, .
(, ..)
,
. , , ,
, . ,
,
.
.
.. .

49
, . ( Bn).
,
k (k<n). n.
(n-k) .
, (n-k) ,
, k .
.
, , .
, ,
, - . ,
, , .
.
, , , , - ,
. k. ,
k, .. Bk,
M=2k . Bk Bn.
.
Bk 1,2,,M, Bn
( ) x1,x2,,xM.
. , Bk Bn
.
,
: , ,
..
. ,
(i)=xi, ( ), -1(xi)= i .
, . ,
xi - Yi (
Bn).
.
.. .

50
. ,
Yi i. .
() ,
. ( ).
,
: , - - (-),
..
, ( ),
.
. , n=10
, p=1/3 (
, 3).
p=1/1000, . ,
.

9.2.3

.
Bn, 2n .

x
d

x2

M < 2n

x3

,
t , .

pn < pn-1(1-p) < pn-2(1-p)2 < <(1-p)n

(*) , p < 1/2.

.
.. .

(*)

51
, , , , ,
.. .
Yi. d xi 1
, xi ,
Yi xi

2 ..
3 :
1) Yi xi , d ,
;
i
i
(x ,Y ) d
2) Yi ,

j; (
(x j ,Y i ) d

Yi - xj).

3)

(x j ,Y i ) d

( , ).

, Yi xi. , Yi xj, .
Yi xj, .
.
.
, ,
.
.
, , , p=2q+1
>1 . (0
1). .
, a = 11 11|10|11|00|11|11|11 7 .
6 1 1 0

5 1 2 0

a = 1.
a = 11.

.
.. .

52
9.2.4

( )
.
.
, , .
. Bn,
d . Bn
- . (:
; ; ,
, .)
:
, .

:
C: a = 11 x1 = 11000
b = 00 x2 = 00110
c = 10 x3 = 10011
d = 01 x4 = 01101
.
11000
11001
11010
11100

00110

10011

01101

10010

01100

00100

10001

01111

00010

10000

00111

01110

10111
11011

01001

00101

.
.. .

53
01000

10110

00011

11101

11110

00000

01011

10101

01010

10100

11111

00001

B5

x1

x2

x3

x4

Y B5

C (5,4,3)-

|B5| = 32 . ,
=1 ( ).
, , =2
.
,
.
, ,
. , ,
.

9.3

. .

, (n,M,d)- , , -
, - .
(5,4,3)- .
, , , (5,4,5)- , (5,4, d)-
7 , 2, (5,4,5)-, 15
.

.
.. .

54
,
.
.
. , t ,
,
t .
. (n,M,d)-

d 1
2

.
, .
. , t , ,
t , .
. (n,M,d)-

(d 1)

( )

A(n, 2t 1)

2n
t

C
i 0

i
n

( )

A(n, d ) 2nd 1
(-)
A(n,2t+1)

2n

2t

i
n

i 1

()

A(n, d )

2d
2d n

(2d n)

.
.. .

55
, k/n
d/2n. ( , , ,
[9]).
k/n
1

0.9
0.8

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1

d/2n
0

0.1

0.156

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

, , : - , - , - .
,
, .
,
.

.
.. .

56
9.4

. (
). . (
.).

k . ,
, 2k .
log 2k k
V (C )

n
n

- .

C(p) = 1 H(p) ( ,
).

. , ,
.
( ,
), .
Pc = 1\M P(x) C.
, Pc = 1\M P(x) C.
M Bn:

M
2n

L .
P*(M, n, p) = min Pc, L.
P*(M, n, p) ,
.
. R: 0 < R < C(), M=2[nR], :
P*(M, n, P) 0, n .

.
.. .

57
, , >0
V(C)< 1- H(p) .
, . ,

. ,
, , ,
.
, R>C(p) ? .
. ( .) R: R > C()>0, M=2[nR],
C, :
PcM,n,p)

1.

9.5

9.5.1

, . .

C , Bn.
.
.: C Bn (), , C: + C.

, .
, .
: Bn ; C

Bn, , C: + C . ,

, C Bn.
dimC =k, |C| = 2k. : C , d(c) = min || ( , 0).

.
.. .

58
2 : G , H .

1
G 2
.......
( )
C. C: G. dimC = k, G

k .
( ) C ,
H.
.: * Bn C, , : *, ,

= 0.
dimC = k, dimC* = n k. H * *
H . ( .)
: ,

HT = 0.

: .
dimC = n 1, dimH = 1, H = (111)1xn

1
G 1

.
1

1 0 ... 0

0 1 ... 0
. . ... .

. . . .
0 0 ... 1
( n 1)n

.
:
1) .
2) .
.
.. .

59
3) .
4) .
.: C D , G(C) G(D)
.
: ,

()

G (C ') [ IP]

1 0 ...
0 1 ...

. . .
0 ... 1
Ikk

H (C ') [ PT I ]

PT

Pk ( n k )

1 0 ... 0
0 1 ... 0

. . . .

0 0 ... 1

nk

nk

.: ( ) .

I k k

Pk ( n k )

. (. 10.2.2).
(n k). H(C) (n k) , ,
: 1- 100, 2- 010 ..
: H
. Bk, , n-k

.

, n2n (2n ).
, .

.
.. .

60
.
, ..
2n-k+2k . , Bk Bn .
,
, , , .
.

.
.:
S = HT.
( n k ) , Sy B n
(n k ) .
, yHT
= 0,
. Sy 0 , .
. Sy
H , .
. U , V=U+ e, e
.
, .
.
. u v ,
.
. d(C) = d, , (d 1)
H -.

.
.. .

61
9.5.2

,
.
,
. , , ,
, .
C 2n.
.
m . m x (2m-1).

H 0

2m 1

... ... ...

1

m,
. , ,
.
d = 3.
, .
.
y.
y :
1. . S = y HT=0.
2. . () ,
,
, . ,

3. . .
:
.
.. .

62
m = 3, n = 23 1 = 7, k = 4. (

3 , 5 , 6 , 7

).

1 0 1 0 1 0 1

H 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 1

1 3 5 7 0 1 3 5 7

2 3 6 7 0 2 3 6 7
0
5
6
7
4
5
6
7
4

U = 1100 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
U , U , 3 :
1. , U ' U UH T 0
1

2. 1 oa ( 5 ), U ' 0111000, S 0 5 ( , . .)
1

0

3. 2 o ( 1 5 ), U ' 1111000, S 0 4 (. )
1

0

0
1

0
1

.
n = 2m 1. m = log (n + 1).
2m 1 - m. , |C| |C| = 2n / (1 +
n).
, 1 + n,
:
A(n, 2t 1)

2n
t

C
i 0

.
.. .

i
n

63
A(n, 3) = 2 / (1 + n). ,
, Bn.
.: , t , ,
| C |

2
t

C
i 0

, .
, .
. .

.
.. .

n
i
n

64

10
1. . , .
.
2. , . .
.
3. . . .
4. . . .
5. .
6. . .
7. () .
8. . .
9. . .
10. . .
11. . .
12. .
13. . .
14. . .
15. .
16. .
17. . . .
18. . .
19. .
.
20. .
21. .
.
.. .

65
22. . . . .
23. , , , , . .
24. .
25. . .
26. . .
27. . .
28. . . .
29. .
30. . .
31. . .
32. .
33. -.
34. . .

.
.. .

66

11
1. ., . . .: , 1982.
2. .. : . . - .: +, 2004.
3. .. . .- . /
. -- , 1999.
4. .. : . - 3- . . - .:
. , 2009.
5. .. .- .
www.info.oglib.ru/bgl/4607.html.
6. .. .- ., , 1977.

.
.. .