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Anatomy: Bones
Aubrey Cobel
Table Of Contents
TEKS
130.206. Anatomy and Physiology
structure
C1 (F)- Define and accurately spell occupational specific terms such as
those relating to the body systems, surgical and diagnostic procedures,
diseases, and treatments.
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Dem Bones (Knowledge Rating Skill)
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Compact bone: This hard and dense tissue makes up the outer layer of most bones and the
main shaft of long bones, such as those in the arms and legs. Nerves and blood vessels live
inside this tissue.
Spongy bone: This tissue is made up of smaller plates filled with red bone marrow. It is found at
the ends of long bones, like the head of the femur, and at the center of other bones.
Red bone marrow forms most of the blood cells in the body and helps destroy old blood cells.
Another type of marrow, yellow bone marrow, resides in the central cavities of long bones. It is
mostly made up of fat. However, if the body suffers large amounts of blood loss, it can convert
yellow marrow to red to make more blood cells.
The skull consists of 22 separate bones that make up the cranium, the housing for the brain.
Twenty-one of those bones are fused together by sutures, nearly rigid fibrous joints. The lowermost bone of the skull is the mandible, or jawbone.
The spine, or vertebral column, is a series of irregularly shaped bones in the back that connects
to the skull. At birth, humans have 33 or 34 of these bones. But bones fuse as we age, and the
result is 26 separate bones in the spines of adults.
The rib cage is made up of 12 pairs of bones that encase vital organs in the chest. The bones
curve from the back at the vertebral column to the front of the body. The upper seven pairs meet
with the sternum, or chest bone. The remaining five pairs are attached to each other via cartilage
or do not connect.
The muscles of the shoulders and arms include the clavicle (collarbone), scapula (shoulder
blade), humerus, radius, ulna, and the bones of the wrist and hand.
The hipbones are three sets of bonesilia, ischia, and pubesthat fuse together as we grow
older. These form the majority of the pelvis at the base of the spine as well as the socket of the
hip joint. The sacrumfive fused bones and at the bottom of the spineand the coccyx, or
tailbone, make the rest of the bones in the pelvic region.
The head of the femur, the largest and longest bone in the body, creates the other half of the hip
joint and extends down to form part of the knee. It begins the bones of the leg. The other bones of
the leg include the tibia, fibula, and the bones of the ankle and foot.
The most common condition that affects bones is fracture, or when a bone endures such a great
impact that it breaks.
Other common conditions that affect the skeletal system include:
Osteoporosis: This is a disease in which the bones become fragile and prone to fracture.
Leukemia: This is a cancer of the white blood cells.
Osteopenia, osteitis deformans, and osteomalacia: Similar to osteoporosis, these are other
types of bone loss.
Scoliosis, kyphosis, and lordosis: These are abnormalities of the spinal curve.
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parts. Extension at the elbow is increases the angle between the ulna and the
humerus.
This is easily confused with medial and lateral rotation but the
difference is that pronation and supination can occur only when the
forearm in semi-flexed.
Pronation moves the palm of the hand so that it is facing posteriorly (your
forearms are pronated when typing on a keyboard).
Supination moves the palm of the hand so that it is facing anteriorly (your hands
are supinated when holding a bowl of soup).