(Introduction to Metal Degradation)

2109101 (Engineering Materials)

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4 16


(Metal Degradation)
4
- (Corrosion)
- (Oxidation)
- (Decarburization)
- (Sulfidation)

 (Corrosion)

-
-
-

 (Corrosion)


Where will you see corrosion on your appliances?
Dishwasher interiors
Washing machine interiors
All around hot water heaters, including connections and
exterior frames
Small kitchen appliances such as toasters and coffee pots
Hinges, bolts, and connectors

 (Corrosion)

 (Corrosion)

 (Corrosion)

Where will you find corrosion on your car?

Automobile body parts that have scratches or nicks (e.g.
doors, metal bumpers)
Chrome-plated trim
Hinges and brackets
Exhausted gas system

 (Corrosion)

 (Corrosion)

 (Corrosion)

 (Corrosion)

 (Corrosion)
-
What can you do to control corrosion on your car?
Remove rust and put on protective coating
Repaint damaged areas
Rinse off corrosive materials such as salt and sand quickly
Replace damaged parts
Before purchase, check car for smooth edges and finishes without
chips, pits, or gaps
Keep car surface clean and apply wax or polish regularly for
protection
Before purchase, check electroplated surface for thin spots

 (Corrosion)
-
What can you do to control corrosion on your appliances?
Check electroplate quality before purchase
Keep surfaces clean from lint, dirt, or water
Apply wax to metal surfaces for corrosion protection and attractive
finish
Apply greases (e.g., automobile, petroleum jelly) to moving joints or
electrical connections for corrosion protection and flexibility
Inspect appliances regularly for smooth edges and surfaces without
chips or nicks

 (Corrosion)

1998

276
/

 (Corrosion)

/ ???

-
-
-
-


(Electrochemical Reaction)


(Electrochemical Reaction)


- (Anode) (Anodic Reaction)
(Oxidation)
M -----> Mn+ + ne- (Cathode) (Cathodic Reaction)
(Reduction)
2H+ + 2e- -------> H2
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- -------> 2H2O
pH < 3
O2 + 2H2O + 4e- -------> 4OH- pH > 3
- (Electrolyte)


(Eo)
(Standard Potentials) 25

[Mn+]=1 M

Pt
[H+]=1 M

H2
1 atm


25
Noble

Active

(V)

Pt
Ag
Cu
Hydrogen
Sn
Ni
Fe
Zn
Mg

+1.20
+0.80
+0.35
0
-0.13
-0.25
-0.44
-0.77
-1.80

Titanium
Monel
Passive 18/8
Ag
Nickel
CuNi
Active 18/8
Steel
Zinc

-
-
-
-
-
-
-

???
???
???

???
???
???


9
- (General corrosion)
- (Gavalnic Corrosion)
- (Pitting Corrosion)
- (Crevice Corrosion)
- (Intergranular Attack)
- (Stress Corrosion)
- (Selective Leaching)
- (Erosion Corrosion)
- (Hydrogen Damage)

- /2/ (g/m2/h)
- / (mm/yr) / (mils/yr or mpy)
- 1 /2/. = 1.1 / = 43 mpy

<0.1 / (< 5 mpy)

0.1-1.00 / (5-50 mpy)

> 1.0 / (>50 mpy)



-
(Chemical Composition Couples)
Galvanic Series
- (Stress Couples)

- (Concentration Couples)


AISI 321

O2 + 2H2O + 4e- -------> 4OH

M ---> Mn+ + ne-


Filiform corrosion


+

F


(Dezincification)
(CuZn)
CuNi


(Hydrogen Blistering)


(Hydrogen embrittlement)

(ppm)
Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC)

www.azom.com


(Hydride formation)
Ti, Zr, Mg, Ta,
Nb, V, U, Th
xM + yH
MxHy


(Hydrogen attack)

C + 4H
CH4

www.corrosionist.com



-
- (Inhibitors)
-
-
(Cathodic protection)
-


(Cathodic protection)


(Cathodic protection)


(Cathodic protection)


(Cathodic protection)

 (Oxidation)

(Scale)

M
M -----> Mn+ + ne1/2 O2 + 2e- -------> O2
M + 1/2O2 --------> MO
Scaling, Tarnishing, Dry corrosion

 (Oxidation)

 (Oxidation)

-
Na, Ca, Mg
- =
Mo, Os
-
Au, Ag

 (Oxidation)
Pilling Bedworth ratio

- AO = Atomic Weight of Oxide, AM = Atomic Weight of Metal

- O, M =
- P-B ratio < 1
- P-B ratio > 1
- P-B ratio 2-3
-


-
0.1%Ce
-
()

O2 + N2
C(Fe) + 4H (Fe) = CH4
C(Fe) + H2O = H2 + CO
CO + CO2
C(Fe) + CO2 = 2CO
H2O (g)
Fe + H2O = FeO + H2
Fe + CO2 = FeO + CO


(Sulfidation)
H2S, S2, SO2,


-

-
Ni3S2 (645C)

 (Case Study)
Biomaterial

 (Case Study)
Biomaterial

 (Case Study)
Biomaterial

 (Case Study)
Biomaterial

 (Case Study)
Biomaterial

 (Case Study)

 (Case Study)
Mitsuo Niinomi, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2008, pp. 30-42.


1. W.D. Callister, Materials Science and Engineering: An
Introduction, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003.
2. K.Budinski, Engineering Materials, 4th ed., Prentice Hall Inc.,
New Jersey, 1992.
3. M.G.Fontana, Corrosion Engineering, 3rd ed., McGraw Hill
Book Company, New York, 1987.
4. E.C. Rollason, Metallurgy for Engineers, 4th ed., ELSB,
Richard Clay Ltd, Suffolk, 1985.
5. D. A. Jones, Principles and Prevention of Corrosion,
Macmillan Publishing Company, Singapore, 1992.
6. Mitsuo Niinomi, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of
Biomedical Materials, Volume 1, Issue 1, 2008, pp. 30-42.